Animal Science Down Under: a History of Research, Development and Extension in Support of Australia's Livestock Industries

CSIRO PUBLISHING Animal Production Science, 2020, 60, 193–231 Reflections https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19161 Animal science Down Under: a history of research, development and extension in support of Australia’s livestock industries Alan W. Bell Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA. Email: [email protected] Abstract. This account of the development and achievements of the animal sciences in Australia is prefaced by a brief history of the livestock industries from 1788 to the present. During the 19th century, progress in industry development was due more to the experience and ingenuity of producers than to the application of scientific principles; the end of the century also saw the establishment of departments of agriculture and agricultural colleges in all Australian colonies (later states). Between the two world wars, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was established, including well supported Divisions of Animal Nutrition and Animal Health, and there was significant growth in research and extension capability in the state departments. However, the research capacity of the recently established university Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Science was limited by lack of funding and opportunity to offer postgraduate research training. The three decades after 1945 were marked by strong political support for agricultural research, development and extension, visionary scientific leadership, and major growth in research institutions and achievements, partly driven by increased university funding and enrolment of postgraduate students. State-supported extension services for livestock producers peaked during the 1970s. The final decades of the 20th century featured uncertain commodity markets and changing public attitudes to livestock production. There were also important Federal Government initiatives to stabilise industry and government funding of agricultural research, development and extension via the Research and Development Corporations, and to promote efficient use of these resources through creation of the Cooperative Research Centres program. These initiatives led to some outstanding research outcomes for most of the livestock sectors, which continued during the early decades of the 21st century, including the advent of genomic selection for genetic improvement of production and health traits, and greatly increased attention to public interest issues, particularly animal welfare and environmental protection. The new century has also seen development and application of the ‘One Health’ concept to protect livestock, humans and the environment from exotic infectious diseases, and an accelerating trend towardsprivatisation of extension services. Finally, industry challenges and opportunities are briefly discussed, emphasising those amenable to research, development and extension solutions. Additional keywords: behaviour, genetics, health sciences, meat science, nutrition, reproduction. Received 18 March 2019, accepted 21 June 2019, published online 13 November 2019 Introduction the case for the pastoral industries, where wool, beef, sheep meat Australia’s livestock industries were established over 200 years and dairy production have easily satisfied the domestic demands ago in a diverse range of environments that mostly were totally of a growing and increasingly affluent population and, to varying unfamiliar to immigrant farmers and graziers. Much of the degrees, have developed lucrative export markets. Although subsequent success of the nascent industries in overcoming relatively smaller in global terms, the more intensive pig these environmental and other challenges can be attributed to and poultry industries have also benefited greatly from a scientific community that long has been considered to punch internationally competitive research and development by well above its weight in international circles. This is particularly Australian scientists. AlanW. Bell is Professor Emeritus of AnimalScience at Cornell University, having retired in 2012 after 5 years as Chief of CSIRO Livestock Industries with responsibility for research operations in four Australian states. Previously, he was Chair of the Department of Animal Science at Cornell University from 1997 to 2007, with responsibilities for teaching, research and extension in livestock biology and management. He is internationally knownfor hisresearch on the nutritionalphysiologyof pregnancy,lactationand growthin ruminant livestock and has published more than 150 peer-reviewed original papers and reviews. He continues to be professionally engaged through writing, reviewing, chairing several national scientific committees, and taking the occasional consultancy. Journal compilation Ó CSIRO 2020 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND www.publish.csiro.au/journals/an 194 Animal Production Science A. W. Bell This article tells the story of people and institutions that 1998; Timbury 2013b). This herd of escapees and their progeny have contributed scientifically to the productivity and continued to grow substantially under the protection of Governor economic success of the Australian livestock industries. It Hunter, who ordered Cowpastures to be reserved for this deals not only with the often-stellar scientific achievements of purpose, demonstrating the potential for future development individuals and research groups, but also with visionary of the cattle industry, and presaging the adaptability and leadership that set the scene for these achievements. Missed resilience of Bos indicus genotypes in the Australian pastoral opportunities are also discussed, including the reluctance of environment. academic institutions to embrace greater responsibility for the Subsequent early importation of cattle, sheep and other translation of scientific discovery into industry adoption and livestock to Sydney, and the later spread of pastoralism to the application. In conclusion, some of the present and likely rest of New South Wales (NSW), including the Port future challenges facing the Australian industries are Phillip District and Queensland, and to the other colonies, are identified, especially those that appear to be amenable to comprehensively documented by Parsonson (1998). Thus, scientificsolutions. pastoral runs were established in the central and western Finally, this must be considered a relatively brief, selective regions of present-day NSW soon after the Blue Mountains history that, by specifying certain individuals, institutions, were crossed in 1813, while the first sheep and/or cattle and events and achievements, runs a risk of important omissions. other livestock were shipped to Van Diemen’s Land, the Swan For these the author apologises in advance. River Colony, the Port Phillip District and South Australia in 1803, 1829, 1834 and 1837 respectively. In the late 1830s and A brief history of the Australian livestock industries early 1840s, the first overland drives out of present-day NSW reached the Port Phillip District, South Australia and southern In this section, a brief description will be given of the patterns of Queensland. As a result, by 1860, Australia had total populations development of the major Australian livestock industries from of >15 million sheep and 4 million cattle distributed across much 1788 to the present, with reference to key events, to provide of the present-day pastoral zone, except for far north Queensland, historical background and context to the achievements of the Northern Territory and north-west Western Australia Australia’s animal science community, as discussed in the rest (Henzell 2007). of this article. The author has drawn heavily on several excellent sources, which should be consulted for more detailed and comprehensive accounts of the history of animal agriculture Wool and sheep meat production in Australia (Peel 1986; Parsonson 1998; Henzell 2007). In The new colony’s potential for wool production was recognised particular, the book by Henzell (2007) includes informative early in the 19th century by John and Elizabeth Macarthur, graphical representation of the patterns of growth in animal Samuel Marsden, and Governor King. Through the importing numbers and production volume during the 230 years since of Spanish Merinos and selective breeding, the number and the arrival of the First Fleet. quality of wool sheep grew quickly, such that by the 1830s, wool was Australia’s most valuable export, much of which was Initiation and early distribution consumed by England’s burgeoning textile industry (Garran and The First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay on 24 January 1788 with White 1985; Henzell 2007). During the rest of the 19th century, several hundred livestock. Most were chickens and other species the industry continued to grow, such that by 1890, the national of poultry, but concurring sources also list as many as seven flock totalled 100 million. Merino productivity was enhanced cattle, 44 sheep, 19 goats and 32 pigs, most of which were during the 1860s and 1870s by the breeding efforts of the Peppin purchasedatthe Cape of Good Hopewhile enroutefrom England brothers in the Riverina to create the prototype of the Australian (Parsonson 1998; Timbury 2013a). The Cape native (part Zebu) Merino – a large-framed, plain-bodied sheep with long, soft, fine cattle and fat-tailed sheep would not have a significant influence fleece (Clune 1965; Massy 2007). It was hampered by the on the subsequent genetic development of the cattle and sheep introduction of highly wrinkled Vermont Merinos, as well as industries in the new colony.

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