DOCSLIB.ORG

MEDIA ART and CRITICAL EXPERIMENTS of the POLISH SITE, 2004-2009 Aleksandra Kaminska

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MEDIA ART and CRITICAL EXPERIMENTS of the POLISH SITE, 2004-2009 Aleksandra Kaminska MEDIATING POLES: MEDIA ART AND CRITICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE POLISH SITE, 2004-2009 Aleksandra Kaminska A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO September 2012 © Aleksandra Kaminska, 2012 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-92800-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-92800-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT This dissertation is a case study of the Polish media artist in the context of post-socialist and European re-imaginations of the Polish site during the years 2004-2009. Though it has been suggested that we have entered a post-national era defined by hyper-mobility and global interconnectivity, it is argued here that there is an ongoing need to think critically about locality, specifically through the concept of the site to ground negotiations of identity, political solidarity, and citizenship. The site is not only defined geographically but exists as the result and embodiment of particular historical, socio­ political, and economic conditions. With this as a backdrop, I suggest that critical artistic practices function as experiments in the continued re-imagination and reclamation of the Polish site, and argue that media art is an important tool in processes of self­ enfranchisement. I frame these practices through a theoretical exploration of media art and media theory, and through a Polish archaeology of experimentation that includes the Constructivists of the 1920s-1930s, the Workshop of the Film Form in the 1970s, the public performances of the 1980s, and the neo-expressionism of the 1990s. I then turn to the work of nine contemporary artists (Rafal Jakubowicz, Aleksandra Polisiewicz, Hubert Czerepok, Grzegorz Rogala, Krzysztof Wodiczko, Aleksandra Wasilkowska, Dominik Lejman, Izabella Gustowska, and Piotr Wyrzykowski) as examples of critical and experimental media art practice, and suggest that their work can be interpreted as a negotiation of one of three aspects—or ecologies—of the Polish site: the past, democracy, and mediation. I propose that such artistic practices intervene in these ecologies by enabling the pluralization of history and memory, the emergence of public spaces of appearance and communication, and the demystification of the processes of mediation of life and self. I propose therefore that critical media art practices can be understood as site-specific experiments within the ecologies of site and act as provocations or challenges to current political and economic ideologies and hegemonies. In this way they provide a particular opportunity for re-becoming political, critical, and engaged with the broader issues that define and shape the Polish site of this particular period. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract....................................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures........................................................................................................................ iv Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: The Country on the Moon; Or, Artists Reclaim the Polish Site .........................................23 Chapter 2: An Archaeology of Polish Media Art: Legacies of Experimentation ................................ 61 Chapter 3: The Many Stories of Site: History, Memory, and the Pluralization of the Past .............. 105 Chapter 4: Creating Public Space: Media Art Interventions and “Me” ..................... 149 Chapter 5: Narratives of the Media Ecology: Mediations of Self and Site ........................................190 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 233 References ........................................................................................................................... 245 Appendices Appendix A: Ethics Approval Form......................................................................275 Appendix B: Informed Consent Forms ................................................................. 277 LIST OF FIGURES Figures 1-4. Rafal Jakubowicz, Swimming Pool, Poznan 2003/2006, postcard and video stills. Courtesy and © the artist Figures 5-6. Rafal Jakubowicz, Es beginnt in Breslau, Galeria Awangarda, Wroclaw 2008 (Work can be found in the collection of the Dolnosl^skie Towarzystwo Zach^ty Sztuk Pi^knych), neon, installation on facade of gallery building. Courtesy and © the artist Figure 7. Aleksandra Polisiewicz, Wartopia, Gauforum, 80 x 80 cm. Courtesy of Le Guem Gallery © the artist. Figure 8. Aleksandra Polisiewicz, Wartopia, View of the Citadel from the West, 19 x 26 cm. Courtesy of Le Guem Gallery © the artist. Figure 9. Aleksandra Polisiewicz, Wartopia, Gauforum, general view from the North-West, 19x39 cm. / Courtesy of Le Guem Gallery © the artist. Figure 10. Aleksandra Polisiewicz, Wartopia, View of Gauforum and Volkshalle from the North, 38x100 cm. / Courtesy of Le Guem Gallery. © the artist. Figure 11. Aleksandra Polisiewicz, Wartopia, View of Gauforum from the W est, 26 x 35 cm. Courtesy of Le Guem Gallery © the artist. Figures 12-16: Grzegorz Rogala, Stills fromShadow. Interactive Projection. Courtesy and © the artist. Figure 17. Hubert Czerepok, Strange Tourists, 2007, installation view, 2008 Courtesy of ZAK I BRANICKA, Berlin © the artist. Figures 18-19. Hubert Czerepok, Strange Tourists, 2007, series of 18 photographs, 38 x 38 cm each. Courtesy of ZAK I BRANICKA, Berlin © the artist. Figure 20. Hubert Czerepok, Strange Tourists. The Flying Saucer, 2007, model 1:10 Courtesy of ZAK I BRANICKA, Berlin © the artist. Figure 21. Hubert Czerepok, Haunebu, 2008, c-print, 125 x 125 cm Courtesy of ZAK I BRANICKA, Berlin © the artist. Figure 22. Hubert Czerepok, Haunebu, 2008, set of 10 drawings, 42 x 29,5 cm each Courtesy of ZAK I BRANICKA, Berlin © the artist. Figure 23. Hubert Czerepok, Haunebu, 2008, set of 46 photographs, 13 x 18 cm each Courtesy of ZAK I BRANICKA, Berlin © the artist. iv Figure 24-25. Exhibition view Hubert Czerepok, Haunebu at ZAK I BRANICKA, Berlin, 2008 Courtesy of ZAK I BRANICKA, Berlin © the artist. Figures 26-28: Warsaw Projection, 2005. Public video projection at the Zach^ta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw, Poland. Organized in conjunction with the retrospective exhibition Monument Therapy © Krzysztof Wodiczko. Courtesy of Galerie Lelong, New York. Figure 29. Dominik Lejman. It Is Enough To Go For a Walk, 2008. Projection view. Courtesy and © the artist. Figures 30-34. Aleksandra Wasikowska. Fluctuating Microclimat, 2007. Installation view. Courtesy and © the artist. Figure 35. Izabella Gustowska. Art of Choice, 2006. Multimedia installation. National Museum in Poznan, 2007. Courtesy and © the artist. Figure 36. Izabella Gustowska. Art o f Hard Choice, 2006. Multimedia installation. Program Gallery, Warsaw. Courtesy and © the artist. Figure 37. Izabella Gustowska. Art o f Choice, 2006. Multimedia installation: 8 projections, 150 light box, objects. National Museum in Poznan, 2007. Courtesy and © the artist. Figure 38. Izabella Gustowska. Art o f a Hard Choice, 2006. Frame projection/Crying: 1 of 24 different sequences of sound video image. Courtesy and © the artist. Figure 39. Izabella Gustowska. She-Ona: Media Story. 33 projections, 1 monitoring, 3 Plasma, 10 extras, 1 dog. Old Slaughterhouse, Poznan. MALTA: International
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Employment in Poland 2009 Entrepreneurship for Work
    Employment in Poland 2009 Entrepreneurship for work Edited by Maciej Bukowski Warsaw 2010 Authors Editor: Maciej Bukowski, PhD Part I Maciej Bukowski, PhD Piotr Lewandowski Part II Sonia Buchholtz Łukasz Skrok Part III Jan Gąska Piotr Lewandowski Part IV Maciej Bukowski, PhD Horacy Dębowski Co-operation: Maciej Lis, Maciej Małysz, Andrzej Żurawski All opinions and conclusions included in this publication constitute the authors’ views and do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial position of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. This report was prepared as part of the project Analysis of the labour market processes and social integration in Poland in the context of economic policy carried out by the Human Resources Development Centre, co-fi nanced by the European Social Fund and initiated by the Department of Economic Analyses and Forecasts at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, by: Institute for Structural Research (Instytut Badań Strukturalnych) Rejtana 15, r. 24/25 02-516 Warszawa, Poland e-mail: [email protected] www.ibs.org.pl Reytech Rejtana 15, r. 25 02-516 Warszawa, Poland e-mail: [email protected] www.reytech.pl Field survey: ASM Market Research and Analysis Centre Ltd. Grunwaldzka 5, 99-301 Kutno Cover design, typesetting and editing graphic studio Temperówka www.temperowka.pl This publication was co-fi nanced by the European Union under the European Social Fund © Copyright by Human Resources Development Centre ISBN: 978-83-61638-17-9 5 Introduction 7 Part I Labour market in the business cycle 41 Part II Quality of working life – traditional and modern sectors of the economy 91 Part III Procedures and regulations – on hirings and dismissals 131 Part IV Social dialogue in the changing labour market 177 Recommendations for social and economic policy 181 Methodological Appendix 193 Bibliography Introduction The report ‘Employment in Poland 2009 – Entrepreneurship for Work’ is the fi fth edition of the Employment in Poland series, a thorough study of the most signifi cant processes occurring in the Polish and European labour markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Policy Report 2008
    Annual Policy Report 2008 produced by the European Migration Network March 2011 The purpose of EMN Annual Policy Reports is to provide an overview into the most significant political and legislative (including EU) developments, as well as public debates, in the area of asylum and migration, with the focus on third-country nationals rather than EU nationals. This EMN Synthesis Report summarises the main findings of National Reports produced by twenty-three of the EMN National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The EMN Synthesis Report, as well as the twenty-three National Reports upon which the synthesis is based, may be downloaded from http://emn.intrasoft- intl.com/Downloads/prepareShowFiles.do;?entryTitle=02. Annual Policy Report 2008 Several of the National Reports are also available in the Member States‟ national language, as well as in English. EMN Synthesis Report – Annual Policy Report 2008 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Methodology followed ........................................................................................ 7 2. POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 9 2.1 General political developments ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Hegemonic Masculinity in the Proportion of Women in Post-Communist Parliaments: a Case Study of Estonia and Poland
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 The Effect of Hegemonic Masculinity in the Proportion of Women in Post-Communist Parliaments: A Case Study of Estonia and Poland Anne Moreland West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Moreland, Anne, "The Effect of Hegemonic Masculinity in the Proportion of Women in Post-Communist Parliaments: A Case Study of Estonia and Poland" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 417. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/417 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effect of Hegemonic Masculinity in the Proportion of Women in Post-Communist Parliaments: A Case Study of Estonia and Poland Anne Moreland Thesis Submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in History Robert E. Blobaum, Ph.D., Chair Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland in 2008
    POLAND The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/99/EC TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS AND FEEDINGSTUFFS including information on foodborne outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents and some pathogenic microbiological agents. IN 2008 Poland - 2008 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM Country: Poland Reporting Year: Poland - 2008 Poland - 2008 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses PREFACE This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of Council Directive 2003/99/ EC*. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in Poland during the year 2008 . The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agents in humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the report includes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as well as information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data on susceptible animal populations in the country is also given. The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the whole European Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the national epidemiological situation. The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategies applied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laid down by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches are applied.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    Book Reviews Book Reviews Timothy Snyder, The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke. New York: Basic Books, 2008. 344 pp. Reviewed by Piotr S. Wandycz, Yale University The Red Prince is more than a biography of the little known Wilhelm Habsburg (1895–1948). Timothy Snyder, a prominent Yale University historian, weaves the story of the archduke and his family into the rich canvas of European history. Were it not for a most impressive array of sources and a scholarly apparatus, the book could almost qualify as a vie romancée. This is legitimate because the house of Habsburg oc- cupied for centuries several thrones in Europe as well as brieºy that of Mexico. Wil- helm’s father thought of extending his dynasty’s domain into Poland and the Balkans, and he trained his sons to be future rulers of these countries. Wilhelm identiªed him- self with the Ukrainians. In ten chapters with catchy titles (Gold, Blue, Green, Red, Grey, White, Lilac, Brown, Black, Orange), Snyder describes the life and activities of this eccentric indi- vidual, somewhat unbalanced and politically naive, starting with a happy childhood in a villa on the Adriatic and ending with his death as a Western secret agent in a So- viet prison. In previous writings Snyder has shown a talent for large synthetic analysis, as in The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), and for biographical studies, notably in Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist’s Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Poland's Right: from Reliance On
    THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLAND’S RIGHT: FROM RELIANCE ON HISTORICAL RIVALRIES TO STABLE PARTY PLATFORMS Ashley Karen Timidaiski A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Curriculum in Russian and East European Studies. Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by: Dr. Milada Anna Vachudova Dr. Graeme Robertson Dr. Chad Bryant ©2009 Ashley Karen Timidaiski ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT ASHLEY KAREN TIMIDAISKI: The Development of Poland’s Right: from Reliance on Historical Rivalries to Stable Party Platforms (Under the direction of Dr. Milada Anna Vachudova) Many predicted that Poland’s developing political party system would favor a strong right wing due to several preexisting qualities: Poland’s less oppressive communist regime, the strong presence of the Catholic Church in Polish society, and the power of Solidarity – Poland’s exceptionally large anti-communist opposition movement. However Poland’s Right remained weak and fragmented for over a decade after the transition from communism. This thesis posits that the weakness of Poland’s Right was due to their reliance on historical rivalries between the Solidarity-successor and Communist-successor parties as a campaign platform instead of creating a cohesive political ideology under unified leadership, as was exemplified by the failed right-wing coalition of the 1990s, Solidarity Electoral Action. In conclusion, it was not until the 2005 and 2007 elections, when the Right was forced to compete against each other, that the historical rivalry strategy was abandoned, resulting in two stable mass parties on the Right.
    [Show full text]
  • Real Estate Special 13 December 2012
    Real Estate Special 13 December 2012 Analysis of the commercial real estate market in Poland Socio-economic framework 2 conditions Office market 6 Retail market 9 Logistics market 14 Investment market 18 Outcome 21 Zlote Tarasy – Retail and office centre in Warsaw Small market for commercial real estate with great potential for growth Hardly any other European country can match Poland's sustained, positive economic growth. The country is quite rightly described as the "economic miracle on the Vistula". In the course of its transformation to a market econ- omy, Poland has gone through a tremendous catch-up process and now, boasting a GDP of USD 514.5 billion (2011), ranks as the seventh biggest economy in the EU and is in 23rd place worldwide. 1 In times of uncertainty on the financial and capital markets, the economically and politically stable country is becoming an increasingly at- tractive centre to invest in. As Poland has undergone a transformation economically, it has grown into a liquid investment market with an international focus. According to the Investment Property Databank, professional real estate investors owned around EUR 15.2 billion worth of commercial real estate in Poland in 2011. While Poland may be one of the smaller commercial real estate markets in Europe, its growth is among the most rapid. The aim of this study is to deliver answers to the following questions: ♦ What are the unique structural features of the commercial real estate market? ♦ Where is there still potential for growth? ♦ What risks do investors need to heed? In the following, we will examine the socio-economic framework conditions first of all, before then taking a closer look at the Polish commercial real estate market and its sub-segments, office, retail and logistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Development Indicators for Poland
    CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE STATISTICALOFFICE INKATOWICE SustainableSustainable DevelopmentDevelopment IndicatorsIndicators for for Poland Poland Katowice 2011 SYMBOLS – – magnitude zero 0 – magnitude not zero, but less than 0,5 of a unit 0,0 – magnitude not zero, but less than 0,05 of a unit . – data not available or not reliable x – not applicable ”Of which” – indicates that not all elements of the sum are given , – used in figures represents the decimal point MAJOR ABBREVIATIONS thous. = thousand CSO = Central Statistical Office mln = million NTS = Nomenclature of Territorial zl = zloty Units for Statistics g = gram LFS = Labour Force Survey kg = kilogram MNE = Ministry of National Education Gg = gigagram MIA = Ministry of the Interior and t = tonne Administration kWh = kilowatt hour NBP = National Bank of Poland MW = megawatt EU = European Union TJ = terajoule Eurostat = Statistical Office of the kgoe = kilogram oil equivalent European Union dam3 = cubic decametre OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and hm3 = cubic hectometre Development ha = hectare UNICEF = United Nations International GDP = gross domestic product Children’s Emergency Fund DMC = domestic material consumption CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE STATISTICAL OFFICE IN KATOWICE Sustainable Development Indicators for Poland ISBN 978-83-89641-05-2 Katowice 2011 Preparation of the publication team of employees of the Statistical Office in Katowice with the co-participation of: Statistical Office in Kraków Statistical Office in Szczecin Analysis and Comprehensive Studies Department of CSO under the management of Edmund Czarski, Ph.D. Cover design and computer typesetting Andrzej Marks Action entitled ”Support the development of indicator sets for monitoring national SD strategies – Developing and implementing a Polish set of SD indicators” Grant Agreement No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hayes History Journal 2017
    The Hayes History Journal 2017 The Hayes History Journal 2017 Editors: Katherine Anthony, James Elliott, Jennifer Rodgers, and Abigail Sweetman Faculty Advisors: Dr. Allison Williams Lewin and Dr. Melissa Chakars The Hayes History Journal staff thanks Victor Taylor for his long-standing support of the Journal and student publishing at Saint Joseph’s University The Hayes History Journal is a student publication of the Department of History, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia. The Journal welcomes submissions from students at Saint Joseph’s University for its next issue. Please contact the Department of History for information regarding submissions or any editorial matters. DEDICATION This edition of The Hayes History Journal is dedicated to the Saint Joseph’s University History Department. Without you, we would not have been able to create these essays. Without you, we would not be moving forward in fullfilling our dreams. Thank you. 2017-2018 Editing Team LETTER FROM THE EDITOR Dear Readers, One hundred years ago, a group of individuals known as the Bolsheviks, took grasp on one of the largest and most powerful empires known at the time, Russia. 1917 not only marked the beginning of the end for World War I, but also the birth of a new mindset, both politically and economically. The birth of communism in the So- viet Union could be considered equivalent to an asteroid hitting earth, it’s impact would not only last throughout its duration as a union, but beyond - into the 21st century. The Soviet Union developed into an undeniable sphere of influence, and the world was not able to avoid the aftershocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Circulation, Conditions, Claims
    EEPXXX10.1177/0888325420969786East European Politics and SocietiesKrawatzek and Soroka / Circulation, Conditions, Claims 969786research-article2020 East European Politics and Societies and Cultures Volume XX Number X Month 201X 1 –27 © 2020 SAGE Publications Circulation, Conditions, Claims: https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325420969786 journals.sagepub.com/home/eep hosted at Examining the Politics of Historical http://online.sagepub.com Memory in Eastern Europe Félix Krawatzek Centre for East European and International Studies (ZOiS), Berlin, Germany Nuffield College, Oxford, United Kingdom George Soroka Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Across Eastern Europe how the past is remembered has become a crucial factor for understanding present-day political developments within and between states. In this introduction, we first present the articles that form part of this special section through a discussion of the various methods used by the authors to demonstrate the potential ways into studying collective memory. We then define the regional characteristics of Eastern Europe’s mnemonic politics and the reasons for their oftentimes conflictual character. Thereafter we consider three thematic arenas that situate the individual con- tributions to this special section within the wider scholarly debate. First, we examine the institutional and structural conditions that shape the circulation of memory and lead to conflictive constellations of remembering; second, we discuss how different regime types and cultural rules influence the framing of historical episodes, paying attention to supranational integration and the role of technological change; third, we consider the different types of actors that shape the present recall of the past, including political elites, social movements, and society at large. We conclude by identifying several promising avenues for further research.
    [Show full text]