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The Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative in The THE ACHOLI RELIGIOUS LEADERS’ PEACE INITIATIVE IN THE BATTLEFIELD OF NORTHERN UGANDA An Example of an integral, inculturated and ecumenical Approach to Pastoral Work in a War Situation Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Magistergrades an der Theologischen Fakultät der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck vorgelegt von: eingereicht bei: Fakultätsstudienleiter: Robert Lukwiya Ochola, MCCJ Univ.-Prof. Dr. Reinhard Messner betreut von: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Franz Weber, MCCJ Innsbruck, Juni 2006 ‘Let us be proud that we were able to ultimately rise above our intense political and other differences in a renewed determination as a people to foster dialogue instead of violence, promote unity rather than disharmony, and engender hope rather than disillusionment and despair.’ Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf President of Liberia (First African Woman President) Suffering is the law of human beings; war is the law of the jungle. But suffering is infinitely more powerful than the law of the jungle for converting the opponent and opening his ear, which are otherwise shut to the voice of reason. Nobody has probably drawn up more petitions or espoused more forlorn causes than I and I have come to this fundamental conclusion that if you want something really important to be done you must not merely satisfy the reason, you must move the heart also. The appeal of reason is more to the head but the penetration of the heart comes from suffering. It opens up the inner understanding in man. Suffering is the badge of the human race, not the sword. Mohandas K. Gandhi II To my parents and all women and men who yearn and work for peace, especially members, friends and well-wishers of the Acholi Religious Leaders’ Peace Initiative: Shalom! III Acknowledgments I would like to thank all who have contributed to make me reach this moment of my life. Special thank goes to my parents, brothers and sisters who provided me with the first human community where I could grow and develop. More thanks go to my teachers, beginning from my brothers Marino Obita and Masson Ojok and my bosom friend Walter Francis Komting Obita, who were my first teachers before I had even gone to school; then my primary, secondary and university teachers. Special thanks go also to my Christian community of Dure Chapel, Christ the King Parish and Gulu Archdiocese, where I have come into and been in contact with the world of faith, lived and grown in it and also had my first call to religious life. My other thanks go to my religious congregation, the Comboni Missionaries, especially the community of the Scholasticate of Innsbruck that has provided me with all the spiritual, moral and material needs, in these years of my study-sojourn in Innsbruck. Equally, I thank all friends, personal and those of our community in Innsbruck, who have opened for me not only the doors of their homes and/or stores, but also of their hearts and conse- quently enabled me to enjoy a friendly and homely time here in Tirol, Austria and in Europe. Euch allen gilt mein herzliches Vergelt’s Gott und ein großes Dankeschön! I thank also my moderator and tutor, my confrere P. Franz Weber and his as- sistant Dr. Johannes Panhofer, respectively for their interests, encouragement and understanding that helped me to write this thesis. Last but not least are Mrs Diane Scharf, Madam Charmaine Anderson and Mrs Amanda Jenkins who have dedicated their time to reading and correcting the lan- guage of my thesis. Mrs Scharf deserves a special mention for her commitment and critical comments to this thesis. Without your interest and dedication, the thesis would not have reached the form it now has. ‘Asante sana, Mama Patrick!’ I thank all those whose names I have not mentioned here, but have been and are still part of my life journey. May you all be rewarded abundantly with good health, happiness and all that you need. Apwoyo-wu ducu! Robert Ochola-Lukwiya, Innsbruck, June 2006. IV Table of Contents Acknowledgments_________________________________ III Table of Contents _________________________________ IV Acronyms and Abbreviations _______________________ VI Preface __________________________________________ X 0 Introduction ____________________________________1 1 Seeing the Past and the Present of Uganda _________10 1.1 The Nation Uganda: Land and People............................................................................. 11 1.2 The history of violence in Uganda .................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Pre- and colonial violence............................................................................................................. 13 1.2.2 Post colonial violence.................................................................................................................... 20 1.2.2.1 The time of Obote’s I. regime (1962-1971) ................................................................... 21 1.2.2.2 Idi Amin Dada and the reign of terror (January 1971- April 1979)............................. 23 1.2.2.3 The post-Amin conflicts and the 1980 general elections ............................................ 27 1.2.2.4 Obote II. and the NRA bush war (December 1980 – July 1985) ............................... 28 1.2.2.5 Okello military junta and the NRA victory (July 1985 – Jan. 1986) ........................... 34 1.2.2.6 The period from January 1986 to date (NRM/A era) ................................................... 37 2 The present situation: Uganda vs. Northern Uganda__50 2.1 Social situation ................................................................................................................... 50 2.2 The political situation ........................................................................................................ 64 2.3 Relationships with neighbouring countries ..................................................................... 72 2.4 Economic Situation ............................................................................................................ 75 2.5 Religious situation.............................................................................................................. 90 2.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 98 3 Judging in light of the Gospel (GS 4)______________100 3.1 The teaching of the Bible................................................................................................. 101 3.1.1 The Old Testament...................................................................................................................... 101 3.1.2 The Gospel and New Testament ................................................................................................. 104 V 3.2 The teaching of the Church............................................................................................. 107 3.2.1 The Universal Church and the Magisterium................................................................................ 108 3.2.2 The Church in Africa: SECAM and AMECEA .......................................................................... 117 3.2.3 The Uganda Catholic Bishops’ Teachings on Peace................................................................... 121 3.3 The missing link – discrepancy between words and deeds.................................................. 124 4 Acting in Fulfilling the Mission of Peace – the example of the Acholi Religious Leaders’ Peace Initiative (ARLPI)131 4.1 The name ARLPI and its history.................................................................................... 131 4.2 The Activities of the ARLPI............................................................................................ 139 4.3 Some achievements of the ARLPI .................................................................................. 142 4.4 Challenges, Limitations and Difficulties for the ARLPI .............................................. 154 4.4.1 External Challenges to ARLPI....................................................................................................154 4.4.2 The internal challenges of the ARLPI......................................................................................... 159 4.5 Prospects of the ARLPI ................................................................................................... 165 4.6 General Concluding remarks: A concise Theology of, and recommendations for peace, justice and reconciliation in Uganda ........................................................................................... 166 Bibliography ____________________________________172 VI Acronyms and Abbreviations ACCORD A publication series of Conciliation Resources reviewing peace initia- tives ACORD Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development AFER African Ecclesiastical Review AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AMECEA Association of Members Episcopal Conferences of Eastern Africa APG Acholi Parliamentary Group ARLPI Acholi Religious Leaders’ Peace Initiative BBC British Broadcasting Corporation Brig. Brigadier CD-ROM Compact disc – Read only memory CMI Chieftaincy of Military Intelligence ESO External Security Organisation ISO Internal Security Organisation CID Criminal Investigation Department CMS Church Missionary Society COPE Client-Oriented and Provider-Efficient. CSOPNU Civil Society Organization for Peace in Northern Uganda DFID Department for International Development (the UK’s Aid ministry) DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DRPT District Reconciliation
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