DO Now WHY IS CALLED THE BIRTHPLACE OF MANKIND Learning Targets and Intentions of the Lesson Students Will Be Able to: 1. KNOW the relationships between the various Early African Kingdoms and trade along the Indian Ocean. 2. UNDERSTAND and explain the significance of Musa in the development of trade relations within the Early African Kingdoms. 3. List and describe the political, economic, and social systems of Early African Kingdoms (SKILL). A Satellite View Great Rift Valley

3,000 miles long Tropic of Cancer Africa: 20° N

The

“Tropical” Equator 0° Continent

Tropic of Capricorn 20° S Vegetation Zones Bantu Migrations • Bantu – settled around sub- Africa • spread to the Nile • provided economic foundation for many African societies, African Kingdoms

800 C.E. -1600 C.E. African Kingdoms

• 750-1076 • 1235-1610 • Songhai 1464-1612

Ghana

• The or Wagadou Empire (existed c. 750- 1076)

• southeastern , Western Mali, Eastern • Believed to be the first - of many in that part of Africa. eighth century, – Dinga Cisse first Ruler

• Introduced the Centuries before the and the Ghana Empire • Owed its prosperity to trans-Saharan trade strategic location

Near and exchanged for textiles ornaments

• Hand-crafted leather in old originated in Ghana. Ghana - few natural resources except salt and gold.

Very good making things from iron.

Ghanaian warriors used iron tipped spears – their foes fought with weapons made of

http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/m stone, bone, and wood. m/eng/mm_rs_01.htm Ghana’s Economy & Decline • The empire struggled in the early 11th century.

• By 1059, the population density overtaxing the region.

• The Sahara desert was expanding southward, threatening food supplies. http://www.btsadventures.com/img/ .jpg

Mali Empire

• The from c. 1235 to c. 1610.

• The empire was founded by renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially I.

• The Mali Empire had many profound cultural influences on allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the River. Mali Empire • The Mali Empire flourished because of trade It contained three immense gold mines • The empire taxed every ounce of gold or salt that entered its borders. • By the beginning of the , Mali was the source of almost half the 's gold. Ancient A powerful named Sundiata ruled this area from around 1230-1255 AD. He expanded his kingdom to be as great as Ghana.

Greatest king of Mali was Mansa Musa (1312-1337). He developed the gold and salt trade Mansa Musa was a Muslim. He built many beautiful or Islamic temples in western Africa. In 1324, Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage or to with 60,000 servants and followers and 80 carrying more than 4,000 pounds of gold to be distributed among the poor. http://www.exzoobera nce.com

Songhay Empire • The , was a pre-colonial African state centered in eastern Mali.

• From the early 15th to the late , Songhai was one of the largest in history.

• The capital was the city of , where a small Songhai state had existed since the . Its base of power was on the bend of the in present-day Niger and . Songhai Empire Songhay Economy

• The Songhai economy was based on a traditional system. • The most common were metalworkers, fishermen, carpenters. Lower caste participants consisted of • At the bottom were war captives and slaves obligated to labor, especially in farming.

• The great Songhay leader, Sunni conquered Mali • He began the kingdom of Songhay. • Set up a complex government to rule all the lands he had conquered.

http://www.abcorpaffairs.com/gallery / Timbuktu Djenne

Sunni Ali captured Timbuktu in 1468 and Djenne in 1475. He carried out a very repressive regime, especially against the scholars.