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Natural Feeding Strategies to Reduce Enteric Disorders and Improve

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Natural Feeding Strategies to Reduce Enteric Disorders and Improve Natural feeding strategies to reduce enteric disorders and improve adaptation of young pigs to weaning. MEMÒRIA PRESENTADA PER: RAFAEL GUSTAVO HERMES PER ACCEDIR AL GRAU DE DOCTOR DINS EL PROGRAMA DE DOCTORAT DE PRODUCCIÓ ANIMAL DEL DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIA ANIMAL I DELS ALIMENTS BELLATERRA, SEPTEMBRE DE 2011 Susana M. Martín Orúe i José Francisco Pérez Hernandez, investigadors del departament de Ciència Animal i del Aliments de la Facultat de Veterinària de la Universtitat Autònoma de Barcelona, certifican: Que la memoria titulada "Natural feeding strategies to reduce enteric disorders and improve adaptation of young pigs to weaning", presentada per Rafael Gustavo Hermes per optar al grau de Doctor en Veterinària, ha estat realitzada sota la seva direcció i, considerant-la acabada, autoritzan la seva presentació per que sigui jutjada per la comissió corresponent. I per que consit als efectes oportuns, signa la present a Bellaterra 11 de Juliol de 2011. Dra. Susana M. Martín Orúe Dr. José Francisco Pérez Hernandez The author was in receipt of a grant from the Agència de Gestió dÀjuts Universitaris i de Recerca of the Generalitat de Catalunya for this study. DEDICATED TO TISCIANE “Love is the answer at least for most of the questions in my heart. Why are we here? And where do we go? And how come it's so hard? It's not always easy and sometimes life can be deceiving. I'll tell you one thing, it's always better when we're together.” Jack Johnson, Better together ACKNOLEDGEMENTS Me gustaría agradecer a todos que hicieran parte de la realización de este gran sueño que ha empezado desde hace 5 años cuando llegué a Barcelona. Agradezco a todos los compañeros y amigos que he tenido el placer de conocer, compartiendo intensamente todos los momentos. Me gustaría de dejar aquí mi gratitud a todos los profesores que con toda la dedicación y cariño me han enseñado todo lo que he necesitado desde mis primeros enseñamientos hasta la conclusión de esta tesis. Vuestro ejemplo de comprometimiento, humildad y pasión por lo que hacen seguramente estará para siempre junto conmigo. En especial, agradezco a Susana y Francisco por ser mis verdaderos mentores, por la incesante disposición en ayudar en los momentos difíciles, por la orientación cuando todo parecía confuso y por los lazos de amistad que me ha dado mucha ilusión por seguir luchando para tirar adelante. Agradezco también a los profesores Josep, Ana Cris, Mariola, Roser, Alfred y Sergio. Un párrafo especial de agradecimiento lo dedico a Olga. Gracias por la paciencia conmigo (o falta, a veces) por repetir muchas y muchas veces hasta aprender todo lo necesario sobre el complejo funcionamiento del laboratorio de nutrición y sobretodo de sus equipos. Por las “ultimas” veces que he entrado en el laboratorio y todas las charlas sobre el cine, viajes y cosas de la vida. Me acuerdo que una vez me dijiste que lo triste de tu trabajo era saber decir adiós a los llegan y rápidamente se van de la Uni. Pues si te sirve de consuelo, que sepas que te queremos mucho y que todos hemos aprendido mucho contigo. Ahora toca los agradecimientos a todos los compañeros, becarios y sobretodo amigos (ojala no me deje a nadie) que hemos tenido oportunidad de trabajar, estudiar, ir al SAF o compartir una comida. Agradezco primero a los más “antiguos”: Muzzafer, Juanca, Hugo, Antonio, Alba, Choque, Walquiria, Gabriele, Marta, André, Eva Creues, Eva Mainau, Alejandra, Diego, Paul, Feliu, Bladmir, Joseane y Leo. Y luego a los más “recientes”: Ramonet, Victor, Ester, Lorena, Cecilia, Yuliaxis, Sandra, Sergio. En especial a mis últimos compañeros de despacho: Rogerinho y Jaimito; a Rosa y Gemma por la incontestable disposición en ayudar a todos y los lazos de amistad, a David por los consejos y todo lo que me ha enseñado y a Alexei, el “fichaje estrella” directo de Cuba y que mucho nos ha alegrado. Obrigado aos brasileiros da UEL que tive o prazer de conviver graças ao professor Caio, como a Sabrina, a Mara e a Luiza, e o Pierão e o Maurera. Foram bons momentos que passamos, onde muitas vezes a vontade de comer algo que lembrava o Brasil, a saudade de casa e de falar português e foram supridas. Espero não perdermos o contato quando todos estiverem no Brasil. Obrigado também a empresa Duas Rodas Industrial Ltda, que me apoiou no inicio desta conquista, seja como abrindo as possibilidades de ir a Europa, como me apoiando como consultor. Em especial, agradeço ao meu ex-chefe Roberto Alvarez Pereira; ao grande companheiro Péricles e tantos outros que tive o prazer de trabalhar no início de minha carreira profissional como a Dorotéia, Tati, Mario, Silvana, entre outros... Otro párrafo en especial para aquellos que más han dedicado tiempo para compartir conmigo todo lo saben. Para que sepan que os admiro mucho y soy muy grato a vosotros. A Francesc, gracias por todo lo que me permitiste enseñar en el trabajo y en la vida catalana; a Edgar por abrir todas las puertas, el interminable conocimiento de la ciencia y por su dedicación a lo que haces, a Montse Anguita, por tu amistad, confianza y su modo tranquilo de hacer las cosas; y a Arantza por todo lo que eres y lo que ha dedicado a enseñar a los veterinarios manazas del laboratorio. I would like to thanks Dr. Klasing (Kirk as he prefers) for the opportunity to learn and experience the Californian way to do the things. Your simplicity to live and kindly behavior inspired me to focus in what is really important and essential to move forward. Special thanks for Vanessa, Cailin and Laura. Thanks to Dr. Alexander Swidisinski for the FISH training in your lab in Berlin and to professor Paolo Bosi (and your team: Trevisi, Davide and Stefano) for the genotype test training in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Agradeço a todos meus amigos do Brasil que fazem parte do que sou. Obrigado pelo apoio e por nunca se esquecerem de mim. À minha família (Antonio, Neide e Renan) pelo amor incondicional e pela superação alcançada. Hoje somos mais fortes que nunca, pois soubemos aprender com os erros. Também aos meus sogros (Murilo e Lisiane) pelo carinho e apoio e todos os bons momentos que passamos nesta idas e vindas. E aos meus tios Helder e Zélia, primos Elian e Felipe por estarem sempre presentes. Um agradecimento especial a minha futura esposa Tisciane. Foram muitas e muitas horas de Skype nestes 5 anos de distância, por isso te agradeço por todo teu amor, por acreditar em mim e por me dar forças quando mais precisei. Emociono-me ao lembrar-se da saudade, mas certamente hoje é o sentimento que mais nos une e nos faz saber que tudo valeu à pena! Finalmente me gustaría agradecer a las dos becas que he disfrutado y que me han dado el soporte financiero indispensable para llegar hasta aquí. La del programa europeo Alban (código de becário: E06M100404BR) y la del Ministerio de Cultura y Educación de la Generalitat de Catalunya, beca de formación de investigadores (FI-RH050417). También a los proyectos públicos de investigación financiados por el Ministerio de Educación de España (AGL2005-07438-C02- 01/GAN 2004 - 2007; AGL2007-60851/GAN 2007-2010; and AGL2009-07328/GAN 2009 – 2012), que he hecho parte y que posibilitaron la realización de los experimentos de esta tesis. Resumen RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente memoria de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar el papel de diferentes ingredientes en la dieta para reducir las patologías digestivas en los lechones tras el destete, incrementando así su bienestar y productividad. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, propusimos una serie de 5 experimentos (capítulos de 4 a 8). En el Experimento I estudiamos la interacción entre dos diferentes niveles de proteína y fibra en el rendimiento productivo y el estado de salud de los lechones. Para ello, trabajamos con noventa y seis animales de 35 d de edad, colocados en 32 corrales de 3 animales cada uno y asignados a cuatro tratamientos dietéticos durante 21 d. Las cuatro dietas (a base de arroz, productos lácteos y harina de soja) fueron ordenadas en un diseño factorial 2 × 2, con dos niveles de CP (15,4 vs 19,4%, con base en la materia fresca) y dos niveles de fibra [baja en fibra (LF) 5,3% FDN y alto contenido de fibra (FC) NDF 7,15%, con base en la materia fresca]. La dieta HF fue alcanzada a través de la complementación de la dieta basal con 40 g / kg de salvado de trigo y 20 g / kg de pulpa de remolacha azucarera. El rendimiento de los animales se obtuvo semanalmente. Muestras de heces fueron recogidas para análisis microbiológico en el primer y último el día experimental y luego puntuadas de acuerdo con su consistencia, desde un valor de 1 (líquida) a 4 (dura). En el último día, se tomaron muestras para los análisis de sangre de la proteína de fase aguda (Pig-Map) de un cerdo de cada corral, posteriormente sacrificados para registrar el peso del tracto digestivo (incluyendo el contenido) y la histología del colon. Los cerdos alimentados con la dieta HF presentaron una ganancia diaria de peso (ADG, 390 vs 457 g, P ≤ 0,001) y peso relativo del intestino grueso (4,4 vs 5,4% del peso corporal; P ≤ 0,05) mayor que los cerdos LF. Esto coincidió con una mayor (P ≤ 0,05) concentración de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (especialmente de ácido acético y ácido butírico), una disminución en el recuento de Escherichia coli (7,77 vs 6,86 log de UFC / g de heces, I Resumen P ≤ 0,05), y un aumento en la proporción de lactobacilos: enterobacterias (0,76 vs 1,37, P ≤ 0,05) con la suplementación de fibra.
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