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International Conference “Science and Religion” INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “SCIENCE AND RELIGION” PROCEEDINGS 3-5 SEPTEMBER 2015 Project NARSES – ARISTEIA Institute of Historical Research National Hellenic Research Foundation Edited by Gianna Katsiampoura, Efthymios Nicolaidis Designed by Ilia Christantoni ISBN: 978-960-9538-43-5 ©IHR/NHRF Athens 2015 Cover image: fresco from Meteora © IIR/NHRF International Conference “Science & Religion” – Athens 2015 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Committees 5 Efthymios Nicolaidis, Ιntroduction 6 1. SCIENCE – ORTHODOXY DIALOGUE Christopher C. Knight, Is The Current Western Dialogue Between Science And Theology Relevant To Orthodox Christianity? 8 Alexei V. Nesteruk, The Dialogue Between Theology and Science: from a Neo-Patristic Legacy to Radical Theological Commitment 22 Mikhail B. Konashev, Evolutionary theory and “Revival of Russia” 66 2. EASTERN CHRISTIANITY Manolis Kartsonakis, The Pendulum of Philoponos: Natural Philosophy between Science and Religion In The 6th century AD 94 Gianna Katsiampoura, The relationship between science and faith in Byzantine Canon Law 101 Antonia Goulia, Gianna Katsiampoura, The scholar-monk and the Aristotle: Nikephore Blemmydis, Epitome physica (Ο μοναχός διδάσκαλος και ο Αριστοτέλης: Νικηφόρος Βλεμμύδης, Επιτομή Φυσικής) 109 George H. Baralis, Calculation of moveable religious feasts in Arithmetic of Glyzonios 116 Elias Tempelis, Divine and human happiness in the epistemology of the iatrophilosopher Thomas Mandakassis (Θεϊκή και ανθρώπινη ευδαιμονία στη γνωσιοθεωρία του ιατροφιλόσοφου Θωμά Μανδακάση) 134 Maria Terdimou, Science and Religion during the period of the Greek Enlightenment: the case of Benjamin Lesvios 146 George N. Vlahakis, Scientists’ God in the independent Greek state 156 - 3 - International Conference “Science & Religion” – Athens 2015 Dimitris Skordos, Constantine Skordoulis, 1946 Declaration of Christian Association of Scientists as viewed by the EAM’s (National Liberation Front) Press. Examining the controversy arose over the role of science and the relation to religion within the context of the Greek Civil War. 162 Lucia Prinou, Lia Halkia, Constantine D. Skordoulis, Religion and Science Education: the theory of evolution in Greek biology curricula and textbooks 170 Kourkoulos Michael, Tzanakis Constantinos, Greek Students Of Today Discussing Pascal’s Wager 189 3. WESTERN CHRISTIANITY Emmanuel Bermon, Augustine on “why the world is as large as it precisely is” (Ep.3,2) 220 Alice Lamy, Le statut ontologique de la matière dans les théologies de la création à Prague (1390-1410): les héritages d’Augustin et de John Wyclif 227 Christine Phili, Nicholas of Cusa and his conceptions regarding the nature of number and the constitution of the universe 243 Matjaž Vesel, Copernicus, the Bible, Mathematics, and the Pope 254 Georgios Papadopoulos, Religion, Science And The Rejection Of Spiritual Entities In 17th Century 275 Gustaaf C. Cornelis, Transcending the conflict between science and theology. Lemaître & Ibn Rushd compared 289 H. Floris Cohen, Whose Myth-Making? Newton’s Theology, Richard S. Westfall, and Westfall’s Critics 305 4. JUDAISM, ISLAM AND CHINA Yakov M. Rabkin, Evolution of Judaic Attitudes to Modern Science 314 Alicia Grant, Science and Religion Fact and Fiction: religion versus Ottoman variolation 334 Lu Dalong, The Jesiuts Religious Factors of the Chinese Calendars in the First Century of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) 341 Table of Authors 353 International Conference “Science & Religion” – Athens 2015 - 4 - COMMITTEES International Program Committee Ronald Numbers, University of Wisconsin Peter Harrison, Centre for the History of European Discourses, University of Queensland William Shea, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Michel Blay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Baudouin Decharneux, Centre d’Etudes des Religions et de la Laicité, Bruxelles Sun Xiaochun, Center for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Liu Dun, Center for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lu Dalong, Chinese Society for the History of Science Philippe Büttgen, Université de Paris 1 Jullien Vincent, Univeristé de Nantes Efthymios Nicolaidis, National Hellenic Research Foundation Vassilios Constantoudis, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" and Hellenic Society for Science and Religion Niki Tsironi, National Hellenic Research Foundation Local Organizing Committee Efthymios Nicolaides (Chair) Kostas Skordoulis (co-Chair) Gianna Katsiampoura Evi Delli Kostas Tampakis Ploutarchos Psomiadis Constantina Stefanidou Vangelis Koutalis Yanis Bitsakis Maria Darmou Takis Lazos Maria Magaliou Ersi Bakou Panagiotis Thanopoulos - 5 - International Conference “Science & Religion” – Athens 2015 INTRODUCTION Efthymios Nicolaidis Institute of Historical Research National Hellenic Research Foundation The Institute of Historical Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation and the Department of Education of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens organized the International Conference “Science & Religion” in Athens, 3-5 September 2015. The website of the Conference is: http://conferences.hpdst.gr/science-religion. The Conference was associated with the NARSES Research Project (Nature and Religion in South Eastern European Space: mapping Science and Eastern Christianity relations in South Eastern Europe and Eastern Mediterranean - http://narses.hpdst.gr/) and was the final event of this project. NARSES aimed to map the relationship between sciences and Orthodox Christianity from the 4th c. AD to the 20th c. in Southeastern Europe and the East Mediterranean. It focused on social formations where Eastern Christianity was the dominant religious tradition ansd its purpose was to contribute to fill an important gap in the historiography of science. Indeed, while a huge literature exists on the relations between science and religion in the context of Western Christianity, very few is known about the history of these relations in the areas of Byzantium, the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan states, marked by Eastern Christianity. NARSES project aimed to present the Greek language sources by collecting, critically examine and catalogue the texts where the conceptualizations of God intersect with the conceptualizations of nature (religious texts on nature, and scientific texts evincing theological concerns). The International Conference “Science and religion” highlighted interdisciplinary research to reveal unknown dimensions of the science-religion relation with major implications for the historiography of science developed with reference to both Western and Eastern European societies. It gathered experts of the two fields with the purpose to make known the recent developments of science and Orthodoxy studies to the international community of historians of science and religion. Therefore, the papers of the conference range from Antiquity to contemporary history; they cover a very large geographical area and are written by historians of science, philosophers, historians of ideas, theologians and physicists. International Conference “Science & Religion” – Athens 2015 - 6 - 1. SCIENCE – ORTHODOXY DIALOGUE __________________________________________________ IS THE CURRENT WESTERN DIALOGUE BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THEOLOGY RELEVANT TO ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY? __________________________________________________ Christopher C. Knight Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies, Cambridge, U.K. Introduction The future response of Eastern Orthodox theology to the sciences is not fully predictable, since three strategies may be seen in the recent literature. One of these strategies (e.g. Sherrard 1992, Rose 2000) is to challenge certain aspects of scientific understanding as incompatible with theological insights. Another (e.g. Nesteruk 2008) is to see scientific understanding as valid but to treat it as having little to say directly to a Christian theological framework. In this second view, much of what has been developed in the so-called science-theology dialogue among Western Christians is seen as irrelevant to Orthodoxy, and even as potentially harmful. The third strategy, reflected in my own work (Knight 2001, 2007), is the one that I shall describe here. It is to see the science-theology dialogue among Western Christians as being potentially helpful to Orthodox Christians, but as being in need of insights from Orthodox theology if its potential is to be fulfilled. The mainstream science-theology dialogue among Western Christians is based largely on an agenda and approach that were developed in the second half of the twentieth century. Three figures were dominant in this development: Ian Barbour, Arthur Peacocke and John Polkinghorne, whose overlapping understandings have been helpfully compared by two of them (Polkinghorne 1996, Barbour 2012). Three fundamental characteristics may be seen as central to these understandings. The first is that naturalistic perspectives are seen as valid in understanding the development of the cosmos at both physical and biological levels, and the laws of nature are seen as being always operative. An older Western “God of the gaps” approach - in Christopher C. Knight - 8 - which divine action was effectively identified with events that did not seem susceptible to naturalistic explanation – is avoided. God is seen as being active in all events “in, with, and under the laws of nature”. This naturalistic focus has, I shall argue, been valid in its intention and in many of its conclusions, but it has not been fully considered
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