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Climate Change Impact on Sandy Beach Erosion in Thailand

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Climate Change Impact on Sandy Beach Erosion in Thailand Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2019; 46(5) : 960-974 http://epg.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/ Contributed Paper Climate Change Impact on Sandy Beach Erosion in Thailand Hiripong Thepsiriamnuay and Nathsuda Pumijumnong* Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. *Author for correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] Received: 13 September 2018 Revised: 14 May 2019 Accepted: 17 May 2019 ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the spatial and temporal aspects of rising sea levels on sandy beach erosion in Thailand. The SimCLIM/CoastCLIM model with RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 was utilised to forecast changes in sea level and shoreline over the 1940 to 2100 period in Rayong, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Trang. Input parameters underlying the modified Brunn Rule were applied. Sand loss and forced people migration were estimated using fundamental equations. In the 1940 to 1995 period, estimated sea-level rise was 0.14 cm yr-1 and shoreline retreat was 5.33 m yr-1. Sea level is predicted to rise by 124.38 cm by 2100, compared to the 1995 level. Trang is the most vulnerable area with 507.90 m of eroded beaches and 2.15 km2 of sand loss. Rayong’s population is the most susceptible, with 873 people being forced to migrate. These results could be beneficial to national-scale data and adaptation planning processes in Thailand. Keywords: sea-level rise, sandy beach erosion, the SimCLIM/CoastCLIM model, sand loss, forced people migration 1. INTRODUCTION Root potential causes for coastal erosion morphodynamics by altering wave action, or accretion include physical parameters (e.g., controlling energy and influencing ground water coastal geomorphology, wind, waves, tides fluctuation and tidal currents. The interaction and vegetation), human activities and variation between groundwater and tides in the coastal in storm frequency/magnitude. Coastal forest environment is crucial in understanding geomorphology represents the landform types why coastal forest clearance causes intensive and sensitivity of the coastline area and accounts coastal erosion in particular environments. for: sediment type, sediment grain size, beach Vegetation is also crucial for enhancing coastal gradient and depth of the near-shore zone. slope stability, consolidating sediments and Wind and waves are crucial factors for surge providing some shoreline protection [1-4]. generation and sediment transport. Waves lead Moreover, three major human factors could energy to coastline and generate movement lead to coastal erosion: activities along the of sediment (longshore drift and cross-shore coast, activities within river catchments/ drift); the interruption of sediment transport watersheds and onshore and offshore activities. probably causes erosion. Tide influences beach Activities along the coast, such as building Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2019; 46(5) 961 houses or land reclamation, port or harbor has 1,630.75 km of sandy beaches (more than development, protective seawalls, groynes 50% of total shoreline length) located in 18 and jetties and the removal of vegetation and coastal provinces (from a total of 23 provinces) mangroves could lead to coastal erosion both in along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman the short term (less than 5 years) and the long Sea coast. In the context of Thailand, SLR term (more than 5 years). Sediment supply to possibly also accounts for potential causes of coastal areas is probably reduced by activities coastal erosion, including coastal development within river catchments and watersheds (e.g., projects, dams and upland deterioration, climate dam construction and river diversion) with change, improper land-use activities, inefficient the mid- and long-term impacts (20 to 100 coastal utilisation and local coastal protection years) and spatial scales from approximately structures. The observation data of Department 1 to 100 km. Onshore and offshore activities of Mineral Resources during the period 1967 to (e.g., sand and coral mining/dredging) are also 2002 demonstrated and concluded that climate major factors leading to sediment deficit in the change, land subsidence, sediment supply, coastal system, modifying water depth and coastal processes, SLR and human activities altering wave refraction and long shore drift could influence shoreline alteration along the in a short period of time (1 to 10 years) [4]. coast on both the Gulf of Thailand and the Furthermore, storm and sae-level rise (SLR) can Andaman Sea. Climate change likely affects cause shoreline erosion on a range of timescales. coastal process (e.g., wind, waves and tides) and Variation in storm frequency and/or magnitude leads to extreme storms, in terms of frequency will cause rapid short-term erosion, while SLR and magnitude. This obviously occurs on the can influence chronic long-term alteration of coast of the Gulf of Thailand rather than the shoreline position [5, 6]. In regards to SLR, Andaman Sea during the monsoon season some studies identified that change in sea level (October to December) when the Southwest is an important variable in explaining shoreline monsoon changes to the Northeast monsoon. dynamics and accelerated coastal erosion rates Land subsidence, by both from natural and are probably affected by higher rate of SLR; for man-made subsidence (e.g., groundwater example, changes along Scandinavian coastlines drilling), also causes the coastal elevation to be are influenced by glacial isostatic adjustment lower and easily eroded. In regards to sediment effects from melting of the Fennoscandian ice supply, more major and minor rivers flow to sheet [7, 8]. Furthermore, thespy9e will possibly the Gulf of Thailand than the Andaman Sea. affect several types of coastline (e.g., beach, Various rivers (e.g., Prasae River and Rayong sand dune, mangrove and lagoon) to change Rivers of the Rayong Province, Pakpanang River and re-establish the shoreline position [15]. of the Nakhon Si Thammarat province and Particularly, beaches of sandy landform types Trang River of the Trang Province) transport are highly vulnerable and will be threatened sediment to coastal areas on both coastlines but by coastal erosion. Various studies show that some constructions (e.g., dams and reservoirs) sandy beach and sandy mud coastlines are the could interrupt the process and cause erosion. most fragile and risky areas and approximately Furthermore, port building in industrial areas 70% of the world’s sandy beaches are identified and infrastructure and accommodation building as eroding [3, 9]. This paper addresses both related to beach-tourism sector and aquaculture long-term and short-term beach erosion due in coastal areas could produce changes in to SLR and stochastic storminess. shoreline geomorphology, coastal process Thailand is a vulnerable country, which and also interrupt sediment transport, leading 962 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2019; 46(5) to shoreline erosion. Sea level is also a factor lead to contributions on national-scale data that exacerbates coastal erosion. Nevertheless, of sandy beach erosion (in terms of rate SLR-induced erosion could not be confidently and potential impacts) resulting from SLR in proved due to a lack of evidence [10, 11]. Sandy future scenarios in Thailand. However, only beaches represent a significant contribution to three critical provinces are demonstrated in the socio-economic sector, in terms of human this paper (Rayong, Nakhon Si Thammarat utilisation. Fishery and tourism activities are the and Trang) in order to represent the results major use in Thai society, whilst sandy beaches in each coastline of Thailand; eastern and are a habitat for various marine species such western coast of the Gulf of Thailand and the as sea turtles, ghost crabs and shells [10, 11]. Andaman Sea coast, respectively. In scientific Regarding tourism and recreation, a number term, this paper attempts to distinguish the of renowned and attractive beaches are located contribution of SLR to sandy beach erosion in Thailand, for instance, Sai Keaw, Patong in the study areas, including ad-hoc short-term Pattaya, Railay, Khanom and Chao Mai. Beach impacts from stochastic storminess. Moreover, tourism is one of the most important sectors it questions the relevance of SLR to shoreline contributing to Thailand’s economy. Several alteration in comparison to other factors. of the aforementioned beaches are regarded These outcomes can be generated using the as tourist destinations for both foreign and SimCLIM/CoastCLIM model. domestic travellers and generate great income for beach-related sectors (e.g., hotels, restaurants, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS transportations, souvenirs) and also overall 2.1 Research Data and Study Areas economy. However, the utilisation and value The data for analysis in this paper are of sandy beaches would be threatened and divided into 2 parts: (1) input parameters for ruined by coastal erosion, as shown in a study SimCLIM/CoastCLIM analysis and (2) data [12] that reported both coastlines of Thailand for sand loss and forced people migration continuously confront severe coastal erosion calculations. These 2 datasets were collected problems with more than 5 m of erosion per from relevant organisations in base year (1940) year (occurred in 18 critical or vulnerable areas). or nearby year in Thailand (due to a lack of Previous studies [1, 9, 13] in Thailand primarily historical data). focused on erosion in coastal provinces (local The input parameters of three study areas scale) such as Surat Thani, Nakorn Si Thammarat, shown in Table 1 consist of six site parameters Krabi and Phuket. However, there are few and two storm parameters. Site parameters are: studies on national-scale coastal erosion and shoreline response time (τ), closure distance (l), as far as we are aware, there is no national depth of material exchange (d), dune height estimation of sandy beach erosion caused by (h), residual movement (RM) and vertical land SLR [10, 11]. Thus, this paper attempts to fill movement (VLM). Storm parameters are storm this knowledge gap by using the coastal erosion surge cut mean (SSCM) and storm surge cut model (SimCLIM/CoastCLIM) as a tool for standard deviation (SSCSD).
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