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Governing the Mexican Drug War: a Political Geography of Public Security and the Organisation of Everyday Violence

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Governing the Mexican Drug War: a Political Geography of Public Security and the Organisation of Everyday Violence Governing the Mexican Drug War: A Political Geography of Public Security and the Organisation of Everyday Violence Hector Eduardo Bezares Buenrostro School of Geography, Politics, and Sociology Newcastle University A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Geography, Politics, and Sociology at Newcastle University May 2018 ABSTRACT To make a contribution to the literature on governmentality and space, this thesis asks how does the War on Drugs (WoD) in Mexico produce spaces within which individual subjects are formed and controlled? More specifically, it demonstrates how the spatial organization of the northern border city of Tijuana and the aims of the WoD constitute distinctive identity formations and policing practices. Thus, the thesis advances the understanding of how urban space in Mexico has been imagined as a battlefield, shaping the territorial deployment of federal security personnel, and the military policing of strategic urban centres. To make this contribution, the thesis focuses on three concepts that are at the core of the analysis of governmentality: government, power, and space. Drawing on Foucauldian discourse analysis and four months of ethnographic fieldwork in Mexico, the everyday intimate spaces of the WoD ground the analysis of key geographical imaginaries and the spatial practices of security personnel and ordinary residents of Tijuana. Overall, the thesis underscores the centrality of controlling urban spaces for the WoD, showing how this has been achieved from individual households to the streets. In drawing attention to the spatiality of the WoD, the thesis thus offers a critical account of how entire territories and groups of people in Mexico, irrespective of their social class or ethnicity, have become subjects of an overarching project to discipline and kill. i ii Acknowledgements Thank you to my supervisors Dr. Kyle Grayson and Dr. Jocelyn Mawdsley, for their patient guidance, encouragement, and enthusiasm for my research. I would not have been able to finish this without your academic support. Additional thanks to Dr. Martin Coward for his support and guidance during the first three years of this project. I would also like to express my gratitude to Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología for funding my research and to the School of Geography, Politics and Sociology at Newcastle University for providing the best environment to work on my thesis. To Jenny Dawley and the rest of the administrative support staff for the constant support. This was a long road and I could not have been able to travel it without all the people that supported, encouraged, and reminded me that there is a world away from the desk: Erik Siqueiros, Berta Matillo, Panos Sakkas, Eleni Chatzidimitriou, Salvador Bravo, Edu Almorox, Andreia Cavaco, Jo Hackey, Danielle Rose, Paul McFadden, James Bisland, John Davis, Diana Morales, Silvia Maritati, Robin Finlay, Miriam Dos Santos, Caroline Hall, Damar Susilaradeya, Sarina Theys and Mary Woo. Thanks to Ruth Gertig for the incredible and warm companionship. Special thanks goes to Mary Stycos who read the first draft of what almost 5 years later became this thesis. I also want to thank to my friends in la Sonora Boreal who made things much easier in the last stages of the writing up process: Leti Valdecasas, Simon Buck, Juan, Alice Lupton, David Lee, Hannah Ashman, and Paolo Comaron. Many thanks to my fantastic support network in Mexico: Damaris Ovando, Nydia Gutierrez, Sol Cardenas Cesar Mendoza, Roberto Moreno, Vanessa Villaceballos, and Gabriel Tamariz. Thank you also to Dr. Jose Luis Orozco, Javier Oliva, and Cesar Perez for the help and support. I owed a debt of gratitude to all the people in Tijuana and Mexico City that shared their experiences, fears, hopes, dreams, and nightmares with me making this thesis possible. Special thanks goes to Dr. Carolina Robledo who opened her doors in Tijuana for me. Thank you to my mother, Patricia and father, Eduardo, for the support and love; my sisters Karla and Iris for everything and especially to my niece Ximena for inspiring me every day. iii Thanks to my uncle, Alfredo my aunt, Sandra and my cousins Alfredo and Luis for their generosity and support. Thanks to my lovely aunt Carmen who has been there always. Additional thanks go to the Crossfit North East England gang (Leon, Shawn, Jack, Lee Hill, Anne, Richie, Keith, Kate, Kyle). It kept me physically fit and mentally sane. Without the place and you people I would surely have crumbled. Finally, my deepest gratitude to Ariadna Deseusa, without whom this thesis would never have been completed. Thank you for all your support, your encouragement and love. This thesis is dedicated in memory to Alfonso Buenrostro, Juana Gutierrez, Hector Pablo Bezares, and Angelina Anzaldo iv Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction: Setting the Scene ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Argument and Research Questions .................................................................................. 2 1.2 Contribution of the Research ........................................................................................... 5 1.3 Significance of the Research ............................................................................................. 7 1.4 Outline of the Thesis and Summary of Key Arguments ................................................... 8 Chapter 2. Governing Unruly Populations and Spaces............................................................. 12 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Governmentality ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2.1. Governmentality and the conduct of conducts ..................................................... 15 2.2.2 Governmentality as Historic Problematization ....................................................... 16 2.2.3 The analysis of governmentalities ........................................................................... 18 2.2.4 A governmentality of the WoD? .............................................................................. 19 2.3 Power .............................................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Power and Space ............................................................................................................ 28 2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 3. Methods .................................................................................................................. 38 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 38 3.2. The Point of Departure .................................................................................................. 38 3.3 Researching the WoD Rationalities ................................................................................ 39 3.3.1 Analysing the History of the WoD ........................................................................... 39 3.3.2 Analysing the Rationalities of the WoD ................................................................... 40 3.4 Researching the Everyday: Spaces and Individuals ........................................................ 44 3.4.1 Selecting and Negotiating Access to the Spaces of Research ................................. 45 3.4.2 The Participants ....................................................................................................... 48 3.4.3 Interviews and Informal Conversations .................................................................. 50 3.4.4 The Questions .......................................................................................................... 53 3.4.5 Ethical and Safety Challenges .................................................................................. 55 3.4.6 Transcribing-Epistemic Value .................................................................................. 57 3.4.7 Observing Tijuana .................................................................................................... 59 3.5 Analysing data................................................................................................................. 60 3.6 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 4. The State in Mexico: Power and Space in the Twentieth Century ......................... 62 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 62 4.2 The Post-Revolutionary State-Population Nexus ........................................................... 64 4.2.1 Nation, mestizo identity, and power ....................................................................... 70 v 4.3 The Single Party .............................................................................................................. 73 4.4 The Geography of State Violence .................................................................................. 79 4.4.1 The Mexican Army and the State Violence ............................................................. 83 4.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................
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