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Fauna norv. Ser. B 42.1995---------------------------------------­ peditus Meigen, 1820 have been recorded, one T-21 S? ; Do. (Site 11) T-3 2 00 1 S? (together with species X. ater Meigen, 1804 has hitherto not X. compeditus se below); Enebakk: Vangen (Site been recorded from Norway. 48) T-2 1 S?; L~renskog: Losby (Site 93) T-2 1 S? Sum: 2 0 0 5 S? S? . One of us (LG) has for years sorted out Xylophagidae from material collected by dif­ 2. X. cinctus (DeGeer, 1776) ferent scientists. This material contained anot­ AK Rre1ingen: Losby (Site 3) T-2 1 S?; L~renskog: her new species to Norway, e.i. Xylophagus Losby (Site 14) T-21 S?; Enebakk: Vangen (Site 22) T-2 1 0; Do. (Site 25) T-2 1 S?; Enebakk: Vangen junki (Szilady in F. Dahl, 1932). (Site 26) T-2 1 S?; Enebakk: Vangen (Site 86) T-2 1 S? . Sum: 1 0 5 S? S? . The material, dried from alcohol, is kept in the Zoological Museum, Bergen. 3. X.compeditus Meigen, 1820 AK Rre1ingen: Losby (Site 11) T-3 2 00 (together with X. ater see above); Enebakk: Vangen (Site 25) SYSTEMATICS T-3 2 00; L~renskog: Losby (Site 44) T-2 1 S?; Enebakk: Ekeberg (Site 53) T-2 1 S?; L~renskog: The family Xylophagidae includes one genus Kirkerud (Site 63) T-2 1S?; L~renskog:/Losby (Site with 13 species of rather big flies (Krivosheina 97) T-2 1 O. SUM: 5 00 3 S? S? . & Mamaev 1988). Five species occur in the NW of Europe, and they have all been recorded Most specimens of all species were trapped in from Sweden (Hedstrom 1991). Hedstrom sites of old spruce forests with high densities (1991) presents a key to species level, and the of decaying wood (Sites 1, 3, 11, 14, 22, 25, key includes all species presented here. 26). The largest number of specimens were collected at Site 11 which included large It should be noted that the nomenclature of amounts of decaying aspen (Populus tremula Xylophagus has varied during the last decenni­ L.). More unusually, some specimens were ums. Collin (1962) used X. ater Meigen, 1804 trapped in clearcuts (Site 86) and young stands as name for X. compeditus Meigen, 1820. In of spruce (Picea abies L.) (Sites 93 and 97). recent Scandinavian literature Hedstrom (1986) followed the nomenclature of Collin. However, The total number of specimens (21) was rela­ both Hedstrom (1991) and the present article tively low compared to the large sampling follow the nomenclature used by Krivosheina effort. In comparison, Greve, Olsen & Solem & Mamaev (1988). Accordingly, the species (1984) reported 17 specimens of one species , referred to as X. compeditus Wiedemann, 1851 X. compeditus Meigen, 1820 collected from in both Greve, Olsen & Solem (1984) and two localities in 1980 and 1981. Greve, Solem & Bretten (1987) is the same as X. compeditus Meigen, 1820 used here. Many specimens are associated with decom­ posing timber of deciduous trees or conifers The larvae of this family usually live under (Krivosheina & Mamaev 1972) and adults are bark of living and decaying trunks and roots usually found on tree-trunks (Krivosheina & of deciduous and coniferous trees. Mamaev 1988). The developement of X. ater takes place in deciduous trees only. The material: A fourth Norwegian species, X. junki (Szilady 1. Xylophagus ater Meigen, 1804 in F.Dahl 1932), is represented by only two AK Rre1ingen: Losby (Site 1) T-21 S?; Do. (Site 11) specimens and were collected at : NTI Lieme: 140 --------------------------Faunanary. Ser. 842.1995 Kveskallen EIS 103 Malaise trap 7-26 June them Europe. More studies of their ecological 1986 1 ~ leg. Oddvar Hanssen and FI requirements may reveal to what extent they S0rvaranger: Svanvik, Svanhovd EIS 169 are vulnerable to modern forest management. Malaise trap 20 June-4 Aug. 1986 1 ~ leg. Fred Midtgaard. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A fifth species, X. matsumurai Miyatake, 1965 has been recorded from Jokkmokk in The material of X. ater was from the research Sweden (Hedstrom 1991), and may possibly programme "Forest ecology and multiple occur in the northern parts of Norway. use". We thank all contributors during the planning and the field work. According to Hedstrom (1991), X. ater is a rare species in Sweden. Most of the Swedish We would also like to thank Fred Midtgaard, specimens were collected near to decaying Oslo and Oddvar Hanssen, Trondheim who deciduous trees, often with fungi. This species collected the two females of Xylophagus is also recorded from Finland, parts of the for­ junki. mer Soviet, Germany and Austria. X. junki is considered to be endangered in SAMMENDRAG United Kingdom (Falk 1992). One specimen was recorded from Scotland in 1913, and it has Xylophagus ater Meigen, 1804 og X. junk; not been collected from this region since. The (Szilady i F. Dahl, 1932) (Diptera; Xylop­ species is classified as rare in Sweden hagidae) nye for Norge (Hedstrom 1991). Two specimens from Sweden were collected in pitfall traps close to To fluearter av slekten Xylophagus som tilhp­ standing trees of Populus tremulus, Betula sp. rer familien Xylophagidae, "vediluer", er rap­ and decaying pine and spruce (Hedstrom porterte som nye for Norge: Xylophagus ater 1991). It is assumed to develop in old pine tre­ Meigen, 1804 og X. junki (SziHldy i F. Dahl es, dead tt;ees or dead wood (Falk 1992). The 1932). Fa individer av disse artene ble funnet locality in Lieme (Kveskallen) contained 10 n1 til tross for en relativt stor innsamlingsintensi­ tall pine trees , many rotten stumps of spruce, tet. Denne artikkelen presenterer alle de arter and some dead birch with poliphorus fungi. av slekten Xylophagus som hittil er omtalt fra Norge, og gir i tillegg informasjon om biologi X. cinctus is referred to as "rare" in the British og utbredelse. isles (Falk 1992). In the United Kingdom it is recorded only from the Scottish highlands. X. cinctus is not a common species in Norway. REFERENCES X. ater Meigen 1804 and X. junki (SziHldy in Collin, J.E. 1962. A species of Xylophagus F.Dahl, 1932) may be classified as rare in (Diptera, Xylophagidae) new to Britain. Norway, because (1) only few specimens have - Entomologist 95: 272-274. been found despite relatively large sampling Falk, S. 1992. A review of the scarce and trea­ effort, and (2) they are classified as rare in our tened flies of Great Britian (part 1). neighbouring countries. These two species Research and survey in nature conservation. appear to be connected with the forest envi­ - Nature Concervancy Council, Peter­ ronments which have been declining in nor- borough 39: 194. 141 Fauna norv. Ser. B 42. 1995 Greve, L., 0lsen, A. & Solem, J.O. 1984. er utviklingstid og flygetid angitt. I alt 28 arter er avbildet pa tre fargetavler og en god del tekstfigurer Xylophagus compeditus Wiedemann, 1851 angir artsforskjeller. Det er ti -femten gode fargefo­ in Norway (Dipt., Xylophagidae). - Fauna tos i heftet som viser arter eller levesteder. Den dan­ norv. Ser. B 31: 111-113. ske faunaen pa 51 arter dekker sa godt som alle nor­ Greve, L. Solem, lO. & Bretten, S. 1987. ske, bare et par nordlige arter mangler. Bibionidae, Xylophagidae, Rhagionidae, Psilidae, Micropezidae, Clusiidae and I utgangspunktet er dette en delikat trykksak som Piophilidae (Diptera) from the Dovrefjell burde "selge" godt. Dessverre ma jeg si at de til­ gjengelige 32 sider kunne vrert brukt enna bedre. National Park, South Norway. - Fauna norv. Som forfatteren sier i innledningen er det forrige Ser. B 34: 75-79. danske verket over 0yenstikkere fra 1910. Dette Hedstrom, L. 1986. Svenska insektfynd - rap­ heftet fors0ker muligens derfor bade a tilfredsstille port 2. - Ent.Tidskr. 107: 139-147. dem som 0nsker en kortfattet generell kunnskap om Hedstrom, L. 1991. Svenska insektfynd - rap­ 0yenstikker og dem som kunne 0nske seg en opp­ port 7. - Ent. Tidsskr. 112: 133-146. gradering av bestemmelesboken fra 1910. De f0rste Krivosheina, N.P. & Mamaev, B.M. 1972. A far en kanskje litt for kortfattet innf0ring illustrert med vakre fotos. De mer spesielt interesserte far et review of Palaearctic species of the genus hefte som nesten er en komplett "Fauna"tmed farge­ Xylophagus Meig. (Diptera, Xylophagidae). tavler, strektegninger og en kortfattet tekst som - Ent. Obozr. 51: 430-445. bade skal gj 0re det mulig a kunne bestemme artene Krivosheina, N.P. & Mamaev, B.M. 1988. og angi utbredelse, habitat og flygetid. Family Xylophagidae. - Pp. 35-38 in Soos, A. & Papp L. (eds.). - Catalogue of Tekstfigurene, boksene og fargetavlene gj0r det Palaearctic Diptera Volume 5, Athericidae ­ sannsynligvis mulig for bade forfatteren og anmel­ deren a bestemme hvilken art vi har fanget. Men viI Asilidae. Akademiai Kiado. Budapest. 446. en som ikke har bestemt 0yenstikkere f0r klare det ? Jeg tror en pedagogisk godt tegnet bilden0kkel, slik en kan finne i flere moderne europeiske 0yenstik­ kerb0ker, ville vrert bedre enn den fremstilling som Bokanmeldelse er valgt og det uten a ta mere plass enn de ti sider som na gar med. Sma utbredelseskart for artene i Ole Fogh Nielsen : Danmarks guldsmede -Natur Danmark ville ogsa gitt informasjon som hadde og Museum 34. argang nr. 2, juni 1995, 32 sider. vrert verdifull for oss nordiske naboer. Naturhistorisk Museum, Bygning 210, Universi­ tetetsparken, DK- 8000 Danmark. Heftepris kr 42 Videre ville jeg ha droppet mye eller alt av stoffet (danske). om slektskapsforhold, utviklingshistorie og morfo­ logi til fordel for flere sider om artenes levesteder i Det er gjennom arene kommet en rekke fine og tilta­ Danlnark og bevaringsbiologiske forhold. Det er lende orienteringshefter om planter og dyr i den mulig at jeg tar feil, men jeg tror at flere av dem danske serien Natur og Museum.
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    Calcium signaling mediates cold sensing in insect tissues Nicholas M. Teetsa,1, Shu-Xia Yib, Richard E. Lee, Jr.b, and David L. Denlingera,c,1 aDepartment of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; bDepartment of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056; and cDepartment of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Contributed by David L. Denlinger, April 10, 2013 (sent for review January 30, 2013) The ability to rapidly respond to changes in temperature is a critical of ∼15,000 tested) were differentially expressed following 2 h of adaptation for insects and other ectotherms living in thermally RCH (18) whereas, in Drosophila melanogaster, RCH failed to variable environments. In a process called rapid cold hardening increase the expression of five genes previously linked to cold (RCH), insects significantly enhance cold tolerance following brief tolerance (19). Thus, we hypothesize that RCH is primarily (i.e., minutes to hours) exposure to nonlethal chilling. Although mediated by second messenger systems that do not require the the ecological relevance of RCH is well-established, the underlying synthesis of new gene products. Indeed, signaling pathways such physiological mechanisms that trigger RCH are poorly understood. as MAP kinase (20, 21) and apoptosis signaling (22, 23) have RCH can be elicited in isolated tissues ex vivo, suggesting cold- been linked to RCH although the upstream cold-sensing mech- sensing and downstream hardening pathways are governed by anisms that trigger these pathways are unknown. brain-independent signaling mechanisms. We previously provided One of the most remarkable features of RCH is that isolated preliminary evidence that calcium is involved in RCH, and here we tissues retain the capacity for RCH ex vivo (24, 25), indicating firmly establish that calcium signaling mediates cold sensing in that cells directly respond to low temperature in the absence of insect tissues.
  • (Diptera) Larvae: a Brief Review and a Key to European Families Avoiding Use of Mouthpart Characters

    (Diptera) Larvae: a Brief Review and a Key to European Families Avoiding Use of Mouthpart Characters

    1 Article Family-level keys to freshwater fly (Diptera) larvae: a brief review and a key to European families avoiding use of mouthpart characters Michael Dobson1 1 Affiliation: Freshwater Biological Association, The Ferry Landing, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria, LA22 0LP, UK.* *Present address: APEM Ltd, The Technopole Centre, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Nr Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PJ, UK. Email: [email protected] Received 3 October 2011; accepted 10 April 2013; published 18 June 2013 Abstract Identification of larvae of aquatic Diptera (true flies) is complicated by a range of factors, including reliance on examination of mouthparts at the very beginning of many keys, as well as an unclear distinction between aquatic and terrestrial habits for many species. Even at family level, these can cause problems. This review briefly introduces the history of keys to Diptera larvae, with particular reference to Europe, and identifies use of characteristics that may cause problems for the non-specialist, along with attempts made to mitigate these problems. It considers the validity of using identification features that do not require examination of mouthparts, giving examples of those used in previous keys. It then reviews Diptera families that are not normally considered to have aquatic representatives, concluding that in Europe six new families need to be added to the list of freshwater fauna: Cecidomyiidae (rivers and tree holes), Scatopsidae (tree holes), Anisopodidae (tree holes), Bibionidae (probably wetlands), Pachyneuridae (saturated dead wood) and Lonchopteridae (river edges). Elsewhere in the world, a further nine families have been recorded from fresh waters, all from submerged dead wood or from water-filled plant structures such as pitcher plants and tree holes.
  • Episodic Radiations in the Fly Tree of Life

    Episodic Radiations in the Fly Tree of Life

    Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life Brian M. Wiegmanna,1, Michelle D. Trautweina, Isaac S. Winklera, Norman B. Barra,b, Jung-Wook Kima, Christine Lambkinc,d, Matthew A. Bertonea, Brian K. Cassela, Keith M. Baylessa, Alysha M. Heimberge, Benjamin M. Wheelerf, Kevin J. Petersone, Thomas Papeg, Bradley J. Sinclairh, Jeffrey H. Skevingtoni, Vladimir Blagoderovj, Jason Caravask, Sujatha Narayanan Kuttyl, Urs Schmidt-Ottm, Gail E. Kampmeiern, F. Christian Thompsono, David A. Grimaldip, Andrew T. Beckenbachq, Gregory W. Courtneyr, Markus Friedrichk, Rudolf Meierl,s, and David K. Yeatesd Departments of aEntomology and fComputer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; bCenter for Plant Health Science and Technology, Mission Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Moore Air Base, Edinburg, TX 78541; cQueensland Museum, South Bank, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eDepartment of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; gNatural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; hCanadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa Plant Laboratory-Entomology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6; iInvertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6; jDepartment of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; kDepartment of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202; lDepartment of Biological Sciences and sUniversity Scholars Programme,
  • Autogeny As Successful Reproductive Strategy in High Altitude Black-Flies

    Autogeny As Successful Reproductive Strategy in High Altitude Black-Flies

    Annls Limnol. 25 (3) 1989 : 243-249 Autogeny as successful reproductive strategy in high altitude black- flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) J.E. Raastad' J.O. Solem* Keywords : Diptera, Simuliidae, mountain, Norway, autogeny. The black-fly fauna of Drovrefjell National Park, Central Norway, was investigated at elevations between 870 m and 1 630 m and covered the sub-alpine, low- and middle-alpine vegetation zones. We found 13 black-fly species and a domi­ nance of three non-bloodsucking species, Prosimulium ursinum, Cnephia tredecimata and Eusimulium crassum, in this area. E. crassum dominated the bog stream habitat, while C. tredecimata and P. ursinum dominated the outlet habitat. The parthenogenesis of P. ursinum is an advantage over a sexual reproduction in the extreme habitat of glacier fed out­ lets. While mammalophilic species were absent or scarce, we found a high proportion of bird-feeding Eusimulium spp. E. corniferum and E. carpathicum have not been previously recorded from Norway. L'autogénie, une stratégie reproductive réussie chez les simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) de haute altitude. Mots clés : Diptera, Simuliidae, montagne, Norvège, autogénie. La faune des simulies du Parc national de Dovre, situé au centre de la Norvège, a été étudiée de 870 mal 630 m d'altitude, recoupant les zones de végétations sub-alpine, moyenne et basse. Treize espèces de simulies ont été identifiées avec la prédominance de trois espèces non-hématophages : Prosimulium ursinum, Cnephia tredecimata et Eusimulium crassum. E. crassum domine dans l'habitat marécageux du cours d'eau, alors que C. tredecimata et P. ursinum domi­ nent à l'embouchure. La parthénogenèse chez P.