DOCSLIB.ORG

The Healthiest and Wormiest Ancestral Puebloans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Healthiest and Wormiest Ancestral Puebloans University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 2008 Parasite Pathoecology of Salmon Pueblo and Other Chacoan Great Houses: The eH althiest and Wormiest Ancestral Puebloans Karl Reinhard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Other Public Health Commons, and the Parasitology Commons Reinhard, Karl, "Parasite Pathoecology of Salmon Pueblo and Other Chacoan Great Houses: The eH althiest and Wormiest Ancestral Puebloans" (2008). Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications. 25. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard/25 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in: Chaco’s Northern Prodigies: Salmon, Aztec, and the Ascendancy of the Middle San Juan Region after AD 1100, edited by Paul F. Reed (Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2008), pp. 86-95 & 389-427. Copyright © 2008 The University of Utah Press. 5 Parasite Pathoecology of Salmon Pueblo and Other Chacoan Great Houses The Healthiest and Wormiest Ancestral Puebloans KARL J. REINHARD ARCHAEOPARASITOLOGY AND affected parasitism at Antelope House and Salmon PATHOECOLOGY IN THE SOUTHWEST Ruin is another application ofpathoecology. Two fields of paleopathological investigation orig­ Ancestral Pueblo communities have long been inated in the Southwest. Archaeoparasitology is the focus of archaeoparasitology. Samuels (196S) the study of ancient parasite infection (Reinhard developed the methods for helminth (parasitic 1990, 1992b). It includes comparisons between worm) egg recovery with coprolites from Mesa time periods of single societies as well as compari­ Verde. Subsequently, Stiger (1977) provided the sons of parasitism between different, contempora­ first intersite comparison analysis for sites on Mesa neous cultures. For example, Fry (1980) compared Verde. Fry and his colleagues conducted the first re­ Fremont and Anasazi parasitism, and also Archaic gional comparisons ofparasitism, focusing on Can­ hunter-gatherer and ancestral Pueblo parasit­ yon de Chelly and Glen Canyon (Fry 1977; Fry and ism. All of these studies fall into the definition of Hal1197S, 1986). Fry (1977) also presented the first archaeoparasitology. cross-cultural analysis ofArchaic, ancestral Pueblo, By contrast, pathoecology is the reconstruction and Fremont sites, and pioneered the comparison ofrelationships among behavior, environment, and of parasitism among populations practicing differ­ disease organisms in the development of illness ent subsistence strategies. Building on this previous (Martinson et al. 2003; ReinhardandBuikstra2003; work, I have analyzed the diversity of helminths Reinhardet al. 2003; Santoro et al. 2003).1his field that parasitized ancestral Pueblo peoples (Rein­ developed from the need for fine-grained analysis hard 1985a, 1985b, 198sc, 1990; Reinhard et al. ofprehistoric ecological and behavioral conditions 1987). By 1985, archaeoparsitologists had identi­ to assess factors that affected disease. Pathoecologi­ fied eight species of helminth that infected ances­ cal interpretation depends on archaeological infor­ tral Puebloans (Figure S.I). mation regarding parasitism, community size, trade Aidan Cockburn's insight into the origins of patterns, water sourceS, subsistence practices, envi­ disease influenced the development of pathoecol­ ronment, medicinal use, and many other topics. Al­ ogy in the archaeoparasitology of ancestral Pueblo though the term is new, pathoecology developed sites. Cockburn (1967, 1971) argued that the evolu­ over several decades. I view EI-Naijar et al.'s (1976) tion of infectious diseases followed human evo­ study of ancestral Pueblo anemia as the first patho­ lution and the development of human cultures. ecology study. Perhaps the most advanced exam­ Inspired by Cockburn, Reinhard (198Sa) compared ple ofpathoecology is Stodder and Martin's (1992) the parasitic state of Colorado Plateau Archaic multifactorial perspective on ancestral Pueblo dis­ peoples to ancestral Pueblo an sites. He verified ease. My study (Reinhard 1996) of the factors that Cockburn's hypothesis that occasional infections 86 Parasite Pathoecology ~stercoralis n=3(0.6%) Strongylate worm I n=7(1.4%) FIGURE 5.1. Diagram showing the wide spectrum of parasites that infected ancestral Puebloans. in hunter-gatherers became major health hazards vermicularis) prevalence in coprolites (Reinhard in agricultural populations. Reinhard (1988) pre­ 1988). The pinworm was chosen as an indicator of sented anumberofpathoecological findings regard­ general infectious disease because it is transferred ing the development ofparasitic disease in ancestral by person-to-person and by environmental con­ Puebloans relative to earli~r hunter-gatherers. Para­ tamination (Figure 5.3). sitism was limited in hunter-gatherers due to small Over millions of years of mutual evolution band size, band mobility, diffuse regional popula­ with hominids and modern humans, pinworms tions, and the presence of natural anti-helminthics have evolved multiple routes of infection, includ­ (worm poisons) in hunter-gatherer diets. Hunter­ ing anal-oral, hand-to-hand, and airborne routes. gatherer parasitism was promoted by the consump­ Pinworms are exceptionally remarkable among tion of uncooked meat and insects. Parasitism human parasites because the female worm wrig­ was promoted in ancestral Puebloan communi­ gles out of the anus of her host at night to scatter ties by contaminated water sources, concentrated her eggs. Once outside of the intestine, she dis­ populations, a more sedentary lifestyle, crowded perses eggs by two different mechanisms. Two (apartment-style) living conditions, establishment types of eggs are produced in two parts of the pin­ oflarge latrines, activities centered on water (agri­ worm uterus: light and heavy. Heavy eggs are laid culture), and activities that expanded wetlands (in­ on the perianal folds with an irritant excretion. eluding irrigation ofall types). The resulting itching (pruritis) and nocturnal host By the 1990S, Reinhard (1992a) had identi­ scratching transfers the infective eggs to the host fied wide variation in parasitism among ancestral fingers. Other eggs are distributed by aerosol when Pueblo villages (Figure 5.2). At some settlements, the female's desiccated body bursts, which releases parasitism was controlled, but others were over­ thousands of light eggs into the air. Ultimately, whelmed by their pathogens. This topic was ex­ these light eggs contaminate the environment, plored with a comparison of pinworm (Enterobius settling on food, in water, and throughout the KARL J. REINHARD -----I I I , L- I I Colorado i Utah , 1- __ , 21%• . ,• New I Mexico FIGURE 5.2. Map showing variation in percentages of pinworm parasitism among ancestral Pueblo villages. Eggs are transferred by direct contact between humans and by t­ Inhalation ot eggs in air currents. "" Noctural egg-laying results in retrointection as some eggs hatch and larvae enter the same host used by the mother worm. FIGURE 5.3. Diagram showing modes of pinworm transmission to human hosts. habitation. How long these eggs remain infective perinanal region, and the larvae wriggle back into depends on warmth and humidity. In general, even the host. Hand-to-hand transfer of the eggs occurs in arid environments, human habitations have an when humans interact upon waking. Autoinfec­ elevated humidity. Thus, several infection routes tion occurs when humans eat food contaminated result from the pinworms' nocturnal excursions. with the eggs from their own hands. Airborne in­ Retroinfection occurs when the eggs hatch on the fection occurs when humans inhale the eggs, or 88 Parasite Pathoecology 30 Q) u c Canyon de Chelly Q) • -co Chaco Canyon 20 • Q)> a.... E .. Inscription House 0 10 • C Salmon Ruin -a..• • at 01---~~---P--.-~~-.--~--~~---t 40 50 70 80 90 0/0 Porotic Hyperostosis Prevalence FIGURE 5.4. Graph comparing pinworm parasitism with porotic hyperostosis prevalence for several southwestern locales. The chart shows that the prevalence ofpinworm parasitism covaried with porotic hyperostosis prevalence at ancestral Pueblo sites where both coprolites and skdetons were studied (Reinhard 1992.a). when the air dissemination of eggs results in the sance, but reflects a serious health risk, particu­ contamination offood and water. Ofcourse, other larly when one considers that other pathogens are pathogens follow the same hand-to-hand, hand­ spread by the same means. to-mouth, and aerosol routes as pinworm infec­ Reinhard (1992a) showed that the prevalence of tion. Therefore, high rates of pinworm prevalence pinworm parasitism covaried with porotic hyper­ suggest high rates of infection by other pathogens ostosis prevalence at ancestral Pueblo sites where that are passed through the same modes of infec­ both coprolite and skeletons were studied (Figure tion (see Figure 5.1). 5.4). Porotic hyperostosis is an indicator of gen­ Some ancestral Pueblo communities were ex­ eral skeletal pathology that has been used to assess tremely parasitized. In fact, some
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Elevated Perespectives.Pdf
    E levated perspectives the ultimate time-lapse photography project By Maxine McBrinn 50 El Palacio NE LATE JANUARY MORNING, I WAS research. They were originally stored at the institution’s treated to an aerial overview of the greater headquarters and sometime later were sent to the Labora- Santa Fe region, flying with pilot-photogra- tory of Anthropology. Before 1929 and on through the 1940s, pher Adriel Heisey. His work is featured in Kidder was associated with both the Carnegie Institution and the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture’s the Lab. He served on the Lab’s board and often advised its Oexhibition Oblique Views: Archaeology, Photography, and Time administrators and researchers on a variety of topics. At some alongside images of the northern Southwest and Rio Grande point, Kidder or someone else at the Carnegie Institution created by Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh in 1929. must have decided that the Lindberghs’ aerial photos would It was a lovely morning, bright and breezy, the latest snow be most useful in Santa Fe, then as now a center for south- gone from all but the most shadowed spots. As we flew over western archaeology. the Sangre de Cristo mountain range toward Pecos National The Lindberghs’ aerial photographs offer a rare look at the Monument and the archaeological site of Pecos Pueblo, I found condition of the sites, towns, villages, and pueblos as well myself having trouble identifying exactly where we were. as the landscape around them. Not surprisingly, things have Many of my usual, ground-based landscape markers were changed since 1929.
    [Show full text]
  • The Primary Architecture of the Chacoan Culture
    9 The Primary Architecture of the Chacoan Culture A Cosmological Expression Anna Sofaer TUDIES BY THE SOLSTICE PROJECT indicate that the solar-and-lunar regional pattern that is symmetri- Smajor buildings of the ancient Chacoan culture cally ordered about Chaco Canyon’s central com- of New Mexico contain solar and lunar cosmology plex of large ceremonial buildings (Sofaer, Sinclair, in three separate articulations: their orientations, and Williams 1987). These findings suggest a cos- internal geometry, and geographic interrelation- mological purpose motivating and directing the ships were developed in relationship to the cycles construction and the orientation, internal geome- of the sun and moon. try, and interrelationships of the primary Chacoan From approximately 900 to 1130, the Chacoan architecture. society, a prehistoric Pueblo culture, constructed This essay presents a synthesis of the results of numerous multistoried buildings and extensive several studies by the Solstice Project between 1984 roads throughout the eighty thousand square kilo- and 1997 and hypotheses about the conceptual meters of the arid San Juan Basin of northwestern and symbolic meaning of the Chacoan astronomi- New Mexico (Cordell 1984; Lekson et al. 1988; cal achievements. For certain details of Solstice Pro- Marshall et al. 1979; Vivian 1990) (Figure 9.1). ject studies, the reader is referred to several earlier Evidence suggests that expressions of the Chacoan published papers.1 culture extended over a region two to four times the size of the San Juan Basin (Fowler and Stein Background 1992; Lekson et al. 1988). Chaco Canyon, where most of the largest buildings were constructed, was The Chacoan buildings were of a huge scale and the center of the culture (Figures 9.2 and 9.3).
    [Show full text]
  • Chaco Culture
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Chaco Culture Chaco Culture N.H.P. Chaco Canyon Place Names In 1849, Lieutenant James Simpson, a member of the Washington Expedition, surveyed many areas throughout the Southwest. He described and reported on many ancestral Puebloan and Navajo archaeological sites now associated with Chaco Culture NHP. Simpson used the names given to him by Carravahal, a local guide, for many of the sites. These are the names that we use today. However, the Pueblo Peoples of NM, the Hopi of AZ, and the Navajo, have their own names for many of these places. Some of these names have been omitted due to their sacred and non-public nature. Many of the names listed here are Navajo since the Navajo have lived in the canyon most recently and continue to live in the area. These names often reveal how the Chacoan sites have been incorporated into the culture, history, and oral histories of the Navajo people. There are also different names for the people who lived here 1,000 years ago. The people who lived in Chaco were probably diverse groups of people. “Anasazi” is a Navajo word which translates to “ancient ones” or “ancient enemies.” Today, we refer to this group as the “Ancestral Puebloans” because many of the descendents of Chaco are the Puebloan people. However there are many groups that speak their own languages and have their own names for the ancient people here. “Ancestral Puebloans” is a general term that accounts for this. Chaco-A map drawn in 1776 by Spanish cartographer, Bernardo de Pacheco identifies this area as “Chaca” which is a Spanish colonial word commonly used to mean “a large expanse of open and unexplored land, desert, plain, or prairie.” The term “Chaca” is believed to be the origin of both the word Chacra in reference to Chacra Mesa and Chaco.
    [Show full text]
  • Aztec Ruins National Monument General Management Plan
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Aztec Ruins National Monument New Mexico General Management Plan and Environmental Assessment The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefi ts of natural and cultural resources conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world. GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN/ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Aztec Ruins National Monument San Juan County, New Mexico February 2010 This document is the General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment for Aztec Ruins National Monument. A general management plan (GMP) describes the general approach the National Park Service intends to follow in managing this national monument over the next 15 to 20 years. The general management plan portion of this document identifi es the monument’s purpose, signifi cance, and fundamental resources and values (Chapter 1), followed by three alternative ways to manage cultural and natural resources, visitor experience, and facilities to preserve these important resources and values (Chapter 2). Alternative 1 is the “no-action alternative” that provides a baseline against which to evaluate the other alternatives; it would result in continuation of current management practices into the future. Alternative 2 would expand resource management and visitor opportunities beyond the West Ruin to areas such as East Ruin and North Ruin. Alternative 3 would also expand resource management and visitor opportunities, and further emphasize outreach and partnerships and the intertwined future of both the monument and its surrounding environment in achieving common goals.
    [Show full text]
  • La Plata Cliffs Offers a Very Unique Opportunity for a Unique Opportunity a Very for La Plata Cliffs Offers Enthusiast
    La Plata Cliffs offers a very unique opportunity for a a very unique opportunity for La Plata Cliffs offers enthusiast. Culture American visionary or Native LA PLATA CLIFFS RANCH MARKETERS ranchmarketers.com PROPERTY BRIEF $3,978,000 NEW 369 ACRES FARMINGTON , NEW MEXICO SAN JUAN COUNTY The Four Corners area has an incredible history and is home to some of the most astounding Native American sites. Dead center of these sites lies Farmington, New Native American Mexico and adjacent to the city limits lies La Plata Cliffs. La Plata Cliffs offers a very Culture Enthusiast unique opportunity for a visionary or Native American Culture enthusiast. The Four Corners area has an San Juan County New Mexico and the incorporated cities of Farmington, Aztec, incredible history and is home to and Bloomfield (Three Rivers area) are uniquely located in the geographic center of some of the most astounding historically significant sites in the Four Corners Area of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Native American sites. Colorado. The incredible ruins and cliff dwellings of the “Ancients” in the area were the homes of the ancestors of today’s Pueblo Indians who are now mostly concentrated in Pueblos along the Rio Grande River and its tributaries in north-central New Mexico and the Zuni in western New Mexico and Hopi in Arizona. The mystic and cultural draw of New Mexico’s Land of Enchantment and towns like Santa Fe and Taos are intimately tied to the present-day descendants of the “Ancients” or Anasazi. However, there is nowhere that has made a complete connection between the “Ancients” and the present.
    [Show full text]
  • Pottery Southwest
    POTTERY SOUTHWEST Volume 32, No. 1 MARCH 2016 SPRING 2016 ISSN 0738-8020 MISSION STATEMENT Pottery Southwest, a scholarly journal devoted to the prehistoric and historic pottery of the Greater Southwest (http://www.unm.edu/~psw/), provides a venue for students, professional, and avocational archaeologists in which to publish scholarly articles as well as providing an opportunity to share questions and answers. Published by the Albuquerque Archaeological Society since 1974, Pottery Southwest is available free of charge on its website which is hosted by the Maxwell Museum of the University of New Mexico. CONTENTS Page Human Effigy Vessels from Chaco Culture Outlying Communities Hayward H. Franklin and Lori S. Reed .....................................................................2-19 Addendum to Franklin and Reed Peter J. McKenna ................................................................................................... 19-22 CDs Available from the Albuquerque Archaeological Society ....................................... 23-24 How to Submit Papers and Inquiries ................................................................................... 25 Order Form for Archival CDs of Pottery Southwest and AAS ........................................... 26 Editorial Board: Kelley Hays-Gilpin, Hayward Franklin, M. Patricia Lee, editor Peter J. McKenna, David Phillips, Kari Schleher, Marc Thompson, and Christine S. VanPool. Pottery Southwest is a non-profit journal of the Albuquerque Archaeological Society HUMAN EFFIGY VESSELS FROM CHACO
    [Show full text]
  • Pinworm Infection at Salmon Ruins and Aztec Ruins: Relation to Pueblo III Regional Violence
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 12-2019 Pinworm Infection at Salmon Ruins and Aztec Ruins: Relation to Pueblo III Regional Violence Karl Reinhard Morgana Camacho Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Other Public Health Commons, and the Parasitology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/ Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ISSN (Print) 0023-4001 ISSN (Online) 1738-0006 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 57, No. 6: 627-633, December 2019 ▣ BRIEF COMMUNICATION https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.627 Pinworm Infection at Salmon Ruins and Aztec Ruins: Relation to Pueblo III Regional Violence 1 2, Karl J Reinhard , Morgana Camacho * 1School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA; 2Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abstract: The study of coprolites has been a theme of archaeology in the American Southwest. A feature of archaeopar- asitology on the Colorado Plateau is the ubiquity of pinworm infection. As a crowd parasite, this ubiquity signals varying concentrations of populations. Our recent analysis of coprolite deposits from 2 sites revealed the highest prevalence of infection ever recorded for the region. For Salmon Ruins, the deposits date from AD 1140 to 1280.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon
    The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon Chaco Matters An Introduction Stephen H. Lekson Chaco Canyon, in northwestern New Mexico, was a great Pueblo center of the eleventh and twelfth centuries A.D. (figures 1.1 and 1.2; refer to plate 2). Its ruins represent a decisive time and place in the his- tory of “Anasazi,” or Ancestral Pueblo peoples. Events at Chaco trans- formed the Pueblo world, with philosophical and practical implications for Pueblo descendents and for the rest of us. Modern views of Chaco vary: “a beautiful, serene place where everything was provided by the spirit helpers” (S. Ortiz 1994:72), “a dazzling show of wealth and power in a treeless desert” (Fernandez-Armesto 2001:61), “a self-inflicted eco- logical disaster” (Diamond 1992:332). Chaco, today, is a national park. Despite difficult access (20 miles of dirt roads), more than seventy-five thousand people visit every year. Chaco is featured in compendiums of must-see sights, from AAA tour books, to archaeology field guides such as America’s Ancient Treasures (Folsom and Folsom 1993), to the Encyclopedia of Mysterious Places (Ingpen and Wilkinson 1990). In and beyond the Southwest, Chaco’s fame manifests in more substantial, material ways. In Albuquerque, New Mexico, the structure of the Pueblo Indian Cultural COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 3 Stephen H. Lekson Figure 1.1 The Chaco region. Center mimics precisely Pueblo Bonito, the most famous Chaco ruin. They sell Chaco (trademark!) sandals in Paonia, Colorado, and brew Chaco Canyon Ale (also trademark!) in Lincoln, Nebraska. The beer bottle features the Sun Dagger solstice marker, with three beams of light striking a spiral petroglyph, presumably indicating that it is five o’clock somewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    16_587764 bindex.qxp 5/1/07 10:05 PM Page 832 832 Index A Albuquerque International A1A Aleworks (St. Augustine, AAA (American Automobile Balloon Fiesta (NM), 788 FL), 280 Association), 9–10, 25 Albuquerque Museum of Art Apartment rentals, New traveler’s checks, 14 and History (NM), 794 York City, 61 Abbey Lounge (Boston, MA), Alcoholic beverages, 20 Aquarius (San Francisco, 157–158 Alibates Flint Quarries CA), 651 Abbott Farms (Cowpens, SC), National Monument Aquatennial (Minneapolis, 380 (TX), 780 MN), 399 INDEX Abercorn Antique Village Allergens, 21–22 Arabia Steamboat Museum (Savannah, GA), 288 All Good Music Festival (Kansas City, MO), 421 Abiel Smith School (Boston, (Masontown, WV), The Arboretum at Flagstaff MA), 159 43, 99–102 (AZ), 520–521 Abode Apartment Rentals All-terrain vehicle tours, Arcata, CA, 660 (New York City), 61 Palms Springs, CA, 585 Arches National Park (UT), Absolutli Goosed (St. Louis, Amarillo, TX, 768–781 494–497 MO), 745 Amarillo Museum of Art Area 51 (NV), 573–575 Access-Able Travel Source, 36 (TX), 779 Area 51 Research Center (NV), Accessible Journeys, 36 Amarillo Zoo (TX), 779 574–575 Accidents, 24–25 The American Dime Museum Arizona Snowbowl, 523 Accommodations, 10, 11, 64 (Baltimore, MD), 83 The Ark (Point Pleasant tips on, 28–33 American Express traveler’s Beach, NJ), 206 Ace of Clubs House checks, 13 Arrow Bar (San Francisco, (Texarkana, AR), 342 American Foundation for the CA), 655 Acorn Attic (Wilmington, Blind (AFB), 36 The Arts and Antiques Show NC), 309 American Indian Festival (Wilmington, NC),
    [Show full text]
  • New Discoveries Nearcahokia
    THE ROLE OF ROCK ART • SEEING THE BEST OF THE SOUTHWEST • UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY SPRING 2011 americanamericana quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancyarchaeologyarchaeology Vol. 15 No. 1 NEW DISCOVERIES NEAR CAHOKIA $3.95 SPRING 2011 americana quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancyarchaeology Vol. 15 No. 1 COVER FEATURE 12 THE BEGINNINGS OF URBANISM? BY SUSAN CABA Was Cahokia a prehistoric metropolis? 24 The discovery of a large adjacent community has convinced some archaeologists that it was. 19 THE STORIES UNDER THE SEA BY AMY GREEN A maritime archaeology program is uncovering details of the history of St. Augustine, America’s oldest port city. 24 THE BEST OF THE SOUTHWEST BY NANCY ZIMMERMAN Come along on one of the Conservancy’s most popular tours. 32 REVEALING THE ROLE OF ROCK ART BY LINDA MARSA MER Researchers in California are trying to determine L PAL L E the purpose of these ancient images. A H C MI 7 38 THE STORY OF FORT ST. JOSEPH BY MICHAEL BAWAYA The investigation of a 17th-century French fort in southwest Michigan is uncovering the story of French colonialism in this region. 44 new acquisition A PIECE OF CHEROKEE HISTORY The Conservancy signs an option for a significant Cherokee town site. 46 new acquisition PRESERVING AN EARLY ARCHAIC CEMETERY The Sloan site offers a picture of life and death more than 10,000 years ago. 47 new acquisition THE CONSERVANCY PARTNERS TO OBTAIN NINTH WISCONSIN PRESERVE The Case Archaeological District contains several prehistoric sites. 48 new acquisition A GLIMPSE OF THE MIDDLE ARCHAIC PERIOD The Plum Creek site could reveal more information about this time.
    [Show full text]
  • Chaco's Place in the Formalized Landscape.Pdf
    CHACO’S PLACE IN THE FORMALIZED LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND SURVEYING OF LARGE SCALE GEOMETRIES AS Hopi ceremonial instrument RITUAL PRACTICE DENNIS DOXTATER - UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA Biographic Note The author is a licensed architect with professional academic and practice experience in architecture and landscape architecture. A professional Bachelor of Architecture is from the University of Washington, Seattle, with a M.A. in Socio-Cultural Anthropology at the same institution. A Doctor of Architecture comes from an interdisciplinary program at the University of Michigan. Present status is Professor Emeritus in the College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture at the University of Arizona. The ancestral Doxtater name is Oneida Indian. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 READING THIS BOOK FROM DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS 3 Social organization 3 Introducing probability comparisons between existing and random patterns 4 “Reading” the design analyses 6 A note to archaeologists 9 1. Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Formalized Large Scale Ritual 11 Frameworks in the Landscape Shamanistic use of “web” structures in the landscape 11 Ritually used cross frameworks in the larger landscape 26 Archaeological interpretations of the interim between shamanistic and 32 historic landscapes Possible origins of ritual landscape cross structures on the Southern Colorado 39 Plateau 2. Probability Comparisons: Alignment Involvement of Great Kiva 51 Locations Existing literature on random comparisons 51 Influence of large scale natural topography on alignments 52 Natural features used in the analysis 57 Locations of great kiva sites 58 Comparing BMIII/PI and PII/PIII 70 3. A Surveyed East Meridian and First Triadic Structure of Chaco 79 The first built ceremonial site as mediator of a large scale bipolar line 84 Intercardinal axes and a triadic ritual definition in Chaco Canyon 86 Great kiva linkage to the landscape: “villages” in the West 93 PROBABILITY TEST: THE MOUNT WILSON MERIDIAN 97 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Archeological Surveys of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
    I D-20 I STOR GE I Arch logic S ve 0 I ~haco Canyon I I I I I I I I I I I I I DENVER SERVICE CENTER NATIONAL PARK SERVICE I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I \t1~ I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I P ueblo Bonito, looking across Chaco Wash towards South Gap. I I I I I I I I I I, I I I I I I I I I I I &If~IID®@n@@fi~tIDn ~llilIfW®~ @f! I Chaco Canyon I ~®\W ~®~fi~@ I I ~------------------------------------------------~ I I Alden C. Hayes David M. Brugge I W. James Judge I I I Publications in Archeology 18A Chaco Canyon Studies I National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior I Washington, D.C. 1981 I I I I I I I As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart­ ment of the Interior has responsibility for most of our na­ tionally owned public lands and natural resources. This I includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water re­ sources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the en­ vironmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our I mineral resources and works to assure that their develop­ ment is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reser­ vation communities and for people who live in Island Ter­ I ritories under United States administration.
    [Show full text]