Introduction to Biology. Lecture 18

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

March 3, 2017

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 1 / 39 Outline

1 Where we are? Precambrian life

2 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life

3 period Life in Cambrian Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 2 / 39 Outline

1 Where we are? Precambrian life

2 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life

3 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 2 / 39 Outline

1 Where we are? Precambrian life

2 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life

3 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 2 / 39 Where we are? Precambrian life

Where we are? Precambrian life

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 3 / 39 Where we are? Precambrian life Precambrian life

In Cryogenian, Marinoan glaciation covered the whole Earth In Edicarian, multicellular and then multi-tissued eukaryotes appeared

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 4 / 39 Where we are? Precambrian life One of first multicellular alga with reproductive cells

Bangiomorpha, putative red alga from Proterozoic

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 5 / 39 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life

Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 6 / 39 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life Cells, tissues, kingdoms and viruses

Vegetabilia Animalia tissues

Protista nucleus Viri

Monera cell

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 7 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian

Cambrian period Life in Cambrian

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 8 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Timescale of Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era

Phanerozoic eon Paleozoic era Cambrian period: 541 Mya period: 485 Mya period: 443 Mya period: 419 Mya period: 358 Mya period: 299–252 Mya

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 9 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian map

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 10 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian climate

Gradually changed from colder to warmer Polar ice caps were most probably present

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 11 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Main Cambrian biotas

Burgess shale (505 Mya) Orsten fauna (498 Mya) These fossils were kept in Lagerstaettes—exceptionally well preserves clay deposits This excellent preservation could be consequence of the rarity of Cambrian destroyers

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 12 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Burgess shale

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 13 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Orsten fauna

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 14 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna

Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 15 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Life in Cambrian

This is the picture of famous Czech artist Zdenek Burian

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 16 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Archaeocyaths (most probably sponges)

Most probably, Archaeocyaths were sponges

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 17 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Cnidaria

Tabulate coral

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 18 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Lobopod worms: Ovatiovermis

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 19 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Lobopod worms: Hallucigenia

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 20 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Lobopod worms: Aysheaia

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 21 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Stem Arthropods

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 22 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Stem and crown groups

Stem group has no immediate sisters among living organisms.

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 23 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Mollusks: naked

Odontogriphus – stem naked mollusk

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 24 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna ... and shelled

Helcionellid shell-bearing mollusk from Greenland

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 25 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Brachiopods

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 26 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Brachiopods are not mollusks!

Brachiopoda (left) are completely different internally from bivalve mollusks (right)

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 27 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Echinoderms

Sea lily Gogia from Nevada

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 28 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Soft-bodied chordates

Pikaia from Burgess shale

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 29 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna First fish-like : craniate Haikouichthys

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 30 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Algae

Yuknessia is a fossil green alga from Utah

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 31 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Fungi

Tappania fungus was known even before Cambrian

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 32 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Problematics: Aldanophyton

Terrestrial plant? Or alga?

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 33 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Problematics: conodonts

Conodonts are just teeth of unknown , it is still not clear what was it. Jawless fish?

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 34 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Problematics: hyoliths

Haplophrentis, mollusk? Or separate branch on the tree of life?

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 35 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Problematics: vetulicolians

Ancestors of both echinoderms and chordates?

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 36 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Recently found Saccorhytus

Another possible ancestor of echinoderms and chordates?

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 37 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Summary

Cambrian period started with massive appearance of skeletal fauna: “Cambrian explosion”

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 38 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna For Further Reading

Cambrian explosion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion

Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 39 / 39