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Social by: Sam, Will, Phillip, Katherine and Taylor Up to 600 BCE Africa: Egyptians patriarchal but women had more freedom than any other Asia: Warrior class was the elite class in China Europe: Women were inferior Middle East: - Caste System in Indus River Valley - Hunter-Gatherer Society in Fertile crescent The Americas: Olmec - elite used religious rituals to control society 600 BCE - 600 CE Africa: Kingdoms organized by fixed social categories, but not hierarchical with noble class, commoner, and slaves Asia: 1) India had a strict social hierarchy, identified in class and caste 2) Administrative personnel drawn from gentry in China Europe: Patron/client relationship used in Rome to benefit the wealthy and poor classes Middle East: Society revolved around powerful aristocratic families on trade routes of the Silk Road The Americas: Chavín social structures saw a larger class distinction than ever before 600 CE - 1450 Africa: Interactions between various civilizations through Trans-Saharan trade; Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca across North Africa spread news about Mali empire's wealth Asia: 1) Mongols captured slaves in warfare; society functioned through kinship and tribute ties 2) Buddhists in Sui and Tang empires encouraged women in politics; multiple women leaders Europe: Nobles had authority over serfs/peasants; no manorial system in Kievan Russia unlike medieval Europe Middle East: Islam people formed umma saying Muhammad was messenger of God The Americas: In Maya, women helped economy and managed religious rituals 1450 - 1750 Africa: Gold and Slave Coast - all about trading goods. Governments kept Europeans in line Asia: Japan's transition from military to civil society Europe: Serfdom - peasants working on land for landowners for life Middle East: Janissaries gained more influence in the Ottoman Empire The Americas: - Encomienda system with American Indians - Plantocracy and slave labor organization in Brazil 1750 - 1900 Africa: European interaction with Africans; labor migration Asia: indentured servants(contract of indenture) Qing Empire: Bannerman (Manchu hired military; usually were nomadic people) Europe:"separate spheres" (in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have clearly differentiated roles in society) Oceania: Malacca Strait Middle East: modernization; Janissaries(Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms) The Americas: feminism: women inferior but had few rights 1900 - Present Africa: South African apartheid (the segregation of the white colonizers and the blacks/mixed-race minority) Asia: Japanese narikin (“new rich”), mobos (modern boys), and mogas (modern girls) against traditionalists Europe: In industrial nations, population shift of more senior citizens that young people (2050, Western Europe median age 52) Oceania: Migration of agricultural and commercial people to mountainous and forested areas because of colonialism and population growth (like Javanese to Borneo and Sumatra) Middle East: Under Kemel, Turkey Westernization, the Arabic alphabet replaced with the Latin alphabet, women given civil equality, traditional Islamic clothing thrown aside (Resisted for a while in rural areas) The Americas: In the US, during WWII, traditional ways thrown aside due to the lack of men who were off at war, with women and minorities being hired in their place on the homefront Political Sprite Chart By: Jillian Draughon, Mike Bu, Chandler Ellis, Maddie Earley, Tyler Curl, and Viviana Carasco 5/10/13 Period 4 Up to 600 BCE • City-states were built in mesopotamia, modeled after village council, political power held by priest and king (lugal) • Egyptian pharaohs ruled due to Ma'at- divine power • Shang Dynasty ruled with king and warrior elite, king often travelled, no real written records • Zhou period, Wen and Wu ancestry kings, Mandate of Heaven ruling (similar to ma'at) • Kingdom of Meroe, kings from Nubia, addressed by royal titles, wore costumes, Egyptian burial, some sub saharan african traits • Olmec Culture- kings ruled using religious and secular motives, giant Olmec heads influenced by rulers, power was held by shamans 600 BCE - 600 CE •Persian Empire had lots of political turmoil, especially during Persian wars •Greek Empire was like the Persian but was more successful at imperialism under Alexander the Great •Roman empire rose in Italy and expanded to the Mediterranean under a strong central government, but ideas later failed •Chinese empires Qin and Han both came from small states and unified to conquer rivals' lands under a strong central government but ideas later failed •Mauryan and gupta empires had political divisions throughout the course of their reign •Bantu and Hausa were the main sub-saharan African empires, but Bantu had more area and land conquered 600 CE -1450 CE • Tang Dynasty- Central Government, confusion inspired government structure, civil Service examination test • Umayyad Caliphate- hereditary monarchy, bureaucratic structure with local administrators • Mongol Empire- empire built through conquest, headed by Genghis Khan, later divided against his sons, local rulers often left during their ruling to travel • Aztec Empire- conquered surrounding area, tribute system, absolute monarchy • Song Dynasty- took over after collapse of Tang, scholar-based government, less emphasis on military, re-established a tribute system • Byzantine Empire- influenced by Roman laws, centralized hereditary monarchy, divided into military districts governed by generals 1450 CE - 1750 CE • Holy Roman Empire- expanded to cover vast amounts of central Europe throughout time period • Habsburgs-family that ruled Spain and large parts of the Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands, and Belgium • Thirty years war- enabled the Netherlands to gain independence from Spain and rise as an independent nation • Gunpowder states- the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Mughal Empire, and Tokugawa, all joined together to make a ruling monopoly based on gunpowder • Catholic Church- a once influential body, but by the end of time period, was no longer as pivotal • Protestant Reformation- government greatly based on religion, allowing for it to caused great division among nations 1750 CE -1900 CE • (1700s) European imperial powers impose reforms - resistance in colonies, American Revolution, Declaration of Independence • (1776) Corrupt government in France- storming of Bastille, French Revolution • (1789), crowning of Napoleon • (1804) Ottoman central government fragmented as Western reforms were made the most persistent opposition came from the Janissaries • (1839-1842) Opium War exposed Qing military inferiority- Government corruption provoked rebellion, resulted in a process of decentralization led by reformist aristocrats • (Early 1800s) In Egypt, Muhammad Ali led modernization movements 1900 CE -Present •1945- United Nations is founded- Security Council made up of western powers •1949- China becomes communist- communist revolution sparked •1955- The Warsaw pact is signed- countered NATO •1956- Hungarian Revolution- first major threat to Soviet control since Nazi scare, sparked resistance to USSR •1972- Watergate Scandal Begins- first potential "impeachment" •1976- North and South Vietnam join- form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam- ends Vietnam war Religion Auryan, Nelson, Jordan, Tema, and Shefe Up to 600 BCE • Polytheism/Divine Kingship: Egypt, Celtic, Olmec, and Assyrian Empires – Olmec; society controlled by religion, human sacrifice, religious calendar • Mandate of Heaven: Zhou Dynasty; belief in gods and ancestors; oracle bones, ancestral offerings • Monotheism: Judaism (Yahweh; Diaspora), Hebrew, Israelites • Zoroastrianism: Ancient Iran(Persia); Rewarded/punished in afterlife for mortal actions. • Nubia: Pyramid tombs and temples for Egyptian Gods 600 BCE-600 CE • Zhou, Qin, and Han: Confucianism • During the warring states period, Daoism formed and Confucianism and Daoism combined in Chinese culture. • Mauryan rulers in India used the tolerance and nonviolence of Buddhism. The Gupta Empire studied Hinduism introducing the caste system. • Maya were polytheistic believing spirits or objects of nature. • Romans and the Byzantine adopted Christianity. • Sub-Saharan Africa implemented Christianity in Ethiopia from the European influence. • Indonesia had Hindu-Buddhist culture from Chinese influence. • Jainism became a new emphasized culture with strict nonviolence in India. 600 CE-1450 • • Muhammad revives word of God, Islam is founded • • Islam rapidly spreads, becoming major force in Middle East, parts of India, Northern Africa, and Spain • • 1st schism of Christianity, into catholic and orthodox churches • • Crusades take place, due to Christianity's wanting Islam wealth and knowledge, starts tension between religions • • Despite the Mongols domination of Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Europe, and there practice of Shamanism, they were religious tolerant and allowed continuous practicing of all religions • • Polytheism still dominated, North America, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania, such as Buddhism and Hinduism 1450-1750 • Africa: • Muslim Berbers caused the collapse of Ghana, then proceeded to Sudan and destroyed the Christian Nubian Kingdoms except Christian Ethiopia. • Asia: • Muslim invaders took down Buddhism in India, and while Hinduism prevailed, Islam displaced it in South East Asia. • Europe: • Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople while the Christian States focused more on fighting each other, and Jews flourished in Spain because of tolerant Muslim
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