<^ ^^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/arthurianchronicOOwaceuoft EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS ROMANCE ARTHURIAN CHRONICLES WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY LUCY ALLEN PATON ARTHURIAN CHRONICLES represented j§/ V^^CE/ AND LAlAMONc^ LONDON &,TOr6nTO PUBUSHED BYJ M DENT &SONS EP &.IN NEWYORK BY E P DUTTON &. CO First Issue of this Edition . 1912 Reprinted .... 1921 INTRODUCTION "... In the chronicle of wasted time I see descriptions of the fairest wights. And beauty making beautiful old rhyme. In praise of ladies dead and lovely knights." Shakespeare, Sonnet cvi. I.—Wage In the long line of Arthurian chroniclers Geoffrey of Mon- mouth deservedly occupies the first place. The most gifted and the most original of their number, by his skilful treatment of the Arthurian story in his Historia Regum Britanniae, he succeeded in uniting scattered legends attached to Arthur's name, and in definitely establishing their place in chronicle history in a form that persisted throughout the later British historical annals. His theme and his manner of presenting it were both peculiarly adapted to win the favour of his public, and his work attained a popularity that was almost unprece- dented in an age that knew no printed books. Not only was it accepted as an authority by British historians, but French chroniclers also used it for their own purposes. About the year 1 150, five years before the death of Geoffrey, an Anglo-Norman, Geoffrey Gaimar, wrote the first French metrical chronicle. It consisted of two parts, the Estorie des Bretons and the Estorie des Angles, of which only the latter is extant, but the former is known to have been a rhymed translation of the Historia of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Gaimar 's work might possibly have had a longer life if it had not been cast into the shade by another chronicle in verse, the Roman de Brut, by a Norgj^n poet, Wace, which fills an important and interesting place among our Arthurian sources, not merely because of the author's qualities as a poet and his treatment of the Arthurian story, but also because of the type of com- position that he produced. For the metri£al]_^rpnicle occupies an intermediate position between the prose chronicle, one of the favourite forms of mediaeval monastic production vii viii Arthurian Chronicles throughout Europe, and the metrical.rornance, which budded and blossomed most richly in France, where, during the last half of the twelfth century, it received its greatest impulse from Crestien de Troies, the most distinguished of the trouveres. The metrical romances were written for court circles, and were used as a vehicle for recounting adventures of love and chivalry, and for setting forth the code of behaviour which governed the courtly life of France at that period. Wace's poem, though based upon chronicle history, is addressed to a public whose taste was turning toward chivalric narrative, and it foreshadows those qualities that characterised the verse romances, for which no more fitting themes could be found than those supplied by the stories of Arthurian heroes, " whose prowess teaches us that we should be valiant and courteous." Wace saw the greater part of the twelfth century. We cannot be certain of the exact year of his birth or of his death, but we know that he lived approximately from iioo to 1175. Practically all our information about his life is what he himself tells us in his Roman de Rou :— " If anybody asks who said this, who put this history into the Romance language, I say and I will say to him that I am Wace of the isle of Jersey, which lies in the sea, toward the west, and is a part of the fief of Normandy. In the isle of Jersey I was bom, and to Caen I was taken as a little lad; there I was put at the study of letters; afterward I studied long in France.^ When I came back from France, I dwelt long at Caen. I busied myself with making books in Romance ; many of them I wTote and many of them I made." • Before 11 35 he was a clerc lisant (reading clerk), and at length, he says, his writings won for him from Henry II. preferment to the position of canon at Bayeux. He was more author, however, than prebendary, and he gave his first effort and interest to his writings. He composed a number of saints' lives, which are still extant, but his two most important works were his historical poems, the Roman de Brut and the Roman de Rou {i.e., Rollo), a chronicle history of the Dukes of Nor- mandy. This latter was Wace's last production, and beside having a literary and historic importance, it has a rather pathetic interest. He had begun it in 1160, in obedience to a command of Henry II., but for some unknown reason Henry later transferred the honour to another poet. Wace laid aside his pen, left his work incomplete, and probably soon after died. » i.e. Paris, in the He de France. » Vs. 10440 g. Introduction ix " Since the king has asked him to do this work, I must leave it and I must sav no more. Of old the king did me many a favour; much he gave me, more he promised me, and if he had given all that he promised me, . it had been better for me. Here ends the book of Master Wace ; let him * continue it who will." Some twenty years earlier, in 1155, Wace had completed the Roman de Brut. He himself called it the Geste des Bretons (" History of the Britons "), but it is best known under the title that appears in the manuscripts, the Roman de Brut, given to it by scribes because of its connection with BrutusJ the founder of the British race. The Brut is a reproduction! in verse of Geoffrey's Historia. To call it a translation ij almost to give it a misnomer, for although Wace follows exactly the order and substance of the Historia, he was more than a mere translator, and was too much of a poet not to impress his own individuality upon his work. He makes some few additions to Geoffrey's Arthurian history, but his real contribution to the legend is the newjjujit that he put into it. In the first place his vehicle is the swift-moving French octo- syllabic couplet, which alone gives an entirely different tone to the narrative from that of Geoffrey's high-sounding Latin prose. Wace, moreover, was Norman born and Norman bred, and he inherited the possessions of his race—a love of fact, the power of clear thought, the appreciation of simpUcity, the command of elegance in form. Such a spirit indeed was his as in a finer type had already expressed itself in Caen in the two noble abbeys, under whose shadow he passed the greater part of his life, the dignified and sternly simple Abbaye-aux- Hommes of William the Conqueror and the graceful, richly ornamented Abbaye-aux-Dames of Queen Matilda. Sincerity and truth Wace ever aims at, but he embellishes his narrative with countless imaginative details. As a narrator he has the tendency to garrulity, which few mediaeval poets altogether escaped, but he is by no means without conversational charm, in brief sentences in colloquial [ and abounding turns, he leads us easily on with seldom flagging interest even through those pages where he is most inclined to be prolix. He is a system- atic person with accurate mental habits, and is keenly alive to the limitations of his own knowledge. He doubtless often had to bid his common sense console him with the reflections with which he begins his Life of St. Nicholas :— " Nobody can know everything, or hear everything, or see everything . , , I X Arthurian Chronicles God distributes different gifts to different people. Each man should show his worth in that which God has given him." He is extremely careful to give his authorities for his state- ments, and has all the shyness of an antiquarian toward facts for which he has not full proof. Through Breton tales, for example, he heard of the fairy fountain of Barenton in the forest of Broceliande, where fays and many another marvel were to be seen, and he determined to visit it in order to find out how true these stories were. " I went there to look for marvels. I saw the forest and I saw the land; I sought marvels, but I found none. A fool I came back, a fool I went; a fool I went, a fool I came back ; foolishness I sought, a fool I hold myself." ^ The wonders related of Arthur, he tells us, have been recounted so often that they have become fables. "Not all lies, nor all true, all foolishness, nor all sense; so much have the storytellers told, and so much have the makers of fables fabled to embellish their stories that they have made all seem fable." ^ He omits the prophecies of Merlin from his narrative, because he does not understand them. " I am not willing to translate his book, because I do not know how to interpret it. I would say nothing that was not exactly as I said." 3 To this scrupulous regard for the truth, absolutely foreign to the ingenious Geoffrey, Wace adds an unusual power of visualising. He sees clearly everything that he describes, and decorates his narrative with almost such minute details of any scene as a seventeenth-century Dutch painter loved to put upon his canvas.