CHRISTIAN POWER IN THE AGE OF REVOLUTION From the First French Revolution to the American Civil War, 1789-1861 Vladimir Moss © Copyright: Vladimir Moss, 2009 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................4 I. REVOLUTION AND COUNTER-REVOLUTION (1789-1830) ........................5 1. THE WEST: THE MAN-GOD ARISES ............................................................6 The Constitutional Monarchy ...............................................................................7 Burke versus Paine ..............................................................................................15 The American Constitution and Slavery.............................................................25 The Jacobin Terror ...............................................................................................28 The Sociétés de Pensée .........................................................................................36 Illuminism............................................................................................................38 The Revolution and Religion ...............................................................................47 Babeuf and the Directory .....................................................................................57 Napoleon Bonaparte.............................................................................................60 Napoleon and Catholicism...................................................................................66 La Grande Nation ................................................................................................70 The Jews and the Revolution................................................................................75 Napoleon and the Jews.........................................................................................84 The Latin American Revolutions.........................................................................87 The Nature of Romanticism.................................................................................90 Romanticism and German Nationalism ..............................................................94 The German War of Liberation..........................................................................101 The Ideology of Counter-Revolution..................................................................104 2. THE EAST: THE MAN-GOD DEFEATED..................................................115 Tsar Paul I of Russia..........................................................................................115 The Annexation of Georgia................................................................................121 The Yedinoverie .................................................................................................128 The Murder of Tsar Paul ...................................................................................131 The Golden Age of Masonry..............................................................................137 Alexander, Napoleon and Speransky.................................................................141 Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia...........................................................................148 The Children of 1812 .........................................................................................154 The Peace of Europe ...........................................................................................160 The Polish Question...........................................................................................165 The Jewish Question ..........................................................................................168 The Reaction against Masonry..........................................................................175 The Serbian Revolution .....................................................................................185 The Greek Revolution ........................................................................................189 The Decembrist Rebellion ..................................................................................205 St. Seraphim of Sarov ........................................................................................209 II. LIBERALISM AND AUTOCRACY (1830-1861) ............................................213 3. THE WEST: THE DUAL REVOLUTION ....................................................214 Liberty andf Liberalism......................................................................................216 History and Historicism ....................................................................................218 Art and Revolution: (1) Byronism ....................................................................226 Art and Revolution: (2) The July Days .............................................................228 The Polish Question...........................................................................................236 The Source of Political Authority ......................................................................240 Liberalism and Free Trade .................................................................................243 The Irish Famine................................................................................................251 The British Empire.............................................................................................254 China and the West............................................................................................257 The Justifications of Imperialism .......................................................................262 Mill on Liberty...................................................................................................267 Victorian Religion and Morality .......................................................................274 Utopian Socialism..............................................................................................283 German Historicism ..........................................................................................295 Hegel’s Political Philosophy ..............................................................................305 Marx’s Historical Materialism..........................................................................310 The Jewish Question: (1) Benjamin Disraeli .....................................................316 The Jewish Question: (2) Heinrich Heine..........................................................321 The Jewish Question: (3) Karl Marx .................................................................325 1848: “The Springtime of the Nations”.............................................................330 Emperor Napoleon III ........................................................................................337 Schopenhauer: The World as Will .....................................................................340 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution...........................................................................345 The Rise of America ...........................................................................................348 The Spirit of Nationalism ..................................................................................355 4. THE EAST: THE GENDARME OF EUROPE .............................................362 Introduction: Instinct and Consciousness.........................................................362 Tsar Nicholas I...................................................................................................366 The Russian Church and the Anglicans............................................................371 The Jews under Nicholas....................................................................................374 The Autocephalous Church of Greece................................................................377 The Kollyvades Movement.................................................................................378 Russian Hegelianism .........................................................................................381 Russia and Europe: (1) Chaadaev vs. Pushkin..................................................385 Russia and Europe: (2) Belinsky vs. Gogol........................................................394 Russia and Europe: (3) Herzen vs. Khomiakov .................................................400 Russia and Europe: (4) Kireyevsky....................................................................410 Russia and Europe: (5) Dostoyevsky .................................................................419 The Slavophiles on the Autocracy......................................................................426 The Crimean War ..............................................................................................438 Russian Caucasia...............................................................................................444 Russian America................................................................................................448 The Old Ritualists Acquire a Hierarchy............................................................450 Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow: Church and State........................................453 Universalism versus Nationalism in the Balkans .............................................463 Conclusion: The Tsar and the Patriarch............................................................467 FOREWORD I will give him power over the nations, and he shall rule them with a