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El Estudio De Los Hongos: Una Sintonía Entre El Laboratorio Y El Campo

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El Estudio De Los Hongos: Una Sintonía Entre El Laboratorio Y El Campo EL ESTUDIO DE LOS HONGOS: UNA SINTONÍA ENTRE EL LABORATORIO Y EL CAMPO Palabras clave: Macromycetes; Ascomycota; Discomycetes; Taxonomía; Micobiota; Ecología, Micosociología. Key words: Macromycetes; Ascomycota; Discomycetes; Taxonomía; Mycobiota; Ecology; Mycosociology. Irma J. Gamundí Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, UNCo [email protected] 1. INTRODUCCIÓN solutamente insuficientes esos pará- molecular que apuntan a hipotetizar metros y que es necesario conocer acerca de su filogenia, en la décima Habiendo sido invitada por el su estructura microscópica y sus edición delDictionary of Fungi (Kirk, presidente de la AAPC el año pa- esporas, generalmente microscópi- Cannon, Minter y Stalpers, 2008) sado para contribuir al número de cas, para determinar su identidad. lo que comúnmente se considera RESEÑAS con mi autobiografía, Creo que esta aclaración es nece- “hongos” son organismos polifiléti- acepté esa distinción cuando estaba saria porque desde tiempos remotos cos que pertenecen como mínimo a pasando por un largo postoperatorio muchos “Hongos superiores” han tres Reinos: CHROMISTA, FUNGI y y aclarando que podría redactar el despertado interés por su atractivo y PROTOZOA. manuscrito en un lapso no muy cer- como fuente de la alimentación. cano. Actualmente, superando algu- Taxonómicamente los FUNGI se nas deficiencias ambulatorias, creo Así como hasta las postrimerías segregan por características macro- y que podré atenerme a las exigencias del siglo XX los hongos se estudia- micromorfológicas peculiares en los del comité editorial y concluir este ban dentro de la Botánica (Reino Phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, trabajo. PLANTAE), la Micología moderna Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, los considera un reino aparte: Rei- Microsporidia y Zygomycota. Otros Los Macromycetes (no sé si son no FUNGI (Whitaker, 1969). Las califican como FUNGI sensu stric- sinónimos pero si Ud. lo dice así siguientes características distinguen to a Ascomycota, Basiodiomycota, será “Hongos superiores”)son aque- los hongos de las plantas: son or- Zygomycota, Deuteromycota (Gams llos hongos cuya fructificación se ganismos eucarióticos sin clorofila, y Júlich, 1991). Contenidos en el pri- puede ver a simple vista. Por eso en con ausencia de plástidos, cuerpo mer Phylum están los Discomycetes, los tratados antiguos y medievales vegetativo filamentoso, dispersión que han sido objeto de mis investi- se los clasificaba por su aspecto ex- por esporas, nutrición heterotrófica gaciones durante más de cincuenta terior: forma, color, tamaño, consis- por absorción (osmotrófica), cons- años. tencia. Este procedimiento ha lleva- tituidos por células con paredes que do al público lego o aficionado a co- contienen quitina y ß- glucanos. No 2. NIÑEZ Y ADOLESCENCIA. EL meter errores en su reconocimiento, obstante, con el advenimiento de los DESPERTAR DE UNA VOCACIÓN. como confundir una especie inocua estudios ultraestructurales, bioquí- con una tóxica. Se sabe que son ab- micos y especialmente de biología Nací en un pueblo llamado Me- 46 CIENCIA E INVESTIGACIÓN - RESEÑAS - TOMO 1 Nº4 - 2013 3. CAMINO HACIA EL DOCTO- ridiano V, Departamento Rivada- estudios terciarios de sus hijas: ¡era RADO via, en el noroeste de la provincia la hora de trabajar! Ingresé ese año de Buenos Aires el 13 de enero de a la carrera de Ciencias Naturales 1927, en la casa de mis abuelos ma- en la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Terminada mi licenciatura, debía ternos. Desde 1938, se designa a ese y Naturales (FCEN, UBA) egresando enfrentarme a superar mi segunda pueblito, hoy de 1610 habitantes, en 1953 como Licenciada en Cien- etapa: obtener el Doctorado. En la según censo nacional 2010, Gonzá- cias Naturales (Orientación Botáni- elección del tema de tesis influyó lez Moreno. Mi padre, médico rural, ca) manteniendo simultáneamente notablemente el Dr. Jorge E. Wright tenía su consultorio en Caleufú, La mi trabajo como profesora secunda- quien fue compañero de estudios al Pampa, donde pasé mis primeros ria. final de mi carrera. Se desempeñaba años. En 1930 mis padres se tras- como Micólogo en el Laboratorio de ladaron a General Pico, La Pampa, El primer dilema que se me pre- Patología Vegetal del Ministerio de buscando un horizonte más alenta- sentó durante mi carrera fue elegir Agricultura. Allí también concurría dor. Allí concurrí a la escuela pri- una orientación: ¿Botánica o Zoolo- dos veces por semana y me interna- maria N° 57. Al completar el ciclo, gía?, ya que decididamente me in- ba en el camino de la Taxonomía de la escuela me obsequió un libro: la clinaba por la Biología. Creo que el los Ascomycota. Él me sugirió en- biografía de Mme. Curie, escrito por factor decisivo fue mi valoración de carar el estudio taxonómico de los su hija Eva Curie en 1937, que me los profesores de Botánica (Alberto Discomycetes como tema de tesis, impresionó vivamente, despertando Castellanos, Oscar Kühnemann y al par que me brindó la oportunidad en mí una gran admiración hacia la Sebastián Guarrera) cuyas clases de consultar colecciones micológi- investigadora. Creo que fue la semi- teóricas y prácticas me resultaron cas, bibliografía y utilizar parte de su lla de mi vocación. Enfrentando el excelentes, a pesar de la exigen- laboratorio. Comencé a trabajar en problema de una educación secun- cia con los alumnos. Durante esos mi tema de tesis, ya que la Facultad daria, ausente en General Pico, mis años fui Ayudante alumno y luego no disponía para tesistas. Esta era la padres me internaron en el Colegio Ayudante Diplomado de Botánica. situación general para los doctoran- de la Misericordia (Capital Federal) Mis inquietudes me llevaron en esos dos en esa época. para seguir el magisterio. Fallecido tiempos a incursionar en otras insti- tempranamente mi padre en 1940, tuciones: Museo Argentino de Cien- Simultáneamente me casé con de quien guardo el recuerdo de su cias Naturales y Laboratorio de Mi- Arturo J. Amos (geólogo) y tuve una honestidad, inteligencia y generosi- crobiología Agrícola del Ministerio hija, Victoria, continuando con la dad, mi madre, mi única hermana y de Agricultura, a los que concurría docencia secundaria y universitaria yo, nos trasladamos a la Capital para regularmente cumpliendo el hora- de la FCEN, UBA. radicarnos y concluir los estudios rio establecido por los respectivos secundarios. Una vez finalizados, directores y ad honorem. En el Mu- Mi primer trabajo fue publicado ingresé a la Escuela Normal de Pro- seo me adiestraron en el aprendizaje en Holmbergia (Gamundí, 1956), fesores N°1 para cursar el Profesora- de la Taxonomía vegetal. Recuerdo revista del Centro de estudiantes do Secundario en Ciencias, egresan- con especial estima a la Lic. Carmen de Ciencias Naturales y consistió do en1946. El viaje de egresados a Pujals por su capacidad y vocación en un pródromo sobre Morfología Bariloche no fue un recuerdo más, docente, quien me guió en el Museo y Sistemática de Discomycetes, con sino el lugar que elegiría finalmente en el áspero campo de la Taxono- claves para la determinación de los para vivir. Al año siguiente comen- mía. En el Laboratorio de Microbio- géneros. Fue entonces que solicité cé a ejercer la docencia secundaria logía Agrícola me enseñaron a pre- una beca al Consejo Británico para en escuelas públicas del conurbano parar medios de cultivo de hongos y realizar estudios taxonómicos so- bonaerense. técnicas microbiológicas. En cuanto bre Discomycetes en el Herbario de al cultivo de levaduras fui guiada en Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Rei- 2. FORMACIÓN A NIVEL DE mis prácticas y conocimientos teó- no Unido. No la obtuve. Pero sí la GRADO ricos por la Dra. Delia Rabinovich consiguió mi marido para perfeccio- de Halperín, quien despertó en mí narse en Paleontología en la Univer- En 1948 decidí continuar en la la curiosidad por el cultivo in vitro sidad de Glasgow, Escocia. Como universidad a pesar de la oposición como método esencial para la iden- “premio consuelo” me concedieron de mi madre, ya que el magro pa- tificación de estos microscópicos un auspicio para desarrollar investi- trimonio que recibimos de mi padre Ascomycota. gaciones en Kew, por supuesto no sólo fue suficiente para financiar los rentadas (enero-marzo 1957). Fue El estudio de los hongos: una sintonía entre el laboratorio y el campo 47 una experiencia extraordinaria: es- (1957) se implementó la dedicación resantes discusiones con el Prof. Ri- tar en contacto con las colecciones exclusiva en todos los niveles do- chard Korf especialista en ese tema. originales de hongos que realizaron centes, lo que fue un gran impulso En la cátedra de Micología de Co- los expedicionarios de la Patagonia para aquellos que aspiraban a rea- lumbia conocí a George Bistis, cuya y Tierra del Fuego desde 1800 en lizar investigación paralelamente a tesis, en preparación, versaba sobre adelante y trabajar bajo la supervi- la docencia. Con esa categoría fui la sexualidad de Ascolobus sp.- un sión del Dr. R.W.G. Dennis, micó- designada Jefe de trabajos prácti- discomycete- que había despertado logo inglés autor de un libro señero: cos de Plantas Celulares en el De- mi atención. Él me adiestró sobre British Ascomycota (Dennis, 1978). partamento de Botánica de la FCEN el cultivo in vitro de Ascoboláceas, Así aumenté mi formación en Ta- (1958) lo que me permitió disponer donde se podía observar, en el tér- xonomía de Discomycetes. Entendí de un lugarcito en el laboratorio, de- mino de pocas semanas, el desarro- que un estudio serio sobre un grupo dicar más tiempo a la investigación llo completo de ciertas especies de taxonómico no se puede realizar sin y ejercer la docencia en la cátedra. dimensiones milimétricas. Aprendí consultar las especies tipo deposi- técnicas de cultivo y aislamientos tadas en los herbarios europeos, ya 5. PERIPLO HACIA UNA FOR- monospóricos y quedé deslumbrada que fueron ellos los primeros que MACIÓN POSDOCTORAL por esta experiencia que influyó en exploraron llevando consigo bió- el enfoque que daría a futuras inves- logos al extremo S. del continente En esa época, en nuestra carre- tigaciones. americano.
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