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185 Jahre Deutsche Geschichte Der Archäologie Im Kaukasus Und Ihre Folgen

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185 Jahre Deutsche Geschichte Der Archäologie Im Kaukasus Und Ihre Folgen Praehistorische Zeitschrift; 2014; 89(2); aop Abhandlung Nourida Ateshi Gadirova 185 Jahre Deutsche Geschichte der Archäologie im Kaukasus und ihre Folgen Abstract: Der vorliegende programmatische Artikel wirft anthropologische Schlüsse gezogen, die bis heute in ver- einen kritischen Blick auf 185 Jahre deutsche Forschung schiedener Weise tradiert werden. Nach dem Zerfall der in Südkaukasien. Dabei werden Lücken und zu bezwei- Sowjetunion begann eine national geprägte Neuinterpre- felnde Interpretationen aufgezeigt, die sich teilweise bis tation der Geschichte der Nachfolgestaaten, die sich auch heute negativ auf die wissenschaftliche Beurteilung der auf die Übersetzung deutschsprachiger Publikationen im späten Bronze- und frühen Eisenzeit im Südkaukasus neuen nationalen Sinn auswirkte. Der von W. Nagel und auswirken. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden insbeson- E. Strommenger geschriebene Katalog über „Kalakent“ dere die große Kaukasussammlung und ihr Schicksal un- dient als Beispiel und zeigt dabei exemplarisch immer tersucht, die sich bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg im Museum noch bestehende Diskrepanzen in der Kaukasusforschung. für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin (MVF) befand. Auch aktuelle Probleme der archäologischen Erforschung Süd- Keywords: Spätbronze- und Früheisenzeit in Süd kauka- kau ka siens werden klar dargestellt. Der Artikel vergleicht sien; Kaukasus-Forschung; Zentralsüdkaukasische Kul- erstmals Originaldokumente und -funde mit den Publi- tur; Chodschali-Gedebey-Kultur; Gürtelbleche; Kaukasus- kationen deutscher, russischer und kaukasischer Ar- Sammlung; Kalakent chäologen aus diesen 185 Jahren. Eine der Hauptaufgaben bestand darin, die gegenwärtigen Aufbewahrungsorte Résumé: Cet article contient un aperçu critique de 185 der im 19. Jahrhundert in Südkaukasien ausgegrabenen années de recherches allemandes dans le Caucase du sud. Fundstücke ausfindig zu machen und die entsprechenden Il révèle des lacunes et des interprétations douteuses qui Grabungsdokumentationen und Ausgrabungsberichte contribuent en partie à avoir des répercussions négatives aufzufinden, um sie mit den bis heute erschienenen Pu- sur l’évaluation scientifique de la fin de l’âge du bronze et blikationen in verschiedenen Sprachen zu vergleichen. du début de l’âge du fer dans cette région. Dans ce contexte, Die Arbeit zeigt, dass ein Großteil der in den deutschen la grande collection caucasienne conservée jusqu’à la Museen in den dortigen Kaukasus-Sammlungen vorhan- Seconde Guerre Mondiale au Musée de Préhistoire et de denen Funde aus der späten Bronze- und frühen Eisen- Protohistoire de Berlin et son destin ultérieur forment le zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in die UdSSR gebracht point focal de l’étude présentée ici. De plus, l’auteur met wurden und viele dort heute über russische Museen in en évidence les problèmes actuels de l’exploration ar- Moskau und St. Petersburg, aber auch über Museen in den chéologique du Caucase du sud. L’article compare, pour Kaukasus-Staaten verteilt sind. Sie sind bis jetzt der inter- la première fois, les trouvailles et documents originaux nationalen Forschung nicht frei zugänglich und müssen in aux publications des archéologues allemands, russes et internationaler Kooperation untersucht und neu bewertet caucasiens parues pendant ces 185 années. La tâche prin- werden. Auch die bis jetzt publizierten deutschen Abhand- cipale était de repérer les lieux de conservation actuels lungen zur Archäologie Südkaukasiens enthalten nach des trouvailles faites au 19ème siècle dans le Caucase du dem heutigen Stand der Forschung unrichtige Angaben. sud, puis de retrouver la documentation et les rapports Damalige Gelehrte und Ausgräber wie Rudolf Virchow, concernant ces fouilles afin de les comparer aux publi- Waldemar Belck, Friedrich Bayern und Emil Rösler haben cations parues en plusieurs langues jusqu’à nos jours. Ce zweifelhafte historische, geografische, ethnologische und travail démontre qu’une grande partie des trouvailles de la fin de l’âge du bronze et du début de l’âge du fer qui étaient conservées dans les collections caucasiennes des Dr. Nourida Ateshi Gadirova: Khazar Universität, Baku, musées allemands a été transportée en URSS après la Aserbaidschan, Departement Geschichte und Archäologie. Deutschland: Gencevi-Institut für aserbaidschanische Kultur Seconde Guerre Mondiale; et qu’aujourd’hui ces collec- in Deutschland, Pinnauweg 1, 14165 Berlin. tions sont dispersées dans les musées russes de Moscou et E-Mail: [email protected]; [email protected] de Saint Pétersbourg, mais aussi dans les musées des pays Brought to you by | De Gruyter / TCS Authenticated Download Date | 2/9/15 1:40 PM 2 Nourida Ateshi Gadirova, 185 Jahre Deutsche Geschichte der Archäologie im Kaukasus und ihre Folgen caucasiens. Jusqu’à nos jours ces trouvailles ne sont pas are not accessible to international scientific researchers, accessibles à la recherche internationale; il faut les réexa- and they need to be re-examined and re-evaluated in an miner et les réévaluer dans le cadre d’une coopération in- international collaborative project. The German publica- ternationale. Les travaux allemands publiés à ce jour sur tions on the archaeology of the southern Caucasus that l’archéologie du Caucase du sud contiennent également have appeared to date also contain some information that des données incorrectes au vu des recherches récentes. research has shown to be inaccurate. Past archaeologists Des archéologues et érudits tels que Rudolf Virchow, and scholars like Rudolf Virchow, Waldemar Belck, Fried- Waldemar Belck, Friedrich Bayern et Emil Roesler en ont rich Bayern and Emil Roesler have drawn some question- tiré des conclusions contestables pour l’histoire, la géo- able conclusions concerning historic, geographic, ethno- graphie, l’ethnologie et l’anthropologie, qui font encore logic and anthropologic aspects which continue to prevail maintenant partie de l’acquis scientifique. Après la chute even today. After the fall of the Soviet Union the history de l’URSS l’interprétation de l’histoire devint nationaliste of the post-Soviet states was reinterpreted in a national- dans l’espace post-soviétique et cette tendance nationa- istic way, which had an impact on inaccurately translated liste influença certains travaux allemands incorrectement German publications. An example is the catalogue of the traduits. Le catalogue de l’exposition sur Kalakent rédigé Kalakent exhibition by Nagel and Strommenger which par M. Nagel et M. Strommenger est un exemple de ces shows the ongoing discrepancies in research on the Cau- pratiques, illustrant les contradictions existant encore casus. aujourd’hui dans la recherche sur le Caucase. Keywords: late Bronze and early Iron Age in the South Mots-clefs: âge du bronze final et début de l’âge du fer en Caucasus; research in the South Caucasus; central-south- Caucase du sud; recherches sur le Caucase du sud; culture ern Caucasian culture; Khodjali-Gedabek culture; bronze du Caucase central et méridional; culture de Khodjali- belt fittings; Caucasus collections; Kalakent Gedebey; garnitures de ceinture en bronze; collections caucasiennes; Kalakent DOI 10.1515/pz-2014-0012 Abstract : This article consists of a critical review of 185 years of German research in the southern Caucasus and Zum Ursprung und Anfang shows gaps and questionable interpretations, some with a negative effect on the scientific evaluation of the late deutscher und europäischer Bronze Age and early Iron Age that endures even today. In Forschungen im Kaukasus this context the examination of the large collection of arte- facts from the Caucasus housed at the Museum of Prehis- Die Geschichte der europäischen Archäologie im Kauka- tory and Protohistory in Berlin until World War II and its sus lässt sich in das frühe 19. Jahrhundert zurückverfol- subsequent fate forms the core of this article. Furthermore gen¹. 1829 bereiste der damals 28-jährige deutsche Philo- it highlights some current problems affecting archaeologi- soph und Orientalist Friedrich Eduard Schulz (1799–1829), cal research into the southern Caucasus. In this article the Professor in Gießen und Göttingen, den Kaukasus. Er war publications of German, Russian and Caucasian archae- von Carl Ritter, dem Begründer der modernen histori- ologists published over the last 185 years are compared schen Geografie auf dieses Forschungsgebiet und die dort for the first time with the original documentation and zu erwartenden Erträge hingewiesen worden. Schulz un- finds. One of the main tasks was to establish where the ternahm in den Jahren 1827–1829 mit organisatorischer artefacts which had been excavated in the 19th century in und finanzieller Unterstützung französischer Institutio- the southern Caucasus are located today and where the nen eine Reihe von Reisen, die ihn in die Türkei, nach Iran relevant excavation reports and documentation are kept, sowie deren armenischen Gebiete führten². in order to compare them with the accounts that have 1828 begann er Forschungen in Van, darin unterstützt since been published in several languages. The research von der französischen Gelehrtengesellschaft „Société asia- shows that a large part of the late Bronze Age and early tique“, in deren Mittelpunkt das Studium der Regionen Iron Age artefacts which had been kept in the Caucasus collections of German museums had been transferred to the USSR after World War II. Today many are dispersed in Russian museums in Moscow and Saint Petersburg as well 1 Avscharova/Pirquliyeva 2010, 28. as in museums in the Caucasian
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