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Southand SoutheastAsia 233

QUICKREVIEW 6. \Which of the following is true of Akbart reign in India? 1. In sixteenth-centuryIndia, the Delhi I. He completedthe Mughal conquest Sultanategave way to which government? of India. II. He improved Indiat tax codeand legal (A) the Gupta system. (B) the SrivijayanKingdom III. He pursueda policy of religious (C) Frenchrule tolerance. (D) t}re IV. He married a Hindu princess. (E) British rule (A) I, II, and III 2.The founder of the Mughal Empire was (B) II, III, and IV (C) I and IV only (A) Aurangzeb. (D) II and III only (B) Babur. (E) all of the above (C) Akbar. (D) Jahan. 7.The most strikingaspect ofAurangzeb's (E) Nanak. reign was 3. \Whatmajor faiths weremost prominent in (A) his continuation of Akbar'spolicy of South Asiat religiouslandscape during the religioustolerance. sixteenthand seventeenthcenturies? (B) his ruthlesssuppression of Muslim beliefs. (A) Hinduism, , and Buddhism (C) his ruthlesssuppression of non-Muslim (B) Christianity and Buddhism beliefs. (C) animism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism (D) his democratizationof the political (D) animism, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism system. (E) Islam, Christianity,and animism (E) his abolition of the castesystem. 4. A boom in what commodity led to increased 8. How did the Mughal Empire come to prosperityin the Mughal Empire during the an end? 1600sand 1700s? (A) It wassubdued by the British, who (A) nutmeg retainedsome Mughal rulers in placefor (B) coffee political purposes. (C) cotton (B) It collapsedowing to a global shift in the (D) wool cotton tradeduring the 1700s. (E) cloves (C) It wascompletely eradicated by French colonists. 5. The most famousarchitectud,legaq, of the (D) Outside invadersfrom the Himalayas Mughd Empire is sackedthe capital and destroyedthe (A) the Red Fortressof Gwalior. empire. (B) the templeof Borobudur. (E) none of the above (C) the Great Gate of Mumbai. (D) the Taj Mahal. (E) Gandhit Tomb. 234 AP World Historv

9. The majority religion in Indonesia is 4. (C) The Indian economy thrived under the (A) Christianity. Mughals owing mainly to a boom in the (B) Islam. corton trade during this period. \J7hen the (C) Hinduism. Europeansarrived in India in the 1600s,they (D) Buddhism. gained control over the comon industry (E) Sikhism. trading for spicesfrom the EastIndies. 5. (D) The Thj Mahal was built in t64B in Agra 10. Australia'scolonial population wasmade up as a memorial to the wife of ShahJahan. It is largelyof what group during the 1700sand still one of Indiat foremostlandmarks. early1800s? 6. (E) Akbar used heavy artillery ro amass (A) religiousdissidents control over nearly the entire subcontinentof (B) miners India by the early 1600s.He alsoensured that (C) Scottishrefugees the government bureaucraqr/ran efficiently. (D) convicts He was extremelytolerant. (E) Irish peasants 7. (C) Aurangzebabandoned earlier policies of toleration. He forcedthousands of his subjects Answers to converrto Islam, causingmuch strife. (A) 1. (D) The Mughal Empire ruled India for over 8. By the 1750s, the British had expelled two centuries. The Mughals were their French rivals from most of India- The who used military force and gunpowder Mughal rulerswho remainedin placeafter the technolory to maintain power. British rook over more of India actedas their puppers. 2.(B) Babur was a Mongol warlord who (B) invaded India from the north beginning 9. Indonesia is now the world,s largest around 1520. He ruled parts of India for t.n Muslim counrry by population. years, and his heirs moved southward to 10. (D) The British transported convics ro conquermuch of the rest of India. Australia as punishment. The other British 3. (A) Buddhism and Hinduism were the groupswho emigratedthere included soldiers dominant religionsamong the populationsof and governmentofficials. SouthAsia. However,Islam grewin populariry in this region. Sub-SaharanAfrica 241

QUICKREVIEW 4. \7hat effectdid the Portuguesepresence have on the kingdom of Kongo? 1. \7"hich of the following is NOT true of rhe (A) The Portuguesepersuaded Kongo to srop Songhaistate? enslavingits neighbors. (B) The Portuguese (A) It had a strong merchantclass that traded conqueredKongo out- sdt for goodslike gold. righr during the 1500s. (C) The Portuguesecompelled (B) Its rulersconverted to Catholicismunder Kongo'srulers pressurefrom arriving Europeans. ro converrto Catholicism. (D) The Portugueseprotected (C) k had previouslybeen a starewitlin the Kongo from powerful Empire. Dutch encroachment. (E) The Portuguese (D) Its rulers centralizedthe stateand created enslavedmost of the a complexbureaucracy. Kongo populationby 1700. (E) Islam remainedthe dominant fairh there. 5. The Asantekingdom grew strong by which of the following 2. \X/hatgoods did Europeantraders primarily means? seekin \fest ? (A) cooperatingwith Europeansengaged in (A) gold and ivory the Atlantic slavetrade (B) (B) bananasand mahogany purchasingand using gunpowder (C) orangesand ivory weaPons (C) (D) coffeeand gemstones increasedinvolvement in the.West (E) ivory and gemstones African gold trade (D) all of the above (E) 3. \flhich of the following bestcharacrerizes none of the above Africa'srelations with Europe bemeen 1450 and 1700? 6. Vhich Europeanpower first colonizedparts of EastAfrica? (A) Europeanpowers controlled the entire (A) continent. Portugal (B) (B) The Europeanimpact on Africa Spain (C) England remainedminimal during theseyears. (D) France (C) The effectsof the Atlantic slavetrade (E) were felt only in \flest Africa. the Netherlands (D) The Europeans'direct influencewas felt 7. \Whatart forms weremost prominent in mainly on t}re coasrs,while the African sub-SaharanAfrica? interior remainedlargely free. (E) Only fell under European (A) painting and composedmusic influence. (B) sculptureand textiles (C) written literature and painting (D) textilesand written literature (E) sculptureand composedmusic 242 AP World Historv

8. \fhich of the following is true of the Boers? 4. (C) The Portuguesedid nor rake over Kongir until the late (A) They wereEnglish senlers in South 1800s.Over the courseof a long Africa. and complex relationship, they "persuaded" Kongo'srulers (B) They were Arab merchantsin EastAfrica. to converr to Christianity and pressured (C) They wereDutch setdersin SouthAfrica. Kongo ro enslaveother Africansand sell them (D) They wereFrench serders in EastAfrica. to Portugal. (E) They wereSpanish colonists in North 5. (D) The fuante kingdom grew strong largely Africa. becauseof their conracrswith Europeans.All three of theseanswers are correct.The Asante 9. Besidesthe Europeans,which other group ran benefitedas well from living in a region that a major slavetrade in Africa? had an abundanceof mineralsand agricultural (A) the Turks resources. (B) the Persians 6. (A) The Portuguesefirst colonized the area (C) the Sri Lankans becausethey wanted to useit asa stopping-off (D) the Syrians point on the way to the Indies.tater, however, (E) the they found that they could gain better control overthe Indian Oceanbasin by sertingup per- 10. The New'World counrry that imported the manent basesthere. largestpercenrage of African slaveswas 7. (B) In sub-SaharanAfrica, sculptureand tex- (A) Brazil. tiles were of particularly high quality. So were (B) Virginia. ivory and wood carving. Artistic abstraction (C) Canada. wasvery common hereand, in later centuries, (D) Cuba. influenced\Testern Art. (E) Haiti. 8. (C) The Boerscame to sub-SaharanAfrica in the 1650sto farm and tradewith shipssailing Answers around Africa. The Boers possesseda yery strong senseofracial superiority and enslaved 1. (B) The Songhai state remained Muslim. It the Xhosa people.Later, the areacame under grew out of the Mali Empire and becamea British conrrol, but the Boersremained there. greatpower in'. (E) 'West 9. Evenbefore the Europeansarrived in sub- 2. (A) Parts of Africa were known as the SaharanAfrica, Arab traders had created a "gold coast" and "" becauseof the slavetrade there and in the Saharanregion as economicimportance of commoditiesthere. well. 3. (D) Initially, the Europeans did nor venrure 10. (A) During the 1500s,the Portuguesebegan very far inland because they were able to importing African slavesto Brazil becausethey extract valuableresources, including minerals neededthe labor in sugarcultivation, one of and slaves, nearerto the coasr.They built per- the countryt major industries.Also, European manent outpostson the coastand tradedthere colonizersfound that Native Americanswere aswell. not well suited as slaves,so rhey sought out slavesin Africa. TheAmericas as "NewWorld" 249

QUICKREVIEW 5. Vhich is an exampleof changesbrought about by the Columbian Exchange? 1. Spaint principal reasonfor colonizationin (A) the exportarionof the horsefrom the New'$7'orldwas North America to Europe (B) the extractionof silver from South (A) economicprofit. America by the Spanish (B) conversionof Native Americansto (C) the importation of coffeeto the Americas Catholicism. from Europe (C) scientificcuriosity. (D) the spreadof smallpoxto Europefrom (D) suategicadvantage. North America (E) the desireof the Spanishro seftle (E) the arrival of corn and potatoesfrom the elsewhere. Americasto Europe 2.The main accomplishmentof Bartolomi de 6. Native American victims of the Spanish las Casaswas conquestperished primarily by what means? (A) to developa new method of silver mining. (A) gunpowderweapons (B) to discoverthe fabled Fountain of Youth. (B) starvationand famine (C) to help end the harshffearment of (C) diseasessuch assmallpox and measles Indians by Spanishconquistadores. (D) massexecution by hanging (D) to revolutionizeagricultural technique (E) massexecution by burning in the New \[orld. T.Peter Stuyvesantwas rhe leaderof which (E) to conquerthe Incas. colony? 3. The preciousmeral most sought by the (A) Hudson Bay Spanishand Portuguesein the Americaswas (B) NewAmsterdam (C) (A) gold. Pennsylvania (B) . (D) Quebec (C) tin. (E) Roanoke (D) silver. 8. Vhich Europeannation was mosr concerned (E) nickel. with long-term setdementof largenumbers of peoplein the New'World? 4. S7hichof the following bestdescribes the (A) England Spanishand Portugueseapp{oach to (B) Portugal agriculturein the Americas? (C) France (A) The Spanishand Portugueseencouraged (D) the Netherlands a balancedcultivation of a variecyof crops. (E) Spain (B) The Spanishand Portugueserelied on \lMhatcommodity large-scaleplantation monoculture. 9. were the Frenchmost interestedin finding or harvesting (C) The Spanishand Portugueseexperi- in the New \florld? mentedwith a varieryof agricultural methods. (A) coffee (D) The Spanishand Portuguesewere mainly (B) tobacco unconcernedwith agriculture. (C) sugar (E) The Spanishand Portuguesemade (D) tur agriculturetheir highestpriority in the (E) rum Americas. 250 AP World History

10. \7hat Europeanpower colonizedAlaska and (E) 5. Corn and potaroeshad a major impact on the Aleutian Islands? European diets becausethey provide a high (A) Grear Britain calorie yield per acre grown. This siruation (B) Russia meant more food for lesswork and therefore (C) Spain more profits. (D) Portugal 6. (C) NativeAmericans had neverbeen exposed (E) Belgium ro theseillnesses. Therefore, they did ,roi h".r. the dme to work an immunity to them and died in significantlyhigh numters" The high Answers "of population loss also weakenedthe abilicy 1. (A) The Spanish explored and colonized Native Americansto resistthe Spanish. North and South America largely for reasons 7. (B) Under Stuyvesant'sleadership, the Dutch of profit. They were motivated ro exrract colony of New Amsterdam prospered and natural resourcesof this region,although con_ enlarged.However, after the English defeated verting Native Americansto Catholicism was the Dutch in 1664, the English took alsoa goal. control of the colony and renamedii New york. 2. (C) De las Casaswrote a book that protested 8. (A) The English saw their colonies as more the inhumane ffeatment of Native Americans than areas from which ro extract valuable by the Spanish.This book helped sway the natural resources.Instead, they built perma_ opinion of Spanishauthorities, who changed nent semlemenrs,which developed suong labor regulationsin 1542. sysremsof local government. By the 1700s, 3. (D) Preciousmetals were rhe most imporranr this trend led coloniststo feel gro*ing ,.nr. " natural resourcethat the Spanish exffacted. of independencefrom England. from the Americas. Although the Spanish 9. (D) Initially, like the Spanish, the French mined gold, they mined more silver than anv weremainly interestedin economicexrraction, otherpreciousmetal and exportedit to Europ! as opposedto establishingpermanent sertle_ and the rest of the world. A resulting siGr menrs as the English had. Most French glut affectedthe global economyin the 1600s. colonistsin North America were hunters and n.\U, Such a systemallowed the Spanishand trapperswho harvestedskins and pelts for the Portuguese Europeanmarket. _togrow large quantitiesof a single crop cheaply.Labor in the plantation sysrem 10. (B) The Russiansbegan ro settleAlaska and was cheap becausethe Europeanspaid Native the Aleutian Islandsin the 1700s.A growing Americanslittle or usedslaves. Unfonunately, number of Russianhunters and soldierssoon monoculture eventuallyharms the environment inhabited the Aleutian Islandsand and then sertled fails to diversify a country's resourcebase. in Alaska. 252 AP World HistorY

MULTIPLE.CHOICE QU ESTIONS 5. How did Peterthe Great changeRussia's geopoliticalorientation? reason 1. \Vhich of the following is NOT a (A) by focusingits foreign affairsmore on during Europeans joined Protestant churches Europethan on Asia the Reformation? (B) by focusingits foreign affairsmore on (A) M"tty felt that the Catholic Church was fuia than on EuroPe too concerned with wealth and power' (C) by making it a (B) Roman Catholic priests stopped (D) by creatinga parliamentwith control performing rituals. over the direction of foreign policy (C) Many people saw the Catholic Church (E) by colonizing parts of Africa as hypocritical and corruPt. (D) Many people saw the Catholic Church 6. \Which of the following is true of eighteenth- as too bureaucratic. century Europeansociety? (E) none of the above (A) Most Europeanswere merchants'or involvedin global trade in someway. 2. \fhat was the of the Counter- PurPose (B) The aristocracygrew in numbers. Reformation? (C) The majority of EuroPeanswere the Catholic (A) to reorganizeand reform Peasants. Church and increaseits public appeal (D) The population beganto shrink. (B) to avoid reforming the Catholic Church (E) The feminist movementgained (C) to force individuals to adopt Catholicism momentum rn France. (D) to colonize Africa (E) to outlaw abortion 7.How is capitalismdifferent from mercantilism? (A) Capitalismfocuses on state-controlled 3. One effect of the Protestant Reformation on while mercantilism women in EuroPe was wealth accumulation, givesall commercialPower to the (A) to allow them to become Pastors' merchants. in (B) to forbid them from working (B) Capitalismarose earlier ttran mercantilism' businessesor shoPs. (C) Capitalismis a socialisttheory whereas asserttheir equaliry (C) to urge them to mercantilismis not. with men. (D) Capitalismfocuses on free trade and the (D) it more difficult for them to to make market forcesof suPPlyand demand, marriages. arrange while mercantilismfeatures state- (E) to encourage them to read the Bible controlled economicactivitY. and thereby raise their literacY. (E) Capitalisminvolves trade on land, whereasmercantilism involves 4.Y/hy did an increasing number of countries maritime trade. in Europe function more like nation-states beginning in the 1600s? (A) Feudalism became more widespread' (B) Politics began to decentralize. (C) State institutions, especiallybureaucracies, central banks, and armed forces, suengthened. (D) Populations became more heterogeneous' (E) none of the above UnitFour: Review Questions 253

8. How did Ottoman leaders rule their empire 11.The Mughal rulers the 1500s? during I. wereMuslims. (A) They were religiously intolerant and II. ruledThailand. failed to gain bureaucratic control over ru. usedmilitary force and advanced their subjects. weaponstechnology to maintain Power. (B) They were fairly religiously tolerant and IV. harmedthe economywith their comuption. their territory. efficient in governing (A) I, II, and III (C) local people to vote for They allowed (B) II, III, and IV leaders, as long as they did not their own (C) I and III only oppose Ottoman dominance. (D) II and IV only (ll) out a policy to exterminate They carried (E) all of the above non-Muslims. (E) The did not exist in 12.In the early1400s, what wasthe main result .West the 1500s. of Portugueseexploration of and EquatorialAfrica? 9. \(hy did China become more open to foreign influence after the end of the 1700s? (A) The Portuguesegained control over the gold and ivory trade networks. (A) had declined, and it Its national wealth (B) The Portuguesefound a route to the baclnvard in technological slipped \flest Indies. advancement. innovation and scientific (C) The Portugueseestablished a position (B) more imports. Its leadersencouraged from which to conquerEgypt. (C) military England promised the Chinese (D) The Portuguesegained control over the support. iron trade. (D) and The Chinese economy was booming, (E) none of the above China's leaderswanted to increasetrade with the'West. 13. \fhich country did the Boerscome from, and (E) China welcomed Christian in which African region did they settle? as modernizers. (A) Tunisia and Central Africa 10. FIow was Japan reunified by 1615? (B) the Netherlandsand South Africa (C) Scotlandand Kenya (A) reassertedhis power. The emperor (D) Franceand Algeria (B) European invaders The threat posed by (E) none of the above compelled it to unify. (C) Its politicians seffled their disputesfor 14. \XZhichof the following describestrade in the largely economic reasons. Indian Oceanduring the i400s? (D) Three politician-warlords used force and diplomacy to reunite the country. (A) Tiade and developmentwere in decline. (E) none of the above (B) The Indian Oceanswarmed with pirates, who preventedtrade from taking place. (C) There was no trading systemin this area at the time. (D) The areawas a vibrant and cosmopolitan systemof economicand culturd exchange. (E) EastAfrican citieswere under the control of Spanishcolonists. 254 AP World Historv

15. \fhat increasedthe Europeandemand for 18. According to the rwo mapson page248 African slavesfrom the 1500sonward? (A) the sizeof Russiahad contracted greatly (A) Sugarcultivation in Brazil and the betweenthe 1450sand the early1700s. Caribbeanbecame an increasinglyimpor- (B) the Incasstill controlled the west coastof tant parr of the Europeans'colonial South America evenin rhe 1700s. economies. (C) Great Zimbabwestill existedby 1700. (B) Europeansettlers in the New \florld (D) the samedynasry led China in the early becameconvinced that Native Americans 1700sas in the I450s. werenot suited for . (E) both the Holy Roman and the Ottoman (C) Slaveswere cenffal to the triangular trade Empiresexisted in someform between systemin the 1600sand 1700s. the years1453 and1700. (D) The encomiendasystem was abolished soon after the Spanishestablished their 19. Vhat was a major consequenceof plantation rule over most of the New \forld. monoculture? (E) all of the above (A) Slaveswere underused. (B) k yieldedlow profits. 16. \(hich of the following wasNOT a part of (C) Many different crops the triangulartrade system? were harvestedon the sameplot of land. (A) th. so-calledMiddle Passagethat brought (D) k led to environmentaldegradation. slavesto the Americas (E) Farmersbecame more susceptibleto (B) colonial raw materialsthat went to Africa disease. (C) Europeanmanufactured goods rhat went to Africa 20. Vhich of the following INCORRECTLY (D) slavestraded for raw materialsin the matchesa Europeanpower with one of its Americas maior colonies? (E) raw materialssent back to Europe from (A) England-Louisiana the Americas (B) Russia-Alaska (C) Spain-Mexico 17.Vhy werethe Spanishable to conquerlarge (D) Portugal-Brazil and powerful Native American societiesso (E) the Netherlands-Indonesia quickly and decisively? I. The Spanishhad more sophisticatedmil- itary technology. U. Native Americanstended to be pacifists and did nor put up a fight. III. The Native Americansdi.d in gr."t numbersfrom Europeandiseases. IV The Spanishused effective divide-and- conquertactics. (A) I, II, and III (B) II, III, and IV (C) I, III, and IV (D) I and III only (E) II and IV only

.l UnitFour: Review Questions 255

Answers capitalismis an economicsystem that finan- cially benefitsindividual ownersof the meansof 1. (B) Early Protestants believed that less production and capital, and the state is less emphasis should be placed on rituals and likely to interferein economictransactions. sacraments than was the case in the Catholic Church. For example, they opposed the 8. (B) During the 1500s,the Ottomanscontin- Catholic veneration of saints because they ued their military conquests into eastern thought that such a practice interfered with a Europe.They ruled over a diversenumber of pure and sincere relationship with God. peopleand felt that they could bestadminister these regions if they allowed a semblanceof 2. (A) The Counter-Reformation orcurred during religioustolerance. the mid-toJate 1500s in response to the growth of Protestantism in Europe. The 9. (A) At the end of the 1700s,China's popula- Catholic Church wanted to regain worship- tion was growing more steadily than its pers by increasing its appeal through such economy.As a result, poverty increasedand strategiesas the creation of impressive art and the country declinedin terms of technological architecture. Also, the Catholic Church stifl and scientific advancementsand its geopoliti- ened religious discipline and revived the Holy cal influence. Inquisition. The order was formed and Jesuits 10. (D) For years,Japan was in political turmoil. came to play an active role in European life. Anarchy reigned.Three Japaneserulers used 3. (E) Protestant leaders were not interested in force and diplomacy to unify the country advocating gender equaliry. However, they did between1560 and 1515. The ultimateunifier often encourage women to read the Bible. In of Japanwas Tokugawa Ieyasu. the process,more women learned how to read 11. (C) The Mughals ruled India, not Thailand. and write. Particularlyunder the reign ofAkbar the Great, 4. (C) During the 1600s, centralization contin- from 1556 to 1605, the Mughalsgoverned the ued in European nation-states, and their gov- country efficiently.They maintainedpower as ernments became more bureaucratic. They well through military force and advanced collected taxes from tlreir subjects; the taxes weaponry.However, in the 1700s,the Mughal paid for bigger governments and more power- statedeclined owing to unrestin the provinces ful armies. and growing Europeanadvances.

5. (A) In attempting to westernize Russia, Peter 12. (A) The Portugueseaimed to conffol these the Great chose to focus Russia'sforeign affairs networLs,which existedthroughout \fest and more on Europe than Asia. By his death in Equatorial Africa. During the 1500s, they 1725, Russiahad becomea key member of the conqueredthe Shonapeople's Mwene Metapa European state system and a military power. dynasty as a way to dominate the gold trade along the upper ZambeziRiver. 6. (C) In Europe at this time, the population grew thanl$ to the Agricultural Revolution, 13. (B) The Boers are of Dutch ancestry.They and there was greater social diversification. alsoare cdled Afrikaners.They first settledin Still, most people remained peasants. SouthAfrica in 1652 in order to farm the land and establishtrade along the coast. 7. (D) Mercantilism is an economic system that benefits the state first and foremost. For 14. (D) The Indian Oceantrading systemthrived example, trade is structured so that the state at this time. The Portuguesein particular reapsthe greatestamount ofprofits. Conversely, establishedpermanent basesin East Africa, 256 AP World History

not only for use as a launching pad to India 18. (E) The HolyRoman Empirewaslater refemed but also to garn tighter control over trade in to asthe AustrianEmpire. It collapsedin 1918 'World the region. as -a result of Var I. The Ottoman Empire, alreadyin decline in 15. (E) Several factors increasedthe European the 1800s,dso collapsedbecause ofVorld demand for African slavesfrom the 1500s \Var I. onward. 19. (D) Monoculture darnagedthe environment becauseof the emphasisit places 16. (B) Under the triangular trdde system,Africa on cultivat- ing one crop. The other choices becamea major sourceof raw materialsand are factually wrong, as slaveswere slaves.Manufactured goods were producedin usedwidely, profits were high in the sugarindustry and farmers Europe and then brought to Africa and did not becomemore susceptibleto exchangedfor gold, ivory timbet and slaves. diseaseas a result. 20. (A) The French first setded 17. (C) Native Americans,with no immuniry to Louisiana, after traveling acrossthe Great Lakesand new diseasesbrought by the Spanish,died in down the Mississippi River. The Louisiana very high numbers. Native Americans could Teritory becamethe property of the French not competewith the Spanishin military tech- crown in 1663. ln 1803, the nology, and divide-and-conquer tactics weak- American government purchased this land from enedpossibilities for effectivealliances among the French for approximately grouPs. $l 5 million.