The Household Knights of Edward I Volume 2 Ruth Louise Ingamells Ph. D. (University of Durham) Department of History, 1992. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. - 5 MAY 1993 Contents Volume 2 Chapter 6. Gascony and Ireland 3 Chapter 7. Scotland and Wales 41 Chapter 8. Diplomacy and Council 88 Chapter 9. Rewards 123 Conclusion. 169 Appendix I. Knights in receipt of Fees and Robes 178 Appendix II Genealogical tables fig i 184 fig ii 185 Appendix III Number of knights attached to the Household 186 Appendix IV Expenditure on Fees and Robes 188 Appendix V The Retinues of Household Knights in 1300 189 and 1301 Appendix VI Grants of Wardship 1272-1307 190 Bibliography. 191 1 CHAPTER 6 GASCONY AND IRELAND In 1272 the main dominions of Edward I outside England were Ireland and the duchy of Gascony. As Duke of Aquitaine he held Gascony as a fief from the French crown, following the treaty of Paris in 1259. In 1279 the crown gained the county of Ponthieu through the right of Edward's wife, Eleanor of Castile. The royal court resided in England for most of the reign. Edward I visited Gascony in 1272-4 and 1286 but he never went to Ireland. Both countries had their own administrative structure at the head of which was anofficial who represented the king in his absence. Edward recruited a number of knights from Gascony and Ireland. The appearance in the household of some of these knights was clearly due to the need for men during a military campaign. However, as Edward visited his dominions outside England infrequently one would expect that the household knights provided an important link between Gascony, Ireland and the royal court. The amount of time that the knights spent in their homelands and the part they played in Irish and Gascon affairs will be evaluated. In England the household knights played a relatively limited role in local administration except where the custodianship of castles was concerned. This chapter will attempt to ascertain whether it was the same in Edward's other dominions. From 1171 onwards the English kings used gifts of Irish lands to reward royal servants. By 1227 it was much more difficult to create major new lordships but occasionally opportunities still 1 arose in Ireland to reward their knights. Partly as a consequence of such grants over twenty household knights held land in different regions of Ireland during Edward I's reign. In 1252 Geoffrey de Geneville had been granted the marriage of Matilda, the daughter and co-heiress of Walter de Lacy. Through this marriage he gained half the lordship of Meath, including its castle of Trim.2 The manor of Gormanston on the border of Dublin and Meath had been given to the great grandfather of Amaury St Amand in 1230. Roger Mortimer of Wigmore had gained his land in Ireland through his marriage to Maud the daughter and co-heiress of William de Braose by Eve, the sister and co-heiress of the earl of Pembroke. After the death of Walter Marshal, earl of Pembroke in 1245, Roger 3 acquired lands in Kildare, Carlow and Kilkenny. Edward had granted a number of his followers lands in Ireland before he ascended the throne. Robert de Beaumes received lands in Ulster. He had granted them to his brother Hugh who was a member of Edward's household in 1283-4. The manor of Kilmeaden in Waterford 4 was bestowed upon Robert de Ufford. In 1268 Warin Bassingburn was given the manor of Amy in Limerick, which was leased after his 5 death in 1269 to Hugh FitzOtto, the steward of Edward's household. Grants of Irish lands were made to household knights during Edward I's reign but they were fewer in number. The most significant gift was received by Thomas de Clare, the younger son of Richard, earl of Gloucester. Thomas was a member of Edward's familia prior to 1272 and he received wages as a member of the 1 R. Frame, Colonial Ireland 1169-1369 (Dublin, 1981), 64-5 2 CDI, iii, nos 268, 307 3 Calendar of the Gormanston Register, ed. Mills and McEnery viii; CDI, i, nos 1400, 2948 4 CDI, ii, no. 1976; Sutton, Robert de Ufford, 34 5 CDI, ii, no. 741; CCR 1268-72, 242 king's household in 1283-4. The Clare family had substantial estates in Ireland. Thomas himself held lands in Limerick and Cork as a result of his marriage to Juliana, the daughter of Maurice 6 FitzMaurice. In 1276 he was granted the lordship of Thomond. Frame has described this grant as a 'throwback'. He was a 'king's man planted in a fringe region where a lordship might still be carved out by the sword'. Thomas gained Thomond, the castle of Bunratty and the cantred of Tradery in county Clare from Robert Muscegros in 7 exchange for lands he had accquired in England after the civil war. The other grants of Irish lands were much smaller. Otto de Grandson received the castle, cantred and land of Okeny, the town of Tipperary, the castle and town of Kilfeacle, the land of Muskerry, the manor of Kilsheelan and the town of Clonmel. These lands had originally been given to Grandson as a life grant but in 1281 they were granted to him in perpetuity. In addition he received Estremoy. This land had originally been given to another household knight, John Ferre, but he surrendered the land to the 8 king in return for 1,000 marks. In 1278 John Walhop, a member of the royal household in the 1270s, received 30 librates of waste land 9 in Ireland. No other household knights were given lands in Ireland. The amount of land at the king's disposal in Ireland was becoming increasingly limited. In addition, the newly conquered territories of Scotland and Wales gave a king, who was not noted for his lavish generosity, the opportunity to bestow lands confiscated from Welsh 6 Moor, Knights, i, 208; CChR 1257-1300, 254; CDI, ii, no. 1193-5; Calendar of Ormond Deeds 1172-1350, ed. Curtis, 143, 147 7 Frame, Colonial Ireland, 65; CDI, ii, nos 1204, 1223 8 CDI, ii, nos. 1126, 1847 9 CDI, ii, nos. 1466, 1613, 1625-6 10 and Scottish 'rebels upon his followers. However, Ireland was still seen as a region which could provide rewards, albeit of a different nature, for Edward's household knights. In 1305, the king ordered John Wogan, the justiciar, to give John Louth and William Pouton the custody of a castle each in the march. It has been impossible to trace which castles they were assigned but their appointment was a reward for the service both men had rendered in Scotland and Gascony. These knights did not 11 hold any other lands in Ireland. Robert Hausted and Lawrence de la Rivers were granted the wardship of lands in Ireland. The former received the marriage of the daughter of Henry Pecche in 1291. In 1307 Lawrence was given custody of James de Bohun's lands in Ireland. Robert FitzMaurice 12 received the custody of land to the value of £40 in 1276. Adam de Cretings was allowed to marry Juliana, the widow of Thomas de Clare: through this marriage he acquired the manor of Inchiquin and 13 the town of Youghal in Cork. The other household knights who held land in Ireland included John Fulburn, Robert Hausted, Henry Cantok, and William Montague. They had estates in the County of Dublin. William de Cantilupe, Robert FitzMaurice and John FitzSimon all held land in Cork. 14 William FitzWarin's interests lay in Connaught. In some cases it has been possible to establish only a tenuous link between a household knight and an Irish family or 10 See chapter 9 11 CJR, 1305-7, 103 12 CDI, ii, no. 1225; CDI, iii, p. 834; CDI, v, no. 649 13 CDI, iii, no. 1142 14 CDI, ii, p. 371, no. 1618; iii, nos 690, 732, 997; iv, nos 412; CJR 1295-1307, 75, 77, 162, 222; CJR 1305-7, 55, 311; Ormond Deeds 1172-1350, 24-6; Gormanston Register, ed. Mills and McEnery, viii, 130-1 . 15 region. Eustace Hatch appointed attorneys in Ireland in 1275, 1293 and 1299 but it has been impossible to trace any of his land holdings. However, his attorneys were William Hatch, the sheriff of Louth and John Hatch, justice of the Bench of Common Pleas. These men had lands in Dublin. It is possible that Eustace had estates in that area. Henry Cantok was the brother of Thomas Cantok, the chancellor of Ireland. Their family lands were in Dublin and 16 Tipperary. Thomas de la Cornere was part of Edward's household in 1283-4. In 1281 he had compensation for the losses he had sustained while he had been part of the forces led by Achief justiciar of Ireland against the Irish rebels. His estates probably lay in Carlow. In the mid 1280s he was involved in a plea against Roger Waspail 17 concerning land in that area. Nicholas de Boys was sent by the king to Ireland in 1302. His mission was to treat with the magnates concerning the need of the king for arms and men in Scotland. There is no direct evidence that he had any land in Ireland but a family named Boys held lands within the barony of Bantry in county Wexford. The records suggest 18 that Nicholas was a family name.