AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY of OLPIDIUM BRASSICAE and ITS TRANSMISSION of TOBACCO NECROSIS VIRUS Dit Proefschrift Met Stellingen Van

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AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY of OLPIDIUM BRASSICAE and ITS TRANSMISSION of TOBACCO NECROSIS VIRUS Dit Proefschrift Met Stellingen Van ytffi" 1*4? V fS AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF OLPIDIUM BRASSICAE AND ITS TRANSMISSIONO F TOBACCO NECROSIS VIRUS J. H.M . TEMMINK jiijti **«• , MN08201.486 WAGENiNGEN, AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF OLPIDIUM BRASSICAE AND ITS TRANSMISSION OF TOBACCO NECROSIS VIRUS Dit proefschrift met stellingen van JOHAN HENDRIK MANNUS TEMMINK, landbouwkundig ingenieur, geboren te Enschede, 20 december 1937,i sgoedgekeur d door depromoter , Dr. Ir. J. P. H. VANDE R WANT, hoogleraar in de Virologie. De Rector Magnificusvan deLandbouwhogeschool, J. M. POLAK Wagen'mgen, 25 maart 1971 632.38TNV:632.92:632.481.25 6 AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF OLPID1UM BRASSICAE AND ITS TRANSMISSION OF TOBACCO NECROSIS VIRUS (with a summary in Dutch) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LANDBOUWWETENSCHAPPEN OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, MR. J. M. POLAK, HOOGLERAAR IN DE RECHTS- EN STAATSWETENSCHAPPEN VAN DE WESTERSE GEBIEDEN, TE VERDEDIGEN TEGEN DE BEDENKINGEN VAN EEN COMMISSIE UIT DE SENAAT VAN DE LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL TE WAGENINGEN OP VRIJDAG 14 MEI 1971 TE 16.00 UUR DOOR J. H. M. TEMMINK H.VEENMAN &ZONE N N.V.-WAGENINGEN-1971 This thesis is also published as Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71-6(1971 ) (Communications Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands) STELLINGEN I Bij hetdoo r Mowat uitgevoerde onderzoek naar het'Augustaziek ' vantul p ist eweini g rekening gehouden met een aantal eigenschappen vand evector . MOWAT, W.P .(1970) .August a disease intuli p - a reassessment. Ann. appl. Biol. 66:17-28. II Deveroorzake r van bobbelblad insl a komt zoweli nd e waardplant alsi nd e vector waarschijnlijk als een naakt nuclei'nezuur voor. Ill Het chemisch bestrijden van schimmels die intracytoplasmatisch virussen overdragen om zodoende virusinfectie te voorkomen, stuit meestal op grote bezwaren. IV De suggestie dat in cysten van Olpidium brassicae dictyosomen, 'multivesi­ cular bodies'e nvacuole nvoortkome n uithe tendoplasmatisc hreticulum ,steun t op onvoldoende gegevens eni sstrijdi g met wat over deze organellen inander e organismen bekend is. ' • • •' * LESEMANN, D. E. en W. H. FUCHS (1970). Elektronenmikros- kopische Untersuchung iiber dieVorbereitun g der Infektion in encystierten Zoosporen von Olpidiumbrassicae. Arch. Mikrobiol. 71:9-19. V Hoewel eri nbepaald e met virus gei'nfecteerde plantecellen een correlatie be- staat tussen desintegratie vancelorganelle n enhe tvorme n van kristal-achtige virusinsluitsels, ishe tonjuis t deindru k te wekken date rva nee neenvoudig e oorzaak-gevolg relatie sprake zouzijn . ZOETEN, G.A . DEe n G.GAAR D (1969).Distributio n andappear ­ ance of alfalfa mosaic virus in infected plant cells. Virology39 : 768-774. ZOETEN, G. A. DEe n G. GAARD (1970). Aggregation of alfalfa mosaic virus under influence of externally applied agents. Viro­ logy 41: 573-574. VI Bijrhabdovirusse n isd eomhullin gva nd enucleoprotei'necomponen tme tee n membraan eensterke r gecontroleerd proces danbi jmyxovirussen . VII .Te nonrecht e wordtd enaa m 'P-protein body' gegeven aan twee morfologisch verschillende structuren in het floeem die waarschijnlijk ook functioned ver- schillend zijn. CRONSHAW, J. en K. ESAU (1967). Tubular and fibrillar compo­ nents of mature and differentiating sieve elements. J. Cell Biol. 34:801-816. CRONSHAW, J. en K. ESAU (1968). P protein in the phloem of Cucurbita. I. The development of P-protein bodies. J. Cell Biol. 38:25-39. VIII De argumenten van Parrish voor het ontstaan van elk der stiletten bij blad- luizen uit den eel, zijn zwak en zien voorbij aan andere anatomische gegevens. PARRish, W. P. (1967).Th e origin, morphology, and innervation of aphid stylets (Homoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60: 273-276. IX Bijsubmicroscopisc h onderzoek ishe t zinvol de term artefact te verstaan als aanduiding van een teverklare n gegeven en niet alsee n 'verklaring' van datge ­ geven uit onjuiste materiaalbehandeling. X Op conferenties over elektronenmicroscopie zouden alleen voordrachten ge- houden moeten worden waarin nieuwe technieken of verbeteringen van be- staande technieken worden meegedeeld. XI a. Het isi nstrij d methe tbelan gva n deuniversitei t alsonderwijsinstellin g om ledenva nd ewetenschappelijk e staf uitsluitend tebeoordele n opgron d van door hen gepubliceerde resultaten van onderzoek. b. Het is in strijd met het belang van de universiteit als onderwijsinstelling om bij de beoordelingva n leden van de wetenschappelijke staf niet veel waarde te hechten aan door hen gepubliceerde resultaten van onderzoek. XII Dearrogant e houdingva nsommig einstellinge n betrokken bij legalisatievoo r de Nederlandse wet van in het buitenland verrichte adoptie van kinderen, schaadt de belangen van die kinderen. Proefschrift van J. H. M. Temmink Wageningen, 14 mei 1971 Voir, c'est par principe voirplus qu'on ne voit. MERLEAU-PONTY Aan mijn ouders Aan Margreet, Anke en Bart VOORWOORD Aan alien die op enigerlei wijze hebben bijgedragen aan het tot stand komen van dit proefschrift, betuig ik langs deze weg mijn welgemeende dank. Meer in het bijzonder komt in deeerst e plaatsdan k toe aan Dr. R. N.Camp ­ belldi ehe tonderzoek , waarvandez epublicati e hetresultaa t is,i nvel eopzichte n heeft mogelijk gemaakt. Hij wasberei d mijgedurend e bijna vierjaa r indiens tt e nemen, mij een grote mate van vrijheid te laten bij de behandeling van mijn onderwerp,e n bovendien kritisch en opbouwend devorderinge n tevolgen .Oo k heeft hij veeltij d willen besteden aan het geven van adviese n het corrigeren van teksten toen deeerst e hand werd gelegd aan hetmanuscript . Dezeweinig eregel s kunnen slechts vaag aanduiden hoe erkentelijk ik hem voor dat al ben. Van groot belang voor het slagen van dit promotieonderzoek was verder in nauwelijks minderemat ed ewelwillendhei d vanProf .Dr .J . P.H .va n der Want. Niet alleen zijn bereidheid om mij buiten zijn directe invloedssfeer te laten wer- ken, maar ook zijn regelmatige schriftelijke blijken van belangstelling en ad- viezen zijn steeds een stimulans voor mij geweest. Het was een voorrecht om in de latere fasen van het verzorgen van het manuscript gebruik te kunnen maken van zijn kritisch inzicht en ruime ervaring. Een woord van dank is ook op zijn plaats voor hen die mij technische hulp verleenden wanneer die van node was. Dat geldt in het bijzonder voor Mr. J. Hall voor het afdrukken van een aantal foto's, voor de Heer K. Boekhorst die een tabel vervaardigde, en voor Mej. A. T. Brouwer die het manuscript heeft uitgetypt. Tenslotte ben ik al diegenen dankbaar die bepalend zijn geweest voor het prettige werkklimaat waarin ik mijn onderzoek mocht doen. Dat betreft in het algemeen desta f en studenten van het Department ofPlan t Pathology in Davis enmee ri nhe t bijzonder demense nwerken d onder leidingva n Dr. R. N.Camp ­ belle n Dr. T. S. Shalla. Bovendien betreft dat het personeel van de Facility for Advanced Instrumentation in Davis onder leiding van Mr. J. Pangborn. Aan hen alien zal ik zeer plezierige herinneringen blijven behouden. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART I. 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1.1. Olpidium brassicae and ultrastructure of fungi 2 1.2. Ultrastructure of plant roots 4 1.3. Tobacco necrosis virus 6 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 7 2.1. Growth of Olpidium and host plants 7 2.2. Virus purification 7 2.3. Fixation, embedding, and staining 8 3. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF OLPIDIUM BRASSICAE 10 3.1. Zoospores 10 3.2. Infection 12 3.3. Vegetative growth 13 3.4. Summary of ultrastructural data thatma y be important for the understanding of the role of O. brassicae in the transmission of TNV 14 4. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HOST ROOT EPIDERMIS AND CORTEX .... 16 4.1. Lettuce root 16 4.2. Tomato root 17 4.3. Summary of ultrastructural data that may be important for the understanding of the role of lettuce-and tomato roots as hosts for O. brassicae and TNV. 18 5.ELECTRO NMICROSCOP YO FTN V 19 PARTII . 6. LITERATURE REVIEW 20 6.1. Fungus vector relationships 20 6.2. Olpidium as vector of TNV 21 7. EXPERIMENTS ON THE MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF TNV 23 7.1. Adsorption 23 7.1.1. Negative staining 23 7.1.2. Critical point drying 24 7.1.3. Sectioning 25 7.2. Uptake of TNV in cysts 25 7.3. Release of TNV in host cells 26 7.4. Summary and discussion 28 8. EXPERIMENTS ON SPECIFICITY OF TRANSMISSION 29 8.1. Fungus - virus relationship 29 8.1.1. Olpidium isolates - TNV and CNV 29 8.1.2. Lettuce Olpidium - TNV and SV 31 8.2. Fungus - host relationship 32 8.3. Host - virus relationship 33 8.3.1. Lettuce 34 8.3.2. Tomato 34 8.4. Fungus - host - virus relationship 35 SUMMARY 38 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 41 SAMENVATTING . 42 REFERENCES 46 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS AND LEGENDS 55 INTRODUCTION In 1958 GROGAN et al. and FRY showed an association between Olpidium brasskae (Wor.) Dang, and the big-vein disease of lettuce. In the following years other data were published to prove that the big-vein disease iscause d by a graft-transmissible agent, the lettuce big-vein virus (BVV), and that the associ­ ation could be interpreted as a virus- vector relationship (CAMPBELL et al., 1961; CAMPBELL, 1962; CAMPBELL et al., 1962; TOMLINSON and GARRETT, 1962; CAMPBELL and GROGAN, 1963). BVV has still not been characterized morpho­ logically (LIN et al., 1970). During the same period O.brassicae was found to be the vector for two other plant viruses, tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) (TEAKLE, 1960; TEAKLE, 1962) and tobacco stunt virus (HIDAKA, 1960; HIDAKA and TAGAWA, 1962; HIRUKI, 1965). Much research has been carried out to establish the nature of the relationship between Olpidium and the above plant viruses and the general aspects of this relationship have been elucidated. Thus it is known which viruses are carried inside the zoospores and which outside,whic h viruses are acquired by the fungus inside the host plant and which outside, and how specific the vector role is with regard to host plant and fungus isolate (TEAKLE and GOLD, 1963; CAMPBELL and GROGAN, 1964; KASSANIS and MACFARLANE, 1964a; CAMPBELL and FRY, 1966; FRY and CAMPBELL, 1966; HIRUKI, 1967; SMITH et al., 1969).
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