ESTUDIOS La Metfora Er6tica

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ESTUDIOS La Metfora Er6tica ESTUDIOS La Metfora Er6tica: G6ngora, Joaquin Belda y Lezama Lima "Escribir sobre Paradiso-diceJulio Ortega-es una empresa condenada de antemano a la insuficiencia porque esta enorme novela es prcticamente irreductible a la imagen de un proceso o una estructura que la critica presume revelar en los textos". 1 La observaci6n no puede ser mis justa: el ensayista que se encara con la obra monumental de Lezama tropieza con un obsticulo de la misma indole que el propio novelista sefiala a prop6sito de su maestro G6ngora. "Los acercamientos a don Luis-dice-han sido siempre de sabios de Zalamea. Pretenden oponer malicia critica a su verbal sucesi6n y enjalbegada seriedad a sus malicias. Pretenden leerlo criticamente y pierdenle el tropel, sus remolinos y desfiles".2 Para el lector habitual de novelas Paradiso es un magma verbal, una obra sin pies ni cabeza en la que la acci6n argumental se pierde en un pidlago de palabras y frases larguisimas, que se entienden como lianas interminables o se ramifican hasta adquirir una frondosidad boscosa. Dicho lector se contenta con leer por lo comin el clebre capitulo VIII y decreta que el resto no merece la pena. Algunos de los comentarios que he oido me recuerdan a los que tres siglos y medio atrAs saludaron la aparici6n de una obra con la que Paradisomantiene muchos puntos de contacto: me refiero a Soledades. Escuchemos, por ejemplo, al humanista Francisco Cascales: "Oh diab6lico poema! Pues que ha pretendido nuestro poeta? Yo lo dire: destruir la poesia (...) En que manera? Volviendo a su primer caos las cosas; haciendo que ni los pensamientos se en- tiendan, ni las palabras se conozcan con la confusi6n y desorden". Desde el punto de vista de Cascales, tan pr6ximo al de los antivanguardistas de hoy, Soledades es una especie de Babel, un delirio de lenguaje motivado por la incorregible vanidad del poeta. Sus alusiones, imagenes y artificios sintActicos se le antojan "initiles y nugatorios"; s6lo sirven "de dar garrote al entendimiento". El G6ngora de Soledades y Polifemo, concluye, es el "Mahoma de la poesia espafola". 1 Relato de la utopia Notas sobre la narrativacubana de la Revolucidn (Barcelona: Ed. Lumen, 1972). 2 "Sierpe de don Luis de Gongora", en Orbita de Lezama Lima (La Habana: Ed. UNEAC, 1966). 3 Cartasfilodgicas. Indtil decir que la referencia al profeta del Islam es el miximo insulto en el pervertido contexto espaflol de la 6poca. 158 REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA El aspecto macizo de la prosa de Lezama, su sensaci6n de impenetrabilidad han suscitado en los iltimos afios reacciones parecidas. Al enfrentarse a obras como Paradiso los criticos realista-conservadores hablan siempre de "caos" y arguyen que la Novela esta en peligro- asimilando al tipo de novelas que defienden y estiman a la Novela en general como los burgueses hablan de "confusi6n" y "desorden" al mencionar la lucha de los grupos revolucionarios, y en lugar de decir que ponen en peligro a la sociedad burguesa, afirman que ponen en peligro a la Sociedad. Esta identificaci6n del critico conservador realista con la Novela y del burgues con la Sociedad es, claro esta, mero reflejo de su miedo a unas realidades nuevas que no comprenden ni controlan y que amenazan de friuerte su pequeifo o gran capital de conocimientos o bienes en nombre de una realidad cultural o social diferentes y, a fin de cuentas, mAs fecundas y vastas. Hay una infinidad de posibles lecturas de Paradiso: desde la que atienda al "con- tenido" espiritual del texto a la que centre su atenci6n en las "figuras" aleg6ricas que se dibujan mediante una lectura oblicua-como esos grabados cuya estructura emerge tan s6lo desde un determinado Angulo de visi6n y en los que descubrimos una "escena" o "cuadro" alli donde a primera vista no habia sino un amasijo de lineas. Teniendo en cuenta los limites de brevedad del presente ensayo, centrare principalmente mi atenci6n en el elemento primordial de la novela, esto es, el lenguaje, sin descuidar del todo la existencia de un sistema distinto de la lengua, situado en el nivel del relato-me refiero al discurso narrativo. A dicho nivel, Paradiso se presenta, en apariencia, como un hibrido de histoire y discours, donde el autor, como tipico novelista del XIX, pasa con la mayor naturalidad del mundo de un sistema a otro, intercalando comentarios, juicios, digresiones que revelan a cada paso su presencia omnisciente hasta el extremo de que, si bien en la novela se emplea la tercera persona gramatical, Lezama infringe despreocupadamente la regla de mantenerse fiel al enfoque elegido y asoma la nariz o la cabeza entera mediante frecuentes incursiones en la primera persona del singular o plural. A menudo interrumpe el relato para comunicarnos alguna informaci6n sobre el procedimiento narrativo que sigue: "El hermano de la seiiora Rialta, que ya exigirA, de acuerdo con su peculiar modo, penetrar en la novela..." Esa noche (...) a la que vamos a aludir por merecer un acompafiamiento especial..." "El padre de Jose Cemi, a quien vimos en capitulos anteriores dentro de las ordenanzas y ceremoniales de su jerarquia de coronel, lo vamos a it descubriendo en su niiez, hasta su encuentro con la familia Rialta..." Estos "signos del autor" responden de modo obvio a una intenci6n ir6nica: el empleo deliberado de un recurso viejo, gastado hasta la urdimbre, como si Lezama quisiera indicarnos que la trama novelesca es un simple pretexto y lo que interesa a el es otra cosa. Con todo, los numerosos elementos carac- teristicos de la novela del XIX se entreverAn con otros de signo opuesto: asi, en vez de buscar una motivaci6n realista a los encuentros "casuales" de los personajes, sigue el procedimiento pre-cervantino del encuentro puramente funcional, de acuerdo con las exigencias de la intriga. En el capitulo XIII, por ejemplo, Martincillo Vivo, Adalberto Kuller, Jose Cemi y Oppiano Licario "coinciden" por vias diferentes en un 6mnibus-aunque la funcionalidad aqui reviste ux aspecto simb6lico: el encuentro de Cemi con su propio destino. Por otra parte, Lezama presenta a los personajes desde un ESTUDIOS 159 prisma resueltamente anti-realista. Todos los heroes de "paradiso", desde el cocinero Juan Izquierdo a Oppiano Licario, parecen poseidos de la misria pasidn metaf6rica, cultista y barroca que el autor. Reprochrselo a Lezama seria tan impertinente y ridiculo como reconvenir a Melibea por su florida erudici6n greco-latina en la escena de su suicidio o echar en cara a los personajes de Shakespeare, Calder6n o Racine el hecho de expresarse en verso. Poeta metido a novelista, Lezama descubre sin cesar la existencia de vasos comunicantes entre los dos generos. Tomemos, por ejemplo, la noci6n de "hdroe novelesco": en vez de los personajes transitivos del comn de las novelas, los protagonistas de Paradisodesempefian casi siempre un papel pasivo, meramente receptor. Su destino se resuelve desde fuera, en virtud de fuerzas enigmAticas, que escapan a su control. Los acontecimientos que Ilueven sobre ellos tienen un doble sentido: a la vez literal y aleg6rico. La busqueda de Cemi es la bisqueda del c6digo secreto que orienta sus pasos hacia su nacimiento como escritor. Todos los hechos que acaecerAn en su vida tendran asi indefectiblemente una dimensi6n suprarreal que e1 debert interpretar. Si examinamos Paradisocon atenci6n descubriremos que la actitud de sus heroes desconoce el tiempo verbal activo: Cemi, Fronesis, Oppiano Licario son impulsados por corrientes misteriosas que les llevan a cumplir un destino que ignoran. La causalidad dominante en la novela-esto es, la 16gica de sus acciones-no es sicol6gica o factual, sino simb6lica. Aunque Lezama emplee la tercera persona gramatical y el tiempo verbal pasado propios de la novela, el personaje de Cemi esta mucho mas cerca del "yo" del poeta que del "el" del narrador: sinti6 que una imantaci6n guiaba su mirada... la imagen, mas que la marcha, lo iban guiando a la escuela... Una casa de tres pisos (...) lo tirone6 con su hechizo sibilino... Sentia que la fuerza impelente del patio de su casa se habia extinguido en el, pero que al mismo tiempo habia nacido, para reemplazar a la anterior, una fuerza de absorci6n, especialmente constituida para atraerlo a su centro absorbente o de imantaci6n. La comunicaci6n fluida entre los dos generos se advierte con mayor claridad ain en el uso lezamesco del lenguaje. En su novela, Lezama evita el malthusianismo verbal inherente a la comunicaci6n ordinaria en nombre de la deliberada opacidad del lenguaje poetico. Frente a la "transparencia" del lenguaje meramente denotativo, los tropos e imagenes del poeta reafirman la existencia de una expresi6n lingiiistica perceptible en si misma y no como simple intermediario de su significacidn. El buho no sera biho, sino " grave, de perezosas plumas globo"; el halc6n, el "raudo torbellino de Noruega". Como el propio Lezama dice de G6ngora, "tenia principalmente de los arabes el secreto deseo (...) de sensualizar el verso, convirtiendolo en corpisculo". El poeta reemplaza asi al lenguaje transparente con el lenguaje figurado para imponer la presencia de las palabras-al lenguaje comin con el lenguaje literario para imponer la presencia de las cosas.' Como vamos a ver, 4 Cf. Tzvetan Todorov, Theorie de la littirature(Paris: Ed. Seuil, 1966). 160 REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA la expansi6n del lenguaje de Paradisoemula con la realidad y la sustituye con un cuerpo verbal; es decir, se apropia del mundo exterior mediante el mecanismo proliferante de la metafora. En un pasaje bellisimo de la novela, Lezama nos explica el origen de dicho mecanismo en la mente del niflo Cemi, cuando su padre le muestra dos laminas que representan respectivamente un bachiller y un amolador: La Avida curiosidad adelantaba el tiempo de precisi6n de los grabados, y Jose Cemi detuvo con su apresurada inquietud el indice en el grabado del amolador, al tiempo que oia a su padre decir: el bachiller.
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