Introduction to Biology. Lecture 18 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University March 3, 2017 Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 1 / 39 Outline 1 Where we are? Precambrian life 2 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life 3 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 2 / 39 Outline 1 Where we are? Precambrian life 2 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life 3 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 2 / 39 Outline 1 Where we are? Precambrian life 2 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life 3 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 2 / 39 Where we are? Precambrian life Where we are? Precambrian life Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 3 / 39 Where we are? Precambrian life Precambrian life In Cryogenian, Marinoan glaciation covered the whole Earth In Edicarian, multicellular and then multi-tissued eukaryotes appeared Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 4 / 39 Where we are? Precambrian life One of first multicellular alga with reproductive cells Bangiomorpha, putative red alga from Proterozoic Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 5 / 39 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 6 / 39 Cells, tissues and kingdoms Pyramid of Life Cells, tissues, kingdoms and viruses Vegetabilia Animalia tissues Protista nucleus Viri Monera cell Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 7 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 8 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Timescale of Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era Phanerozoic eon Paleozoic era Cambrian period: 541 Mya Ordovician period: 485 Mya Silurian period: 443 Mya Devonian period: 419 Mya Carboniferous period: 358 Mya Permian period: 299–252 Mya Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 9 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian map Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 10 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Cambrian climate Gradually changed from colder to warmer Polar ice caps were most probably present Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 11 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Main Cambrian biotas Burgess shale (505 Mya) Orsten fauna (498 Mya) These fossils were kept in Lagerstaettes—exceptionally well preserves clay deposits This excellent preservation could be consequence of the rarity of Cambrian destroyers Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 12 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Burgess shale Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 13 / 39 Cambrian period Life in Cambrian Orsten fauna Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 14 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 15 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Life in Cambrian This is the picture of famous Czech artist Zdenek Burian Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 16 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Archaeocyaths (most probably sponges) Most probably, Archaeocyaths were sponges Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 17 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Cnidaria Tabulate coral Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 18 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Lobopod worms: Ovatiovermis Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 19 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Lobopod worms: Hallucigenia Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 20 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Lobopod worms: Aysheaia Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 21 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Stem Arthropods Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 22 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Stem and crown groups Stem group has no immediate sisters among living organisms. Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 23 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Mollusks: naked Odontogriphus – stem naked mollusk Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 24 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna ... and shelled Helcionellid shell-bearing mollusk from Greenland Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 25 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Brachiopods Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 26 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Brachiopods are not mollusks! Brachiopoda (left) are completely different internally from bivalve mollusks (right) Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 27 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Echinoderms Sea lily Gogia from Nevada Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 28 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Soft-bodied chordates Pikaia from Burgess shale Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 29 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna First fish-like animals: craniate Haikouichthys Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 30 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Algae Yuknessia is a fossil green alga from Utah Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 31 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Fungi Tappania fungus was known even before Cambrian Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 32 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Problematics: Aldanophyton Terrestrial plant? Or alga? Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 33 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Problematics: conodonts Conodonts are just teeth of unknown animal, it is still not clear what was it. Jawless fish? Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 34 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Problematics: hyoliths Haplophrentis, mollusk? Or separate branch on the tree of life? Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 35 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Problematics: vetulicolians Ancestors of both echinoderms and chordates? Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 36 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Recently found Saccorhytus Another possible ancestor of echinoderms and chordates? Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 37 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna Summary Cambrian period started with massive appearance of skeletal fauna: “Cambrian explosion” Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 38 / 39 Cambrian period Cambrian explosion of skeletal fauna For Further Reading Cambrian explosion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 111 March 3, 2017 39 / 39.