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<I>Castanea Dentata</I> University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2011 Silvicultural Considerations for the Reintroduction of American Chestnut, Castanea dentata, to the Forests of the Eastern United States Cornelia Cooper Wells Pinchot cpinchot, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Forest Management Commons Recommended Citation Pinchot, Cornelia Cooper Wells, "Silvicultural Considerations for the Reintroduction of American Chestnut, Castanea dentata, to the Forests of the Eastern United States. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2011. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1115 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Cornelia Cooper Wells Pinchot entitled "Silvicultural Considerations for the Reintroduction of American Chestnut, Castanea dentata, to the Forests of the Eastern United States." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Natural Resources. Scott E. Schlarbaum, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Jennifer A. Franklin, David S. Buckley, Stacy L. Clark, Arnold M. Saxton, Sandra L. Anagnostakis Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Silvicultural Considerations for the Reintroduction of American Chestnut, Castanea dentata, to the Forests of the Eastern United States A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Cornelia Cooper Pinchot August 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Cornelia Cooper Pinchot All rights reserved ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my father, Peter Cooper Pinchot, who instilled in me a deep respect for, and interest in, the natural world. For this I am immeasurably grateful. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Dr. Scott Schlarbaum, my advisor, for encouraging me to pursue a doctoral degree, offering me an exciting research opportunity, and helping me develop myself professionally. I thank my committee for their support and guidance throughout my doctoral experience: Dr. Jennifer Franklin for attention to detail and for her scrutiny of my interpretation; Dr. David Buckley for teaching me the importance of scale; Dr. Stacy Clark for helping me connect my results to application; Dr. Saxton for providing statistical guidance, and Dr. Sandra Anagnostakis for supplying chestnut seedlings for the Yale-Myers study, and more importantly, for introducing me to American chestnut restoration. I cannot fully express my gratitude toward the Tree Improvement Program crew for spending endless hours with me in the woods (in varying degrees of discomfort). Ami Sharp and Tracy Powers, in particular, helped me with every aspect of project implementation and data collection. David Griffin offered help and a great attitude throughout my project. Numerous student technicians helped record and enter data. Dr. Callie Schweitzer was a source of guidance throughout my project. Robert Sitzlar and Ricardo Suarez, of the Daniel Boone National Forest, offered technical and field assistance. Dr. Mark Ashton and Richard Campbell, of the Yale-Myers Forest, supplied the planting site and field help for the Yale chestnut planting. iv I thank Dr. Fred Hebard for supplying seed for my Daniel Boone National Forest study. I am grateful for funding provided by the Tennessee Tree Improvement Program, the University of Tennessee, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, and by the United States Forest Service. I am incredibly grateful for my husband, Matthew Wilson, for leaving his job, friends, and family, to join me in Knoxville. v ABSTRACT In anticipation of widespread planting of putatively blight-resistant hybrid chestnuts (Castanea spp.), it is critical to understand the silvics and competitive ability of the species. This dissertation examines preliminary growth and survival of several species and genetic crosses of chestnut grown as 1-0 high-quality nursery seedlings and planted in two study sites: Southeastern Kentucky (Daniel Boone National Forest; chapter 2), and Northeastern Connecticut (Yale-Myers Forest; chapter 4). The effects of three silvicultural treatments on the Daniel Boone National Forest (DBNF), and four silvicultural treatments on the Yale-Myers Forest (YM) were evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of initial seedling size on seedling performance was tested. In both studies, seedlings grew largest in height and root collar diameter in silvicultural treatments with the most available light. High mortality at the DBNF planting was caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, ink disease, and high mortality at the YM planting was caused by repeated deer, Odocoileus virginianus, browsing and competition from hay-scented fern, Dennstaedtia punctilobula. Additionally, seedlings at the DBNF study were repeatedly defoliated by Craesus castaneae, chestnut sawfly, during the first growing season (chapter 3). Seedlings with larger root collar diameters at planting demonstrated greater survival and growth in the DBNF study while seedlings larger in height and RCD added less growth and were more likely to die in the YM study, likely due to the high deer population and dense understory competition. These results indicate that silvicultural treatments that create high-light environments are ideal for chestnut, however the species can establish successfully under a variety of light conditions, from low light [10% photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)] to high light (65% PAR). Ink disease vi will present a formidable obstacle to chestnut reintroduction efforts in the south, while northern efforts will be challenged by deer browsing due to overpopulated deer herds. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction and Literature Review........................................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2 Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 5 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2: Early establishment of chestnut (Castanea Mill.) seedlings on the Cumberland Plateau of Eastern Kentucky ..................................................................................................... 27 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 29 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 31 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 70 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 80 Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................................ 88 Chapter 3: Incidence of Craesus castaneae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on Chestnut Seedlings Planted on the Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky ..................................... 104 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 105 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 106 Methods................................................................................................................................... 107 viii Results ..................................................................................................................................... 109 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 111 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................... 113 Chapter 4: Hybrid Chestnut Seedling Establishment on Yale-Myers Research Forest in Northeastern Connecticut ........................................................................................................ 117 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 118 Introduction ............................................................................................................................
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