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Thesis Reference Thesis Advance directives & advance care planning among elective surgery patients - ICU issues GIGON, Fabienne Abstract Les directives anticipées sont apparues quelques décennies en arrière pour permettre le respect de l'autonomie du patient. Elles lui permettent d'exprimer à l'avance ses volontés en termes de soins et de prise en charge médicale. Elles seront utilisées dans l'éventualité que son état de conscience soit altéré, cas de figure fréquent aux Soins intensifs. Alors qu'elles semblent attractives pour les citoyens d'un point de vue théorique, elles sont peu connues et répandues dans la pratique clinique. Ce travail tente d'en investiguer les raisons, en posant tout d'abord un cadre théorique à travers un éclairage philosophique, bioéthique, juridique et médical, puis en décrivant la situation en Suisse, à Genève et aux Hôpitaux Universitaire de Genève, pour enfin aboutir à un projet d'étude clinique auprès de médecins, de patients subissant une chirurgie cardiovasculaire majeure ainsi que de leur proche. L'étude empirique concernant les médecins est présentée avant de conclure. Reference GIGON, Fabienne. Advance directives & advance care planning among elective surgery patients - ICU issues. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2014, no. Sc. BioMéd. 1 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-397891 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:39789 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:39789 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Faculté de Médecine Institut Ethique Histoire Humanités Département d‟Anesthésiologie, Pharmacologie et soins intensifs Soins intensifs Thèse préparée sous la direction de la Pre Bara RICOU, MD et la codirection de Dr Bernard BAERTSCHI, PhD English title: ‘Advance directives & advance care planning among elective surgery patients - ICU issues’ Titre en français : ‘Directives anticipées & projet anticipé de soins chez des patients de chirurgie élective - Problématique pour les Soins intensifs’ Thèse Présentée à la Faculté de Médecine de l‟Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Sciences Biomédicales – Mention Bioéthique par Fabienne GIGON de Goumois (JU) Thèse N°1 GENEVE 2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Résumés en français (version courte et longue)………………………………………………….. 4 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………... 9 Definitions………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Objectives of the thesis…………………………………………………………………………….10 2. Theoretical context about advance care planning…………………………………………….. 12 2.1 Philosophy A brief history of philosophy and ethics……………………………………………………. 12 Autonomy……………………………………………………………………………………. 14 Death and life ending………………………………………………………………………… 15 Advance care planning and philosophy……………………………………………………… 16 2.2 Bioethics A brief history of ethics of care……………………………………………………………… 18 Change of paradigm - from medical paternalism to shared decision making……………….. 19 Justice and futility……………………………………………………………………………. 20 Advance care planning and bioethics………………………………………………………... 21 2.3 Law Brief history of first legislations on health care and research scandals……………………… 22 Informed consent and competence…………………………………………………………... 23 Sleeping beauties in the US and the right to die – a brief history of advance directives…….. 23 Withdrawal (unconscious patients)...…….………………………………………….. 23 Withdrawal (conscious patients)…………….………………………………………. 24 Withholding………………………………...……………………………………….. 25 (Active) Euthanasia.........................................………………………………………. 25 Assisted-suicide………………………….………………………………………….. 25 Laws on Advance Care Planning…………………………………………………………….. 26 Laws in the USA and in western countries………………………………………….. 26 Switzerland – modification of the Civil Code………………………………………. 27 Advance care planning and law ……………………………………………………………... 28 3. Medical context…………………………………………………………………………………… 29 3.1 DNR, NTBR, DNAR and CPR orders………………………………………………………... 29 3.2 Palliative care………………………………………………………………………………….. 30 3.3 Intensive care, outcome, limitation of care and competence……………………………...… 31 3.4 Challenges in surrogate decision-making and concordance with patient’s wishes……….. 32 2 3.5 Barriers and facilitators for advance directives…………………………………………….. 32 The SUPPORT study………………………………………………………………………… 32 In the society…………………………………………………………………………………. 33 For patients…………………………………………………………………………………... 33 For physicians…………………………………………………………………………..…… 33 Consistency over time and anticipation……………………………………………………… 33 4. Present situation of advance care planning in Switzerland and Geneva……………………… 34 4.1 Politics of health care regarding advance care planning……………………………………. 34 4.2 Promotion of advance directives in Switzerland and Geneva in particular……………….. 35 4.3 Practice around Advance Care Planning ensuing from the Swiss federal law……………. 36 4.4 The University Hospitals of Geneva and the practice around advance care planning……. 36 4.5 Practice around advance care planning in the HUG intensive care unit…………………... 38 5. Study context and the Advance Care Planning project……………………………………….. 39 5.1 Major cardiovascular surgery and periopererative setting………………………………… 39 5.2 The patients’, the relatives’ and the physicians’ point of view…………………………...… 39 Project design………………………………………………………………………………… 39 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………. 40 5.3 Advance care planning project……………………………………………………………….. 40 Protocol 1 – patients………………………………………………………………….……… 40 Protocol 2 – relatives………………………………………………………………………… 45 6. Results of the study of advance directives and physicians…………………………………….. 46 Physicians and advance directives – Submitted article…………………………………………... 46 7. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………….. 59 8. Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………62 Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………….. 62 Appendix 1 – Brief historic of ethics founding texts for research and law………………………… 63 Appendix 2 – Extracts of international advance directives rules…………………………………… 64 Appendix 3 – Swiss law [partly in French]………………………..……………………………….. 65 Appendix 4 – About the new Swiss federal law on tutelage [partly in French]…………………..... 71 Appendix 5 – National and international associations of interest related to health………………… 72 Appendix 6 – Palliative care unit diagram about advance directives [in French].…………………. 72 Appendix 7 – Information on advance care planning in the HUG [partly in French]..…………….. 73 Appendix 8 – Study physicians‟ questionnaire [in French].………………………………………... 75 9. References…………………………………………………………………………………………. 82 3 Résumé en français – Version courte Les directives anticipées sont apparues quelques décennies en arrière pour permettre le respect de l‟autonomie du patient. Elles lui permettent d‟exprimer à l‟avance ses volontés en termes de soins et de prise en charge médicale. Elles seront utilisées dans l‟éventualité que son état de conscience soit altéré, cas de figure fréquent aux Soins intensifs. Alors qu‟elles semblent attractives pour les citoyens d‟un point de vue théorique, elles sont peu connues et répandues dans la pratique clinique. Ce travail tente d‟en investiguer les raisons, en posant tout d‟abord un cadre théorique à travers un éclairage philosophique, bioéthique, juridique et médical, puis en décrivant la situation en Suisse, à Genève et aux Hôpitaux Universitaire de Genève, pour enfin aboutir à un projet d‟étude clinique auprès de médecins, de patients subissant une chirurgie cardiovasculaire majeure ainsi que de leur proche. L‟étude empirique concernant les médecins est présentée avant de conclure. Nb mots=147 Résumé en français – Version longue « Directives anticipées & projet anticipé de soins chez des patients de chirurgie élective - Problématique pour les Soins intensifs » Les directives anticipées sont apparues quelques décennies en arrière pour permettre le respect de l‟autonomie du patient. Elles lui permettent d‟exprimer à l‟avance ses volontés en termes de soins et de prise en charge médicale. Elles seront utilisées dans l‟éventualité que son état de conscience soit altéré, cas de figure fréquent aux Soins intensifs. Alors qu‟elles semblent attractives pour les citoyens d‟un point de vue théorique, elles sont peu connues et répandues dans la pratique clinique. Ce travail tente d‟en investiguer les raisons, en posant tout d‟abord un cadre théorique à travers un éclairage philosophique, bioéthique, juridique et médical, puis en décrivant la situation en Suisse, à Genève et aux Hôpitaux Universitaire de Genève (HUG), pour enfin aboutir à un projet d‟étude clinique auprès de médecins, de patients subissant une chirurgie cardiovasculaire majeure ainsi que de leur proche. L‟étude empirique concernant les médecins est présentée avant de conclure. L‟éthique des soins se développe déjà dans l‟Antiquité, notamment grâce à la philosophie et la religion. De cette époque, nous avons hérité le Serment d‟Hippocrate (Vème siècle av. J.-C.). Le terme “Ethique médicale” apparaît au 19ème siècle et s'inscrit dans une mouvance paternaliste (soit le médecin qui décide), positiviste (soit les progrès de la science résoudront tous les problèmes, également de religion et de métaphysique) et utilitariste (on veut maximiser les soins pour tous). Au milieu du 20ème siècle, le mot “Bioéthique” fait son apparition et ancre des principes clés tels que le respect de l‟autonomie, la bienfaisance, la non-malfaisance et la justice distributive (allocation des ressources). Les nouvelles (bio)technologies n‟ont
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