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Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms Vectors of Plant Viruses

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Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms Vectors of Plant Viruses داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺎل ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1394 Plant Pathology Science Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 4(2), 2015 ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ و ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻗﻞ وﻳ ﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدوﻧﺪ و ﺳﻴﺪه ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ * داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ و اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻴ ﺮﺟﻨﺪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 14/09/ 1393 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 06/15/ 1394 ﻓﻮﻻدوﻧﺪ س. و ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ س.ع. 1394 . ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ و ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻗﻞ وﻳ ﺮوسﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ. داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔ ﻴﺎﻫﻲ .53- 63 4)2:( ﭼﻜﻴ ﺪه ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي Olpidium brassicae و O. boronovanus و دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرچ Polymyxa graminis و P.betae ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ و ﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ . ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ و ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ا ﻧﮕﻞ اﺟﺒﺎري رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و و ﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 12 ﺟﻨﺲ در 4 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده را ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ و ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آن ﻫﺎ، وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﻧﺤﻮه ي ﻛﺴﺐ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎ ﺷﺮح داده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﺧﺎكﺑ ﺮد، وﻳﺮوس ، Polymyxa ، Olpidium ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﻛﺜﺮ وﻳ ﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳ ﻚ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﺗﻌﺪادي از اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﻳ ﺰﺟﺎﻧﺪاران ﺑﺮاي وﻳﺮوسﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ و ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ از ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴ ﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ و ﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ (Brown et al. 1995, Gray&Rochon 1999, Pirone & Blanc 1996) . اﺻﻄﻼح ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮد ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺎرچ Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ وﻳ ﺮوس رگ درﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﻮ ( Lettuce big- vein virus) اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Grogan et al . 1958 ) ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮن 30 وﻳ ﺮوس ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮد ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ 5 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ و ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دو ﻗﺎرچ از رده Chytridiomycetes ﺑﻪ اﺳﺎﻣ ﻲ O. boronovanus (Wor.) Dang ، Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang و دو ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﻗﺎرچ از رده Plasmodiophoromycetes ﺑﻪ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ Polymyxa graminis Ledingham و P.betae Keskin ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫ ﻤﻪ اﻳﻦ رﻳﺰﺟﺎﻧﺪاران اﻧﮕﻞ اﺟﺒﺎري رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ (Dick 2001). * ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ : ahosseini@birjand .ac. ir 53 ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ و ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻗﻞ وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدوﻧﺪ و ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ Plant Pathology Science Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 4(2), 2015 1 - ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻗﻞ و ﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ دو ﻗﺎرچ O. brassicae و O. bornovanus ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ و ﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎژك ﺗﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻘﺒﻲ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار دارد ﺑﺎ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺷﻨﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻫﺮ 2 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﮕﻞ اﺟﺒﺎري رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ دارﻧﺪ. آن ﻫﺎ از ﻳ ﻚ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ دﻳ ﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺎگ ﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺘﻲ در ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴ ﺪ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن را آﻟﻮده ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. آن ﻫﺎ در ون ﻳ ﺎﺧﺘﻪ رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﮔﻴ ﺎه ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﻳ ﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ ﻫﻮﻟﻮﻛﺎرﭘﻴ ﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺗﺎل آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳ ﻞ ﺑﻪ اﺳﭙﻮراﻧﮋﻳﻮم ﻳﺎ ﻫﺎگ اﺳﺘﺮ اﺣﺘﻲ (ﺧﻔﺘﻪ) ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي O. bornovanus و O. brassicae ﻳ ﻚ ﺗﺎژك ﺷﻼﻗﻲ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴ ﻪي ﻋﻘﺒﻲ دارﻧﺪ و زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر O. bornovanus ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ و ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه در ﺣﺪود 4/5 در 8 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ، در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر O. brassicae ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻛﺮوي ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه 3/3 در 5/5 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ . زﺋﻮ ﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي O. bornovanus ، ﺗﺎژك ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ و زﺋﻮاﺳﭙﺮاﻧﮋﻳﻮم ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺮي دارﻧﺪ و ﻫﺎگ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮار دارﻧﺪ (Campbel 1996, Braselton 1995) . ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Olpidium ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ در ﺟﺪ ول 1 آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ. 1 -1- راﺑﻄﻪي ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﺎ وﻳ ﺮوس زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻗﺎرچ، ﭘﻴ ﻜﺮه وﻳﺮوسﻫﺎ را در ﺳﻄﺢ رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎن درﻳ ﺎﻓﺖ و ﺳﭙﺲ آن ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ درون ﺳﻴ ﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي رﻳﺸﻪ آزاد ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ دو روش ﺗﻮﺳﻂ زﺋ ﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻳﻜﻲ از اﻳﻦ روشﻫﺎ، اﻛﺘﺴﺎب در ﺑﻴ ﺮون رﻳﺸﻪ (in vitro) اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آن وﻳ ﺮوس ﺗﻮﺳﻂ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﻴ ﻂ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ ﻳ ﺎ آﺑﻲ ﺧﺎرج از رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﮔﻴ ﺎه، ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. در اﻳ ﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ وﻳ ﺮوس در ﻫﺎگ ﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺘﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد . روش دﻳﮕﺮ، اﻛﺘﺴﺎب درون ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺳﺖ (in vivo) ﻛﻪ در آن وﻳ ﺮوس ﺗﻮﺳﻂ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر درون ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي رﻳ ﺸﻪ، ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. و ﻳﺮوسﻫ ﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﻴ ﺮون رﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ، ﺟﺬب ﺳﻄﺢ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ و ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴ ﺮﻧﺪه ﮔﻠﻴ ﻜﻮﭘﺮوﺗﻴﻴﻨﻲ روي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴ ﺪراﺗﻲ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر ﻣﺴﺌﻮل اﻳ ﻦ ﺟﺬب ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (Rochon 2007) . ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻧﻔﻮذ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر .Olpidium sp ﺑﻪ درون ﺳﻠﻮل رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳ ﻚ ﻧﺸﺎن د اده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. 1 -2- ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ .Olpidium sp ﺑﻴ ﺸﺘﺮ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻣﺮوزه در ﻣﻮرد ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اوﻟﻴ ﻪي 54 داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺎل ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1394 Plant Pathology Science Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 4(2), 2015 ﺟﺪول -1 ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ و ﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ي Olpidium اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻲﻣ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ(Kakani et al. 2001) . ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺎم اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻳو ﺮوس Tombusvindae Cucumber necrosis virus CNV Tombusvirus O.bomovanus In vitro Cucumber leaf spot virus CLSV Aureusvirus O.bomovanus In vitro Cucumber soilbome virus CSBV Carmovirus O.bomovanus In vitro Melon necrotic spot virus MNSV Carmovirus O.bomovanus In vitro Squash necrosis virus SqNV Carmovirus O.bomovanus In vitro Red clover necrotic mosaic virus RCNMV Dianthovirus O.bomovanus In vitro Chenopodium necrosis virus ChNV Necrovirus O.brassicae In vitro Lisianthus necrosis virus LNV Necrovirus O.brassicae In vitro Tobacco necrosis virus- A TNV-A Necrovirus O.brassicae In vitro Tobacco necrosis virus-D TNV-D Necrovirus O.brassicae In vitro Viruses in unassigned families Mirafiori lettuce virus MiLV Ophiovirus O.brassicae In vivo Tulip mild mottle mosaic virus TMMMV Ophiovirus O.brassicae In vivo Freesia leaf necrosis virus FLNV Varicosavirus O.brassicae In vivo Lettuce big vein virus LBVV Varicosavirus O.brassicae In vivo Lettuce ring necrosis virus LRNV Varicosavirus O.brassicae In vivo Tobacco stunt virus TSV Varicosavirus O.brassicae In vivo Temmink در ﺳﺎل 1971 اﺳﺖ (Temmink 1971) . در ﻴاوﻟ ﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ دار ﺷﺪن زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر ، ﺗﺎژك ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﺑﺪن زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر ﻛﺸﻴ ﻲﻣﺪه ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از آﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮم ﺑﺎ ﻳ ﻚ ﻏﻼف ﻲﻣ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮل ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﻳ ﻚ ﭘﺎﭘﻴ ﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻞ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه يﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﻳ ﺠﺎد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻠﻮل ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻗﺎرﭼ ﻲ ﻳا ﺠﺎد ﻲﻣ ﮔﺮدد . در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل ﭘﺎﭘﻴ ﻞ ﺑﻪ 55 ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ و ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻗﻞ وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدوﻧﺪ و ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ Plant Pathology Science Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 4(2), 2015 ﺷﻜﻞ 1 - آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ .Olpidium sp ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﮔﺮاف اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮر ﺑﻪ درون ﺳﻠﻮل ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . CC: ﺳﻴ ﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺳﻴ ﺴﺖ، HC: ﺳﻴ ﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن، HW: دﻳ ﻮاره ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن، CW: دﻳ ﻮاره ﺳﻴ ﺴﺖ، CE: ﺳﻴ ﺴﺖ اﻛﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﺖ، CT: ﺳﻴ ﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﻧﻮﭘﻼﺳﺖ، V : واﻛﻮﺋﻮل (Mathews 2014) ﺳﻠﻮل ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﻨﻔﺬي ﭘﺪﻳ ﺪار ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد و ﭘﺮوﺗﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺳﻴ ﺴﺖ از ﻃﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ اﻳ ﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﻏﺸﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮل ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ، وارد ﺳﻴ ﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴ ﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺳﻴ ﺴﺖ در اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎ ﻳ ﻚ ﭘﻼ ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻤﺎي ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎزﮔﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ، ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮل ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن آزاد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻳ ﻚ ﺗﺎ دو روز رﻳﺴ ﻪﻫﺎ رﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و از ﺳﻴ ﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳ ﻚ ﻏﺸﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ، رﻳﺴ ﻪﻫﺎ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮراﻧﮋﻳ ﻮم ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪاي اﻳ ﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . وز ﻳﻜﻮلﻫﺎ ﻳ ﻚ روز ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻫﺮ ﻳ ﻚ از زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ز ﺋﻮاﺳﭙﻮراﻧﮋﻳ ﻮم ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ . ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ زﺋﻮاﺳﭙﻮراﻧﮋﻳ ﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻎ، ﻳ ﻚ ﻟﻮﻟ ﻪي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در زﺋﻮاﺳﭙﻮراﻧﮋﻳ ﻮم ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از آن زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﻎ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﻌﺪي ﺑﺎ آب، ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . (Sign et al . 2008) 1 -3- ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘ ﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺮوﺗﻴﻴﻨﻲ وﻳ ﺮوس در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳﻴ ﺰده وﻳ ﺮوس ﺑﻪ ﻋ ﻨﻮان اﻋﻀﺎي ﺟﻨﺲ Tombusivrus ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. وﻳﺮوس CNV ﻋﻀﻮي از ﺟﻨﺲ Tombusvirus اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ وﻳ ﺮوس ﻛﺮوي ﺑﺎ ژﻧﻮم RNA ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺗﻚ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . اﻳﻦ وﻳﺮوس ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ در ﺧﺎك ﺗﻮﺳﻂ زﺋ ﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ Olpidium bornovanus ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. وﻳ ﺮوس، ﺟﺬب ﻏﺸﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ زﺋ ﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ زﺋ ﻮﺳﭙﻮر وارد رﻳﺸ ﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد (Kakkani et al . 2001) . ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺮوﺗﻴﻴﻨﻲ وﻳ ﺮوس، ﻣﺤﺘﻮي درﻳ ﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي واﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي 56 داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺎل ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺟﻠﺪ 2 ، ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1394 Plant Pathology Science Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 4(2), 2015 O.bornovanus ا ﺳﺖ (McLean et al . 1994) ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮريﻛﻪ ﻳ ﻚ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴ ﻮن در اﺳﻴ ﺪ آﻣﻴ ﻨﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺮوﺗﻴ ﻴﻨﻲ CNV ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل CNV ﺗﻮﺳﻂ O.bornovanus ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . در ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻘﺎت اﺛﺒﺎت ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳ ﻦ زﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺮوﺗﻴﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳ ﺎﻓﺘﻪ ، ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل CNV دارﻧﺪ. اﻳ ﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻴ ﺎﻧﮕﺮ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ وﻳﮋ هاي در ﭘﺮوﺗﻴﻴ ﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ CNV ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮاً در ﺟﺬب ﺳﻄﺤﻲ آن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ زﺋ ﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ دارد . (Singh et al . 2008) 1 -4- اﻧﺘﻘﺎل in vitro ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ روش اﻧﺘﻘﺎل وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪ وﺟﻬﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ وﻳ ﺮوس ﻣﺎﻫﻮاره اي ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺮدﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺒ ﺎﻛﻮ، ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Tombusviridae ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ، ﺑﺎ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Olpidium، در ﺷﺮاﻳ ﻂ ﺧﺎرج از رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﻳﺎ in vitro اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﮔﻴ ﺮد(Murphy et al . 1995) . اﻳ ﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﺴﻢ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اول ﺑﺎر از ﻣﻘﺎﻳ ﺴﻪ روش اﻧﺘﻘﺎل دو وﻳ ﺮوس ﻧﻜﺮوز ﺗﻮﺗﻮن و وﻳ ﺮوس رگ درﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﺎ ﻫﻮ و ارﺗﺒﺎط آن ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ (Campbel, 1996) .
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