DOCSLIB.ORG

CHRISTIAN POWER in the AGE of REVOLUTION from the First French Revolution to the American Civil War, 1789-1861

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CHRISTIAN POWER in the AGE of REVOLUTION from the First French Revolution to the American Civil War, 1789-1861 CHRISTIAN POWER IN THE AGE OF REVOLUTION From the First French Revolution to the American Civil War, 1789-1861 Vladimir Moss © Copyright: Vladimir Moss, 2009 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................4 I. REVOLUTION AND COUNTER-REVOLUTION (1789-1830) ........................5 1. THE WEST: THE MAN-GOD ARISES ............................................................6 The Constitutional Monarchy ...............................................................................7 Burke versus Paine ..............................................................................................15 The American Constitution and Slavery.............................................................25 The Jacobin Terror ...............................................................................................28 The Sociétés de Pensée .........................................................................................36 Illuminism............................................................................................................38 The Revolution and Religion ...............................................................................47 Babeuf and the Directory .....................................................................................57 Napoleon Bonaparte.............................................................................................60 Napoleon and Catholicism...................................................................................66 La Grande Nation ................................................................................................70 The Jews and the Revolution................................................................................75 Napoleon and the Jews.........................................................................................84 The Latin American Revolutions.........................................................................87 The Nature of Romanticism.................................................................................90 Romanticism and German Nationalism ..............................................................94 The German War of Liberation..........................................................................101 The Ideology of Counter-Revolution..................................................................104 2. THE EAST: THE MAN-GOD DEFEATED..................................................115 Tsar Paul I of Russia..........................................................................................115 The Annexation of Georgia................................................................................121 The Yedinoverie .................................................................................................128 The Murder of Tsar Paul ...................................................................................131 The Golden Age of Masonry..............................................................................137 Alexander, Napoleon and Speransky.................................................................141 Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia...........................................................................148 The Children of 1812 .........................................................................................154 The Peace of Europe ...........................................................................................160 The Polish Question...........................................................................................165 The Jewish Question ..........................................................................................168 The Reaction against Masonry..........................................................................175 The Serbian Revolution .....................................................................................185 The Greek Revolution ........................................................................................189 The Decembrist Rebellion ..................................................................................205 St. Seraphim of Sarov ........................................................................................209 II. LIBERALISM AND AUTOCRACY (1830-1861) ............................................213 3. THE WEST: THE DUAL REVOLUTION ....................................................214 Liberty andf Liberalism......................................................................................216 History and Historicism ....................................................................................218 Art and Revolution: (1) Byronism ....................................................................226 Art and Revolution: (2) The July Days .............................................................228 The Polish Question...........................................................................................236 The Source of Political Authority ......................................................................240 Liberalism and Free Trade .................................................................................243 The Irish Famine................................................................................................251 The British Empire.............................................................................................254 China and the West............................................................................................257 The Justifications of Imperialism .......................................................................262 Mill on Liberty...................................................................................................267 Victorian Religion and Morality .......................................................................274 Utopian Socialism..............................................................................................283 German Historicism ..........................................................................................295 Hegel’s Political Philosophy ..............................................................................305 Marx’s Historical Materialism..........................................................................310 The Jewish Question: (1) Benjamin Disraeli .....................................................316 The Jewish Question: (2) Heinrich Heine..........................................................321 The Jewish Question: (3) Karl Marx .................................................................325 1848: “The Springtime of the Nations”.............................................................330 Emperor Napoleon III ........................................................................................337 Schopenhauer: The World as Will .....................................................................340 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution...........................................................................345 The Rise of America ...........................................................................................348 The Spirit of Nationalism ..................................................................................355 4. THE EAST: THE GENDARME OF EUROPE .............................................362 Introduction: Instinct and Consciousness.........................................................362 Tsar Nicholas I...................................................................................................366 The Russian Church and the Anglicans............................................................371 The Jews under Nicholas....................................................................................374 The Autocephalous Church of Greece................................................................377 The Kollyvades Movement.................................................................................378 Russian Hegelianism .........................................................................................381 Russia and Europe: (1) Chaadaev vs. Pushkin..................................................385 Russia and Europe: (2) Belinsky vs. Gogol........................................................394 Russia and Europe: (3) Herzen vs. Khomiakov .................................................400 Russia and Europe: (4) Kireyevsky....................................................................410 Russia and Europe: (5) Dostoyevsky .................................................................419 The Slavophiles on the Autocracy......................................................................426 The Crimean War ..............................................................................................438 Russian Caucasia...............................................................................................444 Russian America................................................................................................448 The Old Ritualists Acquire a Hierarchy............................................................450 Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow: Church and State........................................453 Universalism versus Nationalism in the Balkans .............................................463 Conclusion: The Tsar and the Patriarch............................................................467 FOREWORD I will give him power over the nations, and he shall rule them with a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Two Greek Revolutions
    TWO GREEK REVOLUTIONS Greek nationalism under the Turkish yoke was nourished and sustained from three sources. One, the purest, was the Orthodox faith: since the Gospel and most of the patristic writings were written in Greek, a good knowledge of Orthodoxy required a good knowledge of Greek and Byzantine history in which Hellenism, the patriotic belief in the greatness of the Greek nation, was linked inseparably with its confession of the Orthodox faith. This Greek Orthodox nationalism (with the emphasis on “Orthodox”) was to be found especially among the monks of Mount Athos. Another source was a natural desire to be liberated from the Ottoman yoke. The situation of the Greeks in the Ottoman Empire was very difficult. As time passed and Ottoman power weakened, persecution of the faith increased. “The rights of the patriarch,” writes Fr. Alexander Schmemann, “were gradually reduced to nothing; all that was left to him was the ‘right’ of being responsible for the Christians. In the course of seventy-three years in the eighteenth century, the patriarch was replaced forty-eight times! Some were deposed and reinstalled as many as five times; many were put to torture. The rebellions of the Janissaries were accompanied by terrible bloodshed. Churches were defiled, relics cut to pieces, and the Holy Gifts profaned. Christian pogroms became more and more frequent. In the nineteenth century Turkey was simply rotting away, but the ‘sick man of Europe’ was supported at all points by other nations in opposition to Russia,”1 the only real protector of the Orthodox in the Ottoman empire.
    [Show full text]
  • ROXANE D. ARG YROPO ULO S a 19Th CENTURY GREEK SCHOLAR in BUCHAREST: MIHAIL CHR1STARIS and HIS LIBRARY* I in the End of the 18Th
    ROXANE D. ARG YROPO ULO S A 19th CENTURY GREEK SCHOLAR IN BUCHAREST: MIHAIL CHR1STARIS AND HIS LIBRARY* I In the end of the 18th century, one of the most important centers of the Hellenic Diaspora was the capital of Wallachia, Bucharest, where the Phana- riote regime had considerably contributed to the formation of a large and prosperous Greek community1. As far as education was concerned, the Hige- moniki Scholi2, directed at that time by the famous Epirot hellenist Lambros Photiadis3, attracted many young men from Epirus in order to complete their studies. Lambros Photiadis’ attitude towards modern Greek language re­ mained conservative, but in the matter of speculation he was against clerical interference and largely contributed to the change of ancient Greek teaching, introducing history and other sciences. Among Photiadis’ students was Mihail Christaris4, born in Jannina in 1773, who later studied medicine at the University of Padua and for more than twenty years, lived in Bucharest as a medical doctor, also playing a pro­ minent part in cultural life as a member of the Greco-Dacian Society, founded for the spreading of new ideas in Bucharest5. Christaris’ interest for European * Paper presented at the First International Congress on the Hellenic Diaspora from Antiquity to Modern Times (Montréal-Athens, April 1988). 1. Alexandru Duţu, “La culture roumaine à l’époque des Phanariotes: héritage et nouvelles acquisitions”, Symposium l'Epoque Phanariote, Thessalonique 1974, 77-83. 2. Ariadna Camariano-Cioran, Les Académies Princières de Bucarest et de Jassy et leurs professeurs, Thessalonique 1974. 3. On Lambros Photiadis (Jannina 1752-Bucharest 1805) see D.
    [Show full text]
  • CORE View Metadata, Citation and Similar Papers at Core.Ac.Uk
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bilkent University Institutional Repository . To my family MODERN GREEK ENLIGHTENMENT AND 19 TH CENTURY GREEK NATIONALISM The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by Murat Önsoy In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERISTY ANKARA June 2005 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Hasan Ünal Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Emel Oktay Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT MODERN GREEK ENLIGHTENMENT AND 19 TH CENTURY GREEK NATIONALISM Murat Önsoy M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Doc. Dr. Hasan Ünal June 2005 This thesis analyzes modern Greek enlightenment and 19 th century Greek Nationalism, in the light of nationalism theories. It confronts with the process of Modern Greek enlightenment which took place within the lands of the Ottoman Empire and the Greek nationalism which was the second phase of the modern Greek enlightenment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crisis Years (1922-1927)
    CHAPTER THREE: The Crisis Years (1922-1927) 'I will write a sad ballad to the uncelebrated poets. There are those who take their place in history, and there are those who make history. It is the latter I honour.' (Terzakis 1987: 76) I Bakhtin's dialogic approach can provide a valuable perspective on the biographical narrative, highlighting the multiplicity of situated sites within it, the corporeal nature of subjectivity and memory, and the writer-biographer's location in the writing process. In this chapter I have approached the narrative by constructing a broad historical and literary framework of the period and by exploring Alekos Doukas' letters and manuscript's in relation to the contexts of his locations. I have used Bakhtin's concept of the 'chronotope' in both its literary and extra- literary sense to historically position the texts under scrutiny. Genre is given attention as a 'master category of dialogism' which allows us to read the texts in relation to the changing genres of the period (Holquist 1990: 144). This offers biographical discourse a generic analysis of texts through a diachronic perspective and interplay of textual and non-textual mediations. The biographical self is not sculptured in a vacuum but in direct relation to others, much as a hologram appears in three-dimensional space through its placement within a surrounding field. Far from being a simple interaction of two fixed entities, the self/other relationship is dynamic and contested, giving rise to distinctive identities which are never entirely stable or static (Holquist 1990: 135)*. This relationship is another aspect of intertextuality, and a literary biography is nothing if not an exploration of this endless web of intertextual dialogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Ayvalık Akademisi Ya Da Batı Anadolu'da Yunan Ulusçuluğunun
    TÜRKİYAT MECMUASI Türkiyat Mecmuası 30, 2 (2020): 411-440 DOI: 10.26650/iuturkiyat.716139 Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article Ayvalık Akademisi ya da Batı Anadolu’da Yunan Ulusçuluğunun Kökenleri Üzerine The Academy of Kydonies (Ayvalik): Upon the Origins of Greek Nationalism in Western Anatolia Çiğdem KILIÇOĞLU CİHANGİR1 ÖZ 18. yüzyılda Batı Avrupa’da doğan ve gelişen aydınlanma hareketi, kısa süre içinde yayılım göstererek önce bütün Avrupa’yı, daha sonra dünyayı etkisi altında bırakacak siyasal, ekonomik ve toplumsal değişimlere yol açtı. Aydınlanmanın akla ve bilime dayanan yeni tarz düşünce sistemi, kültürel ve ticari kanallarla çeşitli toplumlara sirayet ederken, Osmanlı egemenliği altındaki Rumlar, imparatorluktaki diğer unsurlara göre bu yeni düşüncelerden ilk ve en çok etkilenen kesim oldu. Rumların, özellikle Batı Avrupa’ya yerleşmiş soydaşları aracılığıyla Avrupa’yla kurdukları ticari ve kültürel bağlar, aydınlanma hareketinin gerek Yunan anakarasına gerekse Avrupa ticaretinin uğrak noktalarından biri olan Batı Anadolu kıyılarına taşınmasına olanak tanıdı. Aydınlanmacı fikirlerin Rumlar arasında yayılması ise eğitim yoluyla gerçekleşti. Bu dönemde kurulan ve aydınlanma olgusundan etkilenerek geleneksel eğitim anlayışını reddeden yenilikçi Rum/Yunan okulları, seküler ve liberal fikirleri Rum/Yunan dünyasında yaymaya başladılar. Söz konusu yenilikçi okullardan birisi, 19. yüzyıla girerken, nüfusunun hemen hepsi Ortodoks Rumlardan oluşan ve Batı Anadolu’nun İzmir’den sonra önemli bir ticaret merkezi konumunda olan Ayvalık’ta
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Historical Events in Greek Occupied Macedonia
    Analysis of historical events in Greek occupied Macedonia An interview with Risto Stefov Analysis of historical events in Greek occupied Macedonia An interview with Risto Stefov Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2016 by Helen V. & Risto Stefov e-book edition July 15, 2016 2 INTERVIEWER – Risto, I found your name on the internet and want to ask you a few questions about Macedonia. In the past we have heard much about the Macedonians from various sources, the majority of which were non-Macedonian. You are among the first Macedonians on the internet to have contributed to the Macedonian point of view and to Macedonian history. What can you tell us about that? RISTO – Macedonian history begins in prehistoric times but the Modern Macedonian nation’s unique history begins after the invention, if I can call it that, of nationalism and accelerates during the breakup of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800’s. The people that existed in the Balkan Region before the invention of nationalism cannot be called “nations”, something that was not yet invented. Before these modern nations were created, by the nation building process, and before borders were placed around them, all the people in the Balkans lived together within the confines of one large borderless region.
    [Show full text]
  • Locke's Philosophy
    Offprint From Locke's Philosophy Content and Context Edited by G. A. J. ROGERS CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD 1994 9 John Locke and the Greek Intellectual Tradition: An Episode in Locke ys Reception in South-East Europe PASCHALIS M. KITROMILIDES I John Locke's first teaching appointment in 1661 at Christ Church, Ox­ ford was to a lectureship in Greek.1 Although the meticulous care with which he preserved his papers has not brought down to us any evidence that he ever attempted to compose anything in Greek or—like Hobbes— to translate from Greek sources, his intimate familiarity with the language of classical philosophy and literature is attested in many ways. It is first of all reflected in the standard practice of quoting from Greek authors in his writings such as the quotations from Aristotle in the Essays on the Law of Nature. It is also illustrated by the extensive allusions to Greek literary sources in the same text and in other works, including the Two Treatises of Government. A special dimension of Locke's Greek scholarship was his application of the terms Φυσική, Πρακτική, and Σημειωτική in designat­ ing the three branches of knowledge in his threefold typology of the sciences in the Essay concerning Human Understanding. Locke's sensitivity to the Greek language was not exhausted with these rather formal expres­ sions. His surviving papers include one piece of evidence—unfortunately not in his own hand—which indicates that at least at some stage in his life he possessed an interest in the structure and diversity of Greek, its For their comments on an earlier draft of this chapter I am indebted to John Rogers and to an anonymous reader for Oxford University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Silk Road in Greece
    The Western Silk Road in Greece Kostopoulou Stella Scientific Supervisor Kyriakou Dimitrios Malisiova Sevasti Sofianou Evina Toufengopoulou Anastasia Xanthopoulou–Tsitsoni Valia Silk Road Programme 2016 Western Silk Road Tourism Initiative A UNWTO-EU Initiative This study is part of the Western Silk Road Tourism Development Initiative, a joint cooperation between the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the Directorate- General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (DG Grow) of the European Commission (EC). Western Silk Road in Greece Research Team Stella Kostopoulou is Associate Professor of Regional and Tourism Development at the Department of Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh). She has also taught at Cyprus University of Technology, Hellenic Open University, International Hellenic University, Democritus University of Thrace, University of Thessaly, and gave lectures and seminars at Universities abroad (Peking University, La Trobe University, York University). She is Departmental ECTS/Erasmus/LLP Coordinator of the Stella Kostopoulou Department of Economics, AUTh. Her research interests Associate Professor include regional economics and planning, tourism Aristotle University of Thessaloniki development, cultural industries and local development. She Department of Economics has participated in 70 international and national Tel: +30 2310 996423, +30 6932236366 conferences and published in international journals. E-mail: [email protected] Dimitrios Kyriakou is an Economist and PhD Candidate in Tourism and Regional Development at the Department of Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Greece. He holds a BSc in Economics and Regional Development (Panteion University, Greece), an MBA in Business Finance Management (The University of Liverpool, UK) and an MSc in Tourism Management (University of Surrey, UK). He is member of the teaching team in the undergraduate courses “Tourism Development”, “Regional Development” and “Economic Geography”, Department of Economics, AUTh.
    [Show full text]
  • The Three Faces of the Phanariots : an Inquiry Into the Role and Motivations
    Bibliotheque nztionale du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa. Ontarlo Ottawa (Ontarlo) KIA ON4 KIA ON4 Your Me Yotre r4lerence Our 11le Nolre reiere . ' NOTICE AWS The quality of this microform is La qualit@ de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the depend grandernent de la qualit6 quality of the origir~ai thesis de ia these sournise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualite - ensure the highest quality of superieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the ccarnmuniquer avec I'universite degree. qui a confer6 le grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualite d'irnpression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser a pages were typed with a poor desirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont et6 university sent us an inferior dactylographiees a I'aide d'un photocopy. ruban use ou si I'universitt5 nous a faif parvenir une photocopie de - qualite inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, mBme partielie, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, a ia Loi canadienne sur Se droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subsequents. THE THREE FACES OF THE PHIANARIOTS : AN INQUIRY INTO THE ROLE AND MOTIVATIONS OF THE GREEK NOBILITY UNDER OTTOMAN RULE, 1683-1821 PANAYOTIS ALEXANDROU PAPACHRTSTOU B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1988 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUTIIEMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department O Panayotis A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trans-Communal Rise of the Novel in the Late Ottoman Empire
    “We Must Ourselves Write About Ourselves”: The Trans-Communal Rise of the Novel in the Late Ottoman Empire by Etienne E. Charriere A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Comparative Literature) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee : Professor Vassilis Lambropoulos, Chair Professor Kevork B. Bardakjian Professor Michele A. Hannoosh Professor Kader Konuk, Universität Duisburg-Essen © Etienne Eugene Charriere 2016 Εις µνήµην Μιχάλη Λασιθιωτάκη (1955-2012) ii Acknowledgements Long before this project received its definitive title and acquired its current form, a few individuals provided, in one way or another, a crucial impetus for me to begin thinking about the questions that are addressed here, and they must be recognized first. Thank you to Michel Lassithiotakis, who oversaw the writing of an early work, some elements of which found their way into the present one. During all the stages of this project, I often recalled fondly his warm support and kind words of encouragements. I am deeply saddened that he will not be able to read this dissertation, which I dedicate to him. Thank you to Valentina Calzolari for her unflinching enthusiasm in teaching a "small" language: I have never regretted that I once entered an Armenian classroom almost entirely by accident, and immediately found myself at home. And I will never be able to thank Katerina Fameliadou enough for speaking Greek to a very young Swiss child years and years ago –she probably did not know, at the time, what long-term consequences those few words would have. At the University of Michigan, I found an intellectual home like no other, and I remain convinced that there was no other place in the world where I could have completed a project like the present one.
    [Show full text]
  • CHRISTIAN POWER in the AGE of REVOLUTION from the First French Revolution to the Treaty of Paris, 1789-1856
    CHRISTIAN POWER IN THE AGE OF REVOLUTION From the First French Revolution to the Treaty of Paris, 1789-1856 Vladimir Moss © Vladimir Moss, 2008 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................4 I. REVOLUTION AND COUNTER-REVOLUTION (1789-1830) ........................5 1. THE WEST: THE MAN-GOD ARISES ............................................................6 The Constitutional Monarchy ...............................................................................7 Burke versus Paine ..............................................................................................15 The American Constitution and Slavery.............................................................25 The Jacobin Terror ...............................................................................................28 The Sociétés de Pensée .........................................................................................35 Illuminism............................................................................................................38 The Revolution and Religion ...............................................................................47 Babeuf and the Directory .....................................................................................57 Napoleon Bonaparte.............................................................................................60 Napoleon and Catholicism...................................................................................66
    [Show full text]
  • Matemáticos Y Políticos En La Época De La Revolución Griega: Benjamín De Lesbos Y Teófilo Kairis
    MATEMÁTICOS Y POLÍTICOS EN LA ÉPOCA DE LA REVOLUCIÓN GRIEGA: BENJAMÍN DE LESBOS Y TEÓFILO KAIRIS CHRISTINE PHILI National Technical University of Athens (Grecia) Resumen Este artículo estudia la carrera científica y política de Benjamín de Lesbos (1762 – 1827) y su antiguo alumno Teófilo Kairis (1784 – 1853), dos clérigos griegos de similar trayectoria científica —discente y docente—, social y política, que se encuentran entre los protagonistas de la primera Revolución Griega (1821-32). Ambos fueron acusados de ateísmo, persegui- dos por la Iglesia y los representantes del conservadurismo y sacrificaron sus vidas en el levantamiento nacional. Abstract This article studies the scientific and political careers of Benjamin of Lesbos (1762 – 1827) and his former student Theophilus Kairis (1784 – 1853), two Greek clerics with similar trajectories which are among the protagonists of the first Greek Revolution (1821-1832). Both were accu- sed of atheism, persecuted by the Church and the representatives of conservatism, and sacri- ficed their lives in the national uprising. Palabras clave: Ciencia y política, Matemáticas, Grecia, Siglos XVIII-XIX, Benjamín de Les- bos, Teófilo Kairis. Keywords: Science & Politics, Mathematics, Greece, 18th-19th Centuries, Benjamin of Les- bos, Theophilus Kairis. Recibido el 2 de noviembre de 2010 – Aceptado el 2 de diciembre de 2010 BENJAMÍN DE LESBOS (1762 – 1827) En 1762, en un pequeño pueblo de la isla de Lesbos, nació Benjamín en el seno de una familia de humildes campesinos. Por aquel entonces Grecia —al menos lo que puede considerarse el país natal de los famosos antepasados de la antigüedad— for- maba parte del Imperio Otomano y se hallaba, por tanto, aislada de Europa Occi- , Vol.
    [Show full text]