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Function of Word Order in Mandarin Chinese

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Function of Word Order in Mandarin Chinese FUNCTION OF WORD ORDER IN MANDARIN CHINESE By MINGLIANG HU A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1991 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to express my deep gratitude to Professor Chauncey C. Chu, chairman of my supervisory committee, for his inspiring guidance and constant encouragement through my research and teaching. I wish to thank the other members of my committee, Professors Jean Casagrande, Haig Der-Houssikian, William J. Sullivan, and Donald E. Williams, for their enlightening instruction in my graduate studies and valuable comments on my dissertation. I am grateful to Professor Andrea E. Tyler who has kindly read an earlier draft of the dissertation. My great gratitude also goes to Mrs. Chu, who has treated me as a member of her family. Finally I would like to thank my wife, Kehua Hu. Without her support and understanding, this study would never have been possible. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii KEY TO SYMBOLS vii ABSTRACT viii CHAPTERS I INTRODUCTION 1 1. 1 Topic 1 1.2 Topic in Chinese 2 1.3 Topic Continuity and Word Order 5 1.4 Topic Continuity in Mandarin Chinese 8 1.5 Organization of the Dissertation 10 Notes 11 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12 2.1 Chao's Subject 12 2.1.1 Subject and Predicate 12 2.1.2 Definiteness 17 2.1.3 Comments on Chao 18 2.2 Li and Thompson's Topic 20 2.2.1 Topic and Subject 20 2.2.2 Topic in Discourse 21 3.1 2.2.3 Comments on Li and Thompson 24 2.3 Tsao's Interclausal Study 25 2.3.1 Tsao's Topic 26 2.3.2 Topics at More Levels 27 2.3.3 Comments on Tsao 30 2.4 Sun and Givon's Text Analysis 31 2.4.1 Definiteness and Word Order 32 2.4.2 Topic Accessibility and Word Order 33 2.4.3 Comments on Sun and Givon 35 2.5 Summary 36 Notes 37 III FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF WORD ORDER IN MANDARIN CHINESE 38 Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences 38 iii 3.2 Simple Structures 40 3.3 Structures with Two or More VPs 44 3.4 Structures with Two or More Preverbal NPs .... 47 3.5 Structures with Two or More Postverbal NPs. ... 49 3.6 Structures with Two or More PPs 51 3.7 Afterthought and Raising Sentences 53 3.8 Word Order Typology of Mandarin Chinese 54 3.9 Summary 58 Notes 59 IV SEMANTIC CONSTRAINTS ON WORD ORDER 61 4.1 Case Roles and Word Order 61 4.1.1 Case Roles in Mandarin Chinese 62 4.1.2 One Preverbal NP or PP 63 4.1.3 Two or More Preverbal NPs or PPs 66 4.1.4 Two or More Postverbal NPs or PPs 72 4.2 Scope and Word Order 74 4.2.1 Preverbal NPs or PPs 75 4.2.2 NPs or PPs Separated by Verb 78 4.2.3 Ba-Sentences and Bei -Sentences 79 4.3 Temporal Sequence and Word Order 81 4.3.1 Principle of Temporal Sequence 82 4.3.2 Position of PPs 83 4.3.3 Position of NPs 85 4.4 Interrelation Between Semantic Factors 88 4.5 Summary 89 Notes 90 V DEFINITENESS AND WORD ORDER 92 5.1 Unquantified NPs 92 5.2 Quantified NPs 95 5.3 Definiteness Effects Between NPs 99 5.4 Definiteness and Word Order in Texts 102 5.5 Summary 109 Notes 110 VI TOPIC STRUCTURES Ill 6.1 Formal Features of Topic Ill 6.2 Semantic and Discourse Features of Topic 115 6.2.1 Case Roles 115 6.2.2 Scope and Temporal Sequence 119 6.2.3 Definiteness 122 6.3 Transformational Approach 124 6.4 Sentences with One Topic 129 6.5 Sentences with Two or More Topics 131 6.5.1 Two or More Preverbal NPs or PPs 131 6.5.2 Ba-Sentence and Bei-Sentence 132 iv 6.5.3 Resultative and Descriptive Complements . .133 6.6 Shi. De Structure 136 6.6.1 Shi and De 136 6.6.2 Huang's Analysis 137 6.6.3 Topic-Comment Analysis 138 6.7 Summary 141 Notes 142 VII WORD ORDER AND INTERCLAUSAL COHESION 144 7.1 Textual Cohesion 144 7.1.1 Organization of Text 144 7.1.2 Topic Continuity 147 7.2 Word Order and Topic Continuity 149 7.2.1 Word Order in English 149 7.2.2 Word Order in Chinese 151 7.3 Word Order in Topic Chains 152 7.3.1 NP-V-NP in First Clause 153 7.3.2 Ba in First Clause 158 7.3.3 Topicalized Structure in First Clause . .163 7.3.4 Other Topic Chains 167 7.4 Word Order in Sentence Groups 171 7.4.1 Sentences Forming a Topic Chain 171 7.4.2 Sentences Linked by Topic Chains 173 7.5 Summary 174 Notes 175 VIII TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF WORD ORDER 178 8.1 Topic Continuity 178 8.2 Data and Methodology 180 8.3 Clause Types Surveyed 183 8.4 Results and Discussion 184 8.4.1 NP-V or NP-V-S 184 8.4.2 NP-V-NP 186 8.4.3 Topicalized Clauses 187 8.4.4 Clauses with PPs 189 8.4.5 Phonological Size and Word Order 191 8.5 Summary 193 Notes 194 IX LEARNING BETWEEN CHINESE AND ENGLISH 195 9.1 Interference in Syntax 195 9.1.1 Learning Chinese Word Order 195 9.1.2 Learning English Word Order 201 9.2 Topic and Definiteness in Chinese and English . .203 9.3 Learning Chinese Discourse 206 9.4 Learning English Discourse 215 9.5 Summary 219 Notes 220 v X CONCLUSION 223 APPENDIX 227 REFERENCES 237 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 245 vi KEY TO SYMBOLS BA: patient marker fca BEI: agent marker bei COM: comment DE: subordinate marker de DIR: directional verb DUR: duration marker EXP: experiential aspect marker INT: interjection JIANG: Datient marker iiana LE: aspect marker le M: measure word MOD: modifier marker NOM: nominalizer NP: noun phrase POSS: possessor marker PP: prepositional phrase Q: question marker SHI: copular verb shi TOP: topic VP: verb phrase YOU: agent marker y°u vii Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy FUNCTION OF WORD ORDER IN MANDARIN CHINESE By Mingliang Hu December 1991 Chairperson: Chauncey Cheng-hsi Chu Major Department: Linguistics This dissertation is a study of word order in Mandarin Chinese in the aspects of syntax, semantics, and discourse. The position of a phrase in a clause is subject to certain formal rules, which can be generalized. But the formal description is not sufficient to account for the word order patterns in Chinese. Semantic factors such as case roles, semantic scope, and temporal sequence also limit the choice of different word order patterns. At the level of discourse, the choice of different word orders in the individual clauses is determined by the requirements of textual cohesion. The case role that a phrase bears to the verb may affect its position in a clause. For instance, an agent noun phrase is more likely to appear earlier than a patient noun phrase. The semantic scope of a phrase as compared to the viii semantic scope of the other phrase (s) in the same clause is also relevant to its position. It is more likely for a phrase bearing greater scope to occur before those bearing less scope. The effects of temporal sequence are indicated by the tendency in Chinese to place the phrase representing an earlier event before those representing later events. The correlation between definiteness and word order can be regarded as a conceptualized temporal sequence in the speaker's mind. The discourse function of word order is shown in the choice of different topic structures in different contexts. In a topic chain, the interpretation of the higher topic is related to the coding of the lower topics in the individual clauses. In a text, the topicality of a noun phrase affects its position in a clause. Such phenomena are distinctly shown in an examination of paragraphs written by second language learners where a clause is grammatical in terms of syntax but may turn out to be inappropriate in the given context. ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Word order and discourse are related to each other in a complicated way. In order to account for syntactic structures with various word orders, it is often necessary to examine word order in light of its function in discourse. The relationship between the word order of a clause and the topic continuity of its individual elements in discourse is one of the serious questions facing linguists working with Chinese. The current research is an attempt to describe the interrelation between word order and discourse from three aspects: syntax, semantics, and discourse. The syntactic description illustrates the word order typology of Chinese and deals with the formal properties of the syntactic structures of individual declarative sentences. The semantic description relates word order in a clause to such semantic factors as case roles, temporal sequence, scope, and definiteness. Textual analysis focuses on topic continuity in discourse as an important factor in determining the word order of the individual clauses. 1 . 1 Topic Sapir (1921:11) used the term "subject of discourse" to refer to what is talked about. The term "topic" is used for 1 .
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