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Seasonal Abundance of Defoliating Lepidopterous Larvae and Predaceous Arthropods and Simulated Defoliator Damage to Peanuts

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SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF DEFOLIATING LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE AND PREDACEOUS ARTHROPODS AND SIMULATED DEFOLIATOR DAMAGE TO PEANUTS By JOHN ROBERT MANGOLD A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1979 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge his sincere apprecia- tion to Dr. S. L. Poe, research advisor and chairman, for his patience and assistance throughout the course of this study. Special appreciation is extended to the supervisory committee, Drs. J. W. Jones, C. A. Musgrave, D. H. Habeck, and C. S. Barfield for advice and critical reviews of the dissertation The author wishes to express his gratitude to the Department of Entomology and Nematology and in particular to Stephanie Burgess, Gail Childs, Micky Ilartnett, Donna Labella, Mike Linker, Carol Lippicott, John O'Bannon, Randy Stoutt, and John Wood for help with field work. The author also wishes to thank Dr. Habeck for identif cation of lepidopterous larvae, Skip (Paul) Choate for identification of Caribidae, and Roger Hetzman for identifi cation of Geometridae. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES ^ LIST OF FIGURES • ABSTRACT '^iii INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Foliage Consuming Lepidopterous Pests 5 Predaceous Arthropods Associated with Peanuts ... 9 Spatial Distributions of Arthropods 9 Effects of Defoliation on Plant Growth and yield. H SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF DEFOLIATING LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE ' IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA PEANUTS 1976-1978 21 Introduction 21 Materials and Methods 22 Results and Discussion 23 SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF PREDACEOUS ARTHROPODS IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA PEANUTS 1976-1978 56 Introduction 56 Materials and Methods 57 Results and Discussion 58 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DEFOLIATING LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE ON PEANUTS 72 Introduction 72 Materials and Methods 73 Results and Discussion 74 EFFECTS OF UNIFORM HAND DEFOLIATION OF PEANUTS ON PLANT GROWTH 78 Introduction 78 Materials and Methods Results and Discussion iii APPENDIX LITERATURE CITED BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Characteristics of peanut fields used in 30 survey, Alachua County, Florida , 1976-1978 2. Relative abundance of lepidopterous larvae associated with Alachua County, Florida, 'Florunner' peanuts 1976-1978 31 3. Relative abundance of predaceous arthropods associated with Alachua County, Florida, •Florunner' peanuts 1976-1978 66 4. Correlation coefficients between lepidopterous foliage feeding larvae and predaceous arthro- pods on Alachua County 'Florunner' peanuts 67 5. Percentage fit of counts of foliage consuming lepidopterous larvae to expected frequency distributions, 1976-1978 76 6. Average percent light interception of intact and defoliated 'Florunner' peanut canopies 88 after defoliation . 7. Regression equations of pod and crop weights of intact and defoliated 'Florunner' peanut canopies ^9 8. Specific leaf weight (SLW) of peanut leaves from intact and defoliated 'Florunner' peanut canopies in relation to weeks after planting 90 9. Effect of defoliation of 8 week-old 'Florunner' peanut plants on plant parts, 2 weeks post- treatment 91 10. Effect of defoliation of 'Florunner' peanut plants on plant parts at 19 weeks 92 11. Dry weight of leaves from intact and defoliated 'Florunner' peanut plants 2 weeks after defol- iation 93 12. Solar radiation, temperature, rainfall and irrigation during growing season, 1978 98 V LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Location of Alachua County , Florida, peanut fields sampled in survey of peanut arthropods, 1976-1978 33 2. Mean' numbers of FAW , CEW , and VBC larvae sampled from Alachua County, Florida, peanuts 1976-1978. Breaks in lines indicate dates of insecticide application 3. Mean numbers of FAW larvae sampled from Alachua County, Florida, 'Florunner' peanuts, 1976-1978 4. Mean numbers of CEW larvae sampled from Alachua County, Florida, ' Florunner ' peanuts, 1976-1978 45 5. Mean numbers of VBC larvae sampled from Alachua County, Florida, ' Florunner ' peanuts, ". 1976-1978. 47 6. Mean numbers of VBC, FAW. and CEW larvae sampled from various age of Alachua County, Florida, 'Florunner' peanuts, 1976-1978 7. Mean numbers of Plusiinae looper larvae sampled from Alachua County, Florida, 'Florunner' peanuts, 1976-1978 8. Mean numbers of GCW larvae sampled from Alachua County, Florida, 'Florunner' peanuts, 1976-1978. ... 53 9. Mean numbers of BAW larvae sampled from Alachua County, Florida, 'Florunner' peanuts, 1976-1978. ... 55 10. Mean numbers of ants, spiders, and L. riparia sampled from Alachua County, Florida, 'Florunner' peanuts, 1976-1978 69 11. Mean numbers of Geo cor is spp., nabids, and 0. insidiosus adults sampled from Alachua County, Florida, 'Florunner' peanuts, 1976-1978 71 vi Fi gure Page 12. Quadratic regression of percent light inter- ception to LAI of defoliated and intact peanut canopies, ** significant at 'v =0.01 level, and * significant at rT=0.05 level 95 13. Dry matter accumulation in peanut plant parts in relation to weeks after defoliation. Pod weight is adjusted by factor of 1.88 X kernel weight 97 vii Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF DEFOLIATING LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE AND PREDACEOUS ARTHROPODS AND SIMULATED DEFOLIATION DAMAGE TO PEANUTS By John Robert Mangold December, 1979 Chairman: Sidney L. Poe Major Department: Entomology and Nematology A survey of lepidopterous larvae on north central Florida peanuts detected 27 species during 1976-1978. The most abun- dant larvae were velvetbean caterpillar, Ant icarsia gemmatalis (Hubner), fall armyworm, Spodoptera f rugiperda (J. E. Smith), corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), Plusiinae loopers, granulate cutworm, Felt ia subterranea (Fabricius) , and beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Only the former 3 species of larvae reached damaging levels. Fall armyworm larvae were most abundant during mid-July to early August when peanuts were 12-17 weeks old. Corn ear- worm larvae were most numerous in mid-July when peanuts were ca. 12 weeks old. During August through early October velvet- bean caterpillar larvae were most abundant on peanuts 15-17 weeks old. The most abundant and important predators surveyed in peanuts were ants, spiders, Labidura r ipar ia (Pallas), viii beetles. Geocoris spp. nabids, Orius insidiosus , and ground Ants were abundant and probably important predators through- out the season. Spiders were common predators for the entire season. Labidura riparia numbers increased rapidly during the season to greatest numbers at the season's end. Geocoris spp. and nabids were abundant from mid-August to September then declined in number late in the season. Peak abundance of 0. insidiosus occurred during mid-June and early July, then declined sharply. Correlation coefficients between predators and foliage feeding larvae indicated nabid abundance was closely associ- riparia ated with velvetbean caterpillar numbers. Spiders, L. , Geocoris spp. and 0. insidiosus were also associated with larval numbers. The spatial distributions of fall armyworm, corn earworm, velvetbean caterpillar, Plusiinae loopers, and granulate cut- worm were fit to 6 frequency distribution models. The common k values calculated for the 5 species were 3.93, 5.20, 7.27, 2.57, and 3.58 respectively. Only the first 2 common k 2 values significantly fit (P==0.05) a test for homogenity of k. Uniform hand defoliation of peanut canopies at 4 levels reduced yield of peanuts. Increases in specific leaf weight and decreases in light interception of defoliated canopies were recorded. Quadratic regressions of light interception as a function of leaf area index were calculated for defoli- atai and intact canopies. Plants defoliated 75% at 8 and 11 weeks after planting compensated for defoliation by growing ix significantly more leaves than undef oliated plants. Plants defoliated 75% at 8 weeks also decreased stem growth. De- foliation also reduced crop and pod growth rates of defoli- ated plants compared to undefoliated plants. X INTRODUCTION The increasing world population has focused our atten- tion on high protein food plants among which is Arachis hypogea L., the groundnut or peanut. Leading producers of peanuts by acreage are: India 35%, China 15%, United States 8%, Nigeria 8%, and Senegal 7% (Janick et al . 1974). Approximately 650,000 ha of peanuts are produced annually in the United States. Peanuts rank ninth in acreage among major field crops and second in dollar value per acre in the United States (McGill et al . 1974). The distribution of peanut acreage allotments in the United States is: Georgia 33%, Texas 23%, Alabama 14%, North Carolina 11%, Oklahoma 9%, Virginia 7%, Florida 4%, and South Carolina 1% (McGill et al. 1974). Peanuts are one of many crops in Florida's diversified agriculture. The Florida peanut acreage is ca. 22,270 ha of which 3,080 ha are in the state's north central peanut growing belt centered in Alachua, Levy, and Marion Counties (USDA 1977). Most insecticide applications on peanuts in the south- eastern United States are made to control foliage consuming lepidopterous larvae (French 1973). Pilot pest management programs have demonstrated that insecticide usage can be 1 2 substantially reduced with weekly population assessment and economic thresholds as a guideline for insecticide applica- tion (French 1975), The economic thresholds currently in use
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