All the Men are Fighting for Freedom, All the Women are Mourning Their Men, But Some of Us Carried Guns: Fanon’s Psychological Perspectives on War and African Women Combatants Aaronette M. White Boston Consortium Fellow 2002-2003 Working Paper No. 302 /2006 © 2003 Consortium on Gender, Security, and Human Rights This paper was later published in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2007, vol. 32. no. 4.0 Author’s Note Dedicated to former husband, guerrilla fighter D. France Olivieira. Special thanks to Carol Cohn, Lori Ginzberg, Jacqueline Lapidus, James Stewart and Paul Zeleza for comments on an earlier draft. Special thanks, too, to the Boston Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights, the Women and Public Policy Program of Harvard University and The College of Liberal Arts of Pennsylvania State University for the partial funding of this research. Address correspondence to Aaronette M. White, Women's Studies & African and African American Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802.
[email protected]. 1 I. Introduction Revolutionary war, as the Algerian people is waging it, is a total war in which the woman does not merely knit for or mourn the soldier. The Algerian woman is at the heart of the combat. Arrested, tortured, raped, shot down, she testifies to the violence of the occupier and to his inhumanity. Fanon (1967b: 66) Violence alone, violence committed by the people, violence organized and educated by its leaders, makes it possible for the masses to understand social truths and gives the key