ISO/IEC 14496-22:2009/Amd.2:2012(E)
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UNIT 2 Braille
Mathematics Enhancement Programme Codes and UNIT 2 Braille Lesson Plan 1 Braille Ciphers Activity Notes T: Teacher P: Pupil Ex.B: Exercise Book 1 Introduction T: What code, designed more than 150 years ago, is still used Whole class interactive extensively today? discussion. T: The system of raised dots which enables blind people to read was Ps might also suggest Morse code designed in 1833 by a Frenchman, Louis Braille. or semaphore. Does anyone know how it works? Ps might have some ideas but are T: Braille uses a system of dots, either raised or not, arranged in unlikely to know that Braille uses 3 rows and 2 columns. a 32× configuration. on whiteboard Here are some possible codes: ape (WB). T puts these three Braille letters on WB. T: What do you notice? (They use different numbers of dots) T: We will find out how many possible patterns there are. 10 mins 2 Number of patterns T: How can we find out how many patterns there are? Response will vary according to (Find as many as possible) age and ability. T: OK – but let us be systematic in our search. What could we first find? (All patterns with one dot) T: Good; who would like to display these on the board? P(s) put possible solutions on the board; T stresses the logical search for these. Agreement. Praising. (or use OS 2.1) T: Working in your exercise books (with squared paper), now find all possible patterns with just 2 dots. T: How many have you found? Allow about 5 minutes for this before reviewing. -
Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
A New Research Resource for Optical Recognition of Embossed and Hand-Punched Hindi Devanagari Braille Characters: Bharati Braille Bank
I.J. Image, Graphics and Signal Processing, 2015, 6, 19-28 Published Online May 2015 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.org/) DOI: 10.5815/ijigsp.2015.06.03 A New Research Resource for Optical Recognition of Embossed and Hand-Punched Hindi Devanagari Braille Characters: Bharati Braille Bank Shreekanth.T Research Scholar, JSS Research Foundation, Mysore, India. Email: [email protected] V.Udayashankara Professor, Department of IT, SJCE, Mysore, India. Email: [email protected] Abstract—To develop a Braille recognition system, it is required to have the stored images of Braille sheets. This I. INTRODUCTION paper describes a method and also the challenges of Braille is a language for the blind to read and write building the corpora for Hindi Devanagari Braille. A few through the sense of touch. Braille is formatted to a Braille databases and commercial software's are standard size by Frenchman Louis Braille in 1825.Braille obtainable for English and Arabic Braille languages, but is a system of raised dots arranged in cells. Any none for Indian Braille which is popularly known as Bharathi Braille. However, the size and scope of the combination of one to six dots may be raised within each English and Arabic Braille language databases are cell and the number and position of the raised dots within a cell convey to the reader the letter, word, number, or limited. Researchers frequently develop and self-evaluate symbol the cell exemplifies. There are 64 possible their algorithm based on the same private data set and combinations of raised dots within a single cell. -
5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
The Fontspec Package Font Selection for XƎLATEX and Lualatex
The fontspec package Font selection for XƎLATEX and LuaLATEX Will Robertson and Khaled Hosny [email protected] 2013/05/12 v2.3b Contents 7.5 Different features for dif- ferent font sizes . 14 1 History 3 8 Font independent options 15 2 Introduction 3 8.1 Colour . 15 2.1 About this manual . 3 8.2 Scale . 16 2.2 Acknowledgements . 3 8.3 Interword space . 17 8.4 Post-punctuation space . 17 3 Package loading and options 4 8.5 The hyphenation character 18 3.1 Maths fonts adjustments . 4 8.6 Optical font sizes . 18 3.2 Configuration . 5 3.3 Warnings .......... 5 II OpenType 19 I General font selection 5 9 Introduction 19 9.1 How to select font features 19 4 Font selection 5 4.1 By font name . 5 10 Complete listing of OpenType 4.2 By file name . 6 font features 20 10.1 Ligatures . 20 5 Default font families 7 10.2 Letters . 20 6 New commands to select font 10.3 Numbers . 21 families 7 10.4 Contextuals . 22 6.1 More control over font 10.5 Vertical Position . 22 shape selection . 8 10.6 Fractions . 24 6.2 Math(s) fonts . 10 10.7 Stylistic Set variations . 25 6.3 Miscellaneous font select- 10.8 Character Variants . 25 ing details . 11 10.9 Alternates . 25 10.10 Style . 27 7 Selecting font features 11 10.11 Diacritics . 29 7.1 Default settings . 11 10.12 Kerning . 29 7.2 Changing the currently se- 10.13 Font transformations . 30 lected features . -
Linguistic Study About the Origins of the Aegean Scripts
Anistoriton Journal, vol. 15 (2016-2017) Essays 1 Cretan Hieroglyphics The Ornamental and Ritual Version of the Cretan Protolinear Script The Cretan Hieroglyphic script is conventionally classified as one of the five Aegean scripts, along with Linear-A, Linear-B and the two Cypriot Syllabaries, namely the Cypro-Minoan and the Cypriot Greek Syllabary, the latter ones being regarded as such because of their pictographic and phonetic similarities to the former ones. Cretan Hieroglyphics are encountered in the Aegean Sea area during the 2nd millennium BC. Their relationship to Linear-A is still in dispute, while the conveyed language (or languages) is still considered unknown. The authors argue herein that the Cretan Hieroglyphic script is simply a decorative version of Linear-A (or, more precisely, of the lost Cretan Protolinear script that is the ancestor of all the Aegean scripts) which was used mainly by the seal-makers or for ritual usage. The conveyed language must be a conservative form of Sumerian, as Cretan Hieroglyphic is strictly associated with the original and mainstream Minoan culture and religion – in contrast to Linear-A which was used for several other languages – while the phonetic values of signs have the same Sumerian origin as in Cretan Protolinear. Introduction The three syllabaries that were used in the Aegean area during the 2nd millennium BC were the Cretan Hieroglyphics, Linear-A and Linear-B. The latter conveys Mycenaean Greek, which is the oldest known written form of Greek, encountered after the 15th century BC. Linear-A is still regarded as a direct descendant of the Cretan Hieroglyphics, conveying the unknown language or languages of the Minoans (Davis 2010). -
Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2017.08.38
Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2017.08.38 http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2017/2017-08-38 BMCR 2017.08.38 on the BMCR blog Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2017.08.38 Paola Cotticelli-Kurras, Alfredo Rizza (ed.), Variation within and among Writing Systems: Concepts and Methods in the Analysis of Ancient Written Documents. LautSchriftSprache / ScriptandSound. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2017. Pp. 384. ISBN 9783954901456. €98.00. Reviewed by Anna P. Judson, Gonville & Caius College, University of Cambridge ([email protected]) Table of Contents [Authors and titles are listed at the end of the review.] This book is the first of a new series, ‘LautSchriftSprache / ScriptandSound’, focusing on the field of graphemics (the study of writing systems), in particular historical graphemics. As the traditional view of writing as (merely) a way of representing speech has given way to a more nuanced understanding of writing as a different, rather than secondary, means of communication,1 graphemics has become an increasingly popular field; it is also necessarily an interdisciplinary field, since it incorporates the study not only of written texts’ linguistic features, but also broader aspects such as their visual features, material supports, and contexts of production and reading. A series dedicated to the study of graphemics across multiple academic disciplines is therefore a very welcome development. This first volume presents twenty-one papers from the third ‘LautSchriftSprache’ conference, held in Verona in 2013. In their introduction, the editors stress that the aim is to present studies of writing systems with as wide a scope as possible in terms of location, chronology, writing support, cultural context, and function. -
Transliteration of Indian Ancient Script to Braille Script Using Pattern Recognition Technique: a Review
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 166 – No.6, May 2017 Transliteration of Indian Ancient Script to Braille Script using Pattern Recognition Technique: A Review Kirti Nilesh Mahajan, PhD Niket Pundlikrao Tajne Professor (B.Sc., MCM, MCA, Ph.D., APHRM) Research Scholar, Bharti Vidyapeeth Deemed University Bharti Vidyapeeth Deemed University Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship Development, Pune Development, Pune ABSTRACT Strenuous research has been done on pattern recognition and a 800000 huge number of research works have been published on this 700000 topic during the last few decades. The Indian ancient scripts 600000 are a golden treasure of not only Asian continent, but also the 500000 Total whole world. Many researchers and an organizations still working on the appropriate character recognition of Indian 400000 ancient scripts. This paper presents some research work that 300000 Male has been significant in the area of pattern recognition and also 200000 highlights the review of existing work done on the Indian 100000 Female ancient scripts. The purpose of this research work is to study 0 … the appropriate identification of the Indian ancient script using 4 9 - - 29 19 39 49 59 69 79 89 - - - - - - - - 5 pattern recognition techniques. We have studied the different 0 90+ 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 pattern recognition techniques and its categorized steps. In 10 current research work we have used MODI script. Modi is Not Age Indian ancient script which is normally preferred in western and southern part of India. This paper shows the importance of MODI script and by using technique of pattern recognition Fig. -
Ancient Scripts
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N3241 L2/07-102
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3241 L2/07-102 2007-04-12 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal for encoding the Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlavi scripts in the BMP of the UCS Source: Michael Everson Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2007-04-12 The three scripts proposed here were used to write a number of Indo-European languages, chiefly Parthian, and Middle Persian. They are descended from the Imperial Aramaic script used in Iran during the during the Achaemenid period (549–330 BCE), the Seleucid period (330–210 BCE) and the early Parthian period (210 BCE–224 CE). By the second century CE the Parthian script had evolved, and was used as the official script during the first part of the Sassanian period (224–651 CE). The main sources of Parthian are the inscriptions from Nisa (near present Ashgabat, Turkmenistan) and from Hecatompolis, as well as from texts in Manichean script, and a number of Sasanian multilingual inscriptions. In Pars in what is now southern Iran however the Aramaic script evolved differently, into the Inscriptional Pahlavi script, which was used regularly as a momumental script until the fifth century CE. The Psalter Pahlavi script was used in Chinese Turkestan and is so named because of its used in a fragmentary manuscript of the Psalms of David. This script itself developed (or decayed) into the ambiguous Book Pahlavi script which was replaced by the Avestan reformed script. -
JETIR Research Journal
© 2019 JETIR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 5 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) MALAYALAM BRAILLE TRANSMUTATION TO TEXT AND SPEECH USING FPGA Adithya R, Kanishma krishnakumar, Mahalekshmi V, Riya jose, B.Tech student, Veena Gopan B.Tech student, B.Tech student, B.Tech student, B.Tech student, Assistant Professor Electronics and communication engineering College of Engineering and Management Punnapra, Alappuzha, India. Abstract : — The Braille system has been used by the visually impaired peoples for reading and writing and also for the communication and contact with the outside world. This paper presents the implementation of Malayalam Braille Recognition with voice and text conversion. The input is applied as different combinations of six cells to the FPGA Spartan 6 processor. It is converted into corresponding Malayalam text through the decoding logic in Verilog language. The corresponding alphabet is displayed on the desktop using an interface with the Spartan 6 processor. Also it is converted to speech using an IC aP890341/170/085. IndexTerms - FPGA, Braille language, Spartan 6, Xilinx, VGA, Verilog. I. INTRODUCTION Braille is a tactile writing system used by cecity people. It is traditionally written with embossed paper. Braille users can read computer screen and electronic supports using refreshable Braille displays. They can write Braille with the original slate and stylus or type it on a Braille writer computer that prints with a Braille embosser. Braille was invented by a blind Frenchman, Louis Braille, in 1829. Braille is comprised of a rectangular six•dot cell on its end, with up to 63 possible combinations using one or more of the six dots. -
The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Seminars Number 2
oi.uchicago.edu i THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE SEMINARS NUMBER 2 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu ii oi.uchicago.edu iii MARGINS OF WRITING, ORIGINS OF CULTURES edited by SETH L. SANDERS with contributions by Seth L. Sanders, John Kelly, Gonzalo Rubio, Jacco Dieleman, Jerrold Cooper, Christopher Woods, Annick Payne, William Schniedewind, Michael Silverstein, Piotr Michalowski, Paul-Alain Beaulieu, Theo van den Hout, Paul Zimansky, Sheldon Pollock, and Peter Machinist THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE SEMINARS • NUMBER 2 CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu iv Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938897 ISBN: 1-885923-39-2 ©2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2006. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago Co-managing Editors Thomas A. Holland and Thomas G. Urban Series Editors’ Acknowledgments The assistance of Katie L. Johnson is acknowledged in the production of this volume. Front Cover Illustration A teacher holding class in a village on the Island of Argo, Sudan. January 1907. Photograph by James Henry Breasted. Oriental Institute photograph P B924 Printed by McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Infor- mation Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. oi.uchicago.edu v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................