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U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2163

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U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2163 Availability of Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey Order U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications from the Documents. Check or money order must be payable to the offices listed below. Detailed ordering instructions, along with Superintendent of Documents. Order by mail from— prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the catalog “New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey.” Superintendent of Documents Government Printing Office Books, Maps, and Other Publications Washington, D.C. 20402 By Mail Information Periodicals Books, maps, and other publications are available by mail Many Information Periodicals products are available through from— the systems or formats listed below: USGS Information Services Printed Products Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Printed copies of the Minerals Yearbook and the Mineral Commodity Summaries can be ordered from the Superinten- Publications include Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water- dent of Documents, Government Printing Office (address Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, above). Printed copies of Metal Industry Indicators and Min- Circulars, Fact Sheets, publications of general interest, single eral Industry Surveys can be ordered from the Center for Dis- copies of permanent USGS catalogs, and topographic and ease Control and Prevention, National Institute for thematic maps. Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh Research Center, Over the Counter P.O. Box 18070, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0070. Mines FaxBack: Return Fax Service Books, maps, and other publications of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the counter at the following USGS Earth Science Information Centers (ESIC’s), all of which are 1. Use the touch-tone handset attached to your fax machine’s authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents. telephone jack. (ISDN [digital] telephones cannot be used with fax machines.) • Anchorage, Alaska—Rm. 101, 4230 University Dr. 2. Dial (703) 648-4999. • Denver, Colorado—Bldg. 810, Federal Center 3. Listen to the menu options and punch in the number of • Menlo Park, California—Rm. 3128, Bldg. 3, your selection, using the touch-tone telephone. 345 Middlefield Rd. 4. After completing your selection, press the start button on • Reston, Virginia—Rm. 1C402, USGS National Center, your fax machine. 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr. • Salt Lake City, Utah—2222 West, 2300 South (books and CD-ROM maps available for inspection only) • Spokane, Washington—Rm. 135, U.S. Post Office A disc containing chapters of the Minerals Yearbook (1933– Bldg., 904 West Riverside Ave. 95), the Mineral Commodity Summaries (1995–97), a statisti- • Washington, D.C.—Rm. 2650, Main Interior Bldg., cal compendium (1970–90), and other publications is updated 18th and C Sts., NW. three times a year and sold by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Government Printing Office (address above). Maps only may be purchased over the counter at the following USGS office: World Wide Web • Rolla, Missouri—1400 Independence Rd. Minerals information is available electronically at http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/ Electronically Subscription to the Catalog “New Publications of the Some USGS publications, including the catalog “New Publi- U.S. Geological Survey” cations of the U.S. Geological Survey,” are also available elec- tronically on the USGS’s World Wide Web home page at Those wishing to be placed on a free subscription list for the http://www.usgs.gov catalog “New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey” should write to— Preliminary Determination of Epicenters U.S. Geological Survey Subscriptions to the periodical “Preliminary Determination of 903 National Center Epicenters” can be obtained only from the Superintendent of Reston, VA 20192 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Lateral Ramps in the Folded Appalachians and in Overthrust Belts Worldwide—A Fundamental Element of Thrust-Belt Architecture By Howard A. Pohn U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2163 Lateral ramps in the subsurface can be detected from changes in surface folds. Such changes occur in fold-and-thrust belts worldwide and probably indicate lateral ramps. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 2000 Published in the Eastern Region, Reston, Va. Manuscript approved for publication August 10, 1998 Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government For sale by U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 or call the toll-free telephone number 1-888-ASK-USGS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pohn, Howard A. Lateral ramps in the folded Appalachians and in overthrust belts worldwide— A fundamental element of thrust-belt architecture / by Howard A. Pohn. p. cm. — (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 2163) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no.: I19.3:2163 1. Thrust faults (Geology)—Appalachian Mountains. I. Title. II. Series. QE75.B9 no. 2163 [QE606.5.I5] 557.3 s—dc21 98-48485 [551.8′72′0974] CIP CONTENTS Abstract........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Purpose and Scope.................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 2 Geometric Considerations of Lateral Ramps.................................................................. 4 Overview ................................................................................................................ 4 The Basic Model..................................................................................................... 5 Field Examples and Supporting Data ............................................................................. 7 Susquehanna Lateral Ramp .................................................................................... 7 Stratigraphic and Structural Setting................................................................ 7 Seismic Evidence............................................................................................ 10 Dip-Line Section..................................................................................... 10 Strike-Line Section................................................................................. 11 Pennsylvania-Maryland-West Virginia Lateral Ramp ........................................... 11 Mathias Lateral Ramp ............................................................................................ 11 Surface Evidence ............................................................................................ 11 Seismic Evidence............................................................................................ 11 Highland County Lateral Ramp.............................................................................. 19 Surface and Geophysical Evidence ................................................................ 19 Seismic Evidence............................................................................................ 19 Igneous Intrusions Associated with Lateral Ramps ............................................... 19 Additional Lateral Ramps in the Central Appalachians ................................................. 19 Wilkes-Barre Lateral Ramp.................................................................................... 19 Seven Mountains Lateral Ramp ............................................................................. 26 Tyrone-Mount Union Lateral Ramp....................................................................... 27 Bedford Lateral Ramp ............................................................................................ 27 Lexington Lateral Ramp......................................................................................... 27 Roanoke Lateral Ramp ........................................................................................... 27 Fincastle Conglomerate: An Indicator of the Roanoke Lateral Ramp .......... 30 Changes in Unit Thickness and Lithologies................................................... 31 Coarse-Pebble Conglomerates Related to Other Ramps ........................................ 31 Lateral Ramps in the Southern Appalachians................................................................. 31 Lineament Swarms of Eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina........................ 37 Lateral Ramps and Tectonic Windows........................................................................... 37 Lateral Ramps and Frequency of Disturbed Zones ........................................................ 46 Lateral Ramps and Possible Basement Faulting............................................................. 49 Movement Along Lateral Ramps Through Time ........................................................... 50 Observed Association of Lateral Ramps and Giant Landslides ..................................... 51 Possible Relationship of Lateral Ramps to Offshore Transform Faults......................... 51 The Presence of Lateral Ramps Worldwide................................................................... 52 Lateral
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