On Scrolls, Artefacts and Intellcctual Property

edited by

Timothy H. Lim Hector L. MacQueen Calum M. Carmichael

Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series 38 CONTENTS

Abbreviations 11 List of Contributors 13

TIMOTHY H. LIM Introduction 15

RT HON. LORD RODGER OF EARLSFERRY Opening Remarks to the Symposium on Intellectual Property and Cultural Artefacts 20

PartI THE CASE OF 4QMMT

DALIA DORNER The Judgment 26 The Factual Background 26 The Legal Proceedings 32 The Claims 33 The Normative Framework 34 Originality of the Composite Text 37 The Copyright Owner of the Composite Text 40 Publication According to the Academic Community's Convention 42 Bona Fides Protection 44 Droh moral—its Extent 48 The Argument in the Matter of Judicial Policy 51 The Liability of Shanks and Defendant 4 52 Robinson and Eisenman's Liability 52 Proportion of Liability among the Defendants 55 The Injunction 56 Monetary Damage 57 Non-pecuniary Damages 59 6 On Scrolls, Artefacts and Intellectual Property

HERSHEL SHANKS Intellectual Property Law and the Scholar: Cases I Have Known 63

Part II PRINCIPLES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COPYRIGHT LAWS CINDY ALBERTS CARSON The Application of American Copyright Law to the Dead Sea Scrolls Controversy 74 1. The Copyright Suits 74 2. Choice of Law inQimron v. Shanks 76 3. US Copyright Law Generally 76 4. Copyrights in the Arrangement, Translation and Interpolations 77 a. Protectability of the Arrangement of the Fragments 78 b. The Protectability of the Translation 81 c. The Protectability of the Interpolations 81 d. Do the Creative Elements Confer Protectability on the Remainder of the Text? 83 e. Fair Use 90 5. Conclusion 98

HECTOR L. MACQUEEN Copyright Law and the Dead Sea Scrolls: A British Perspective 99 1. Thelssues 99 2. Copyright in the Dead Sea Scrolls 102 3. Protectability ofEditorial Work 104 4. Copyright, Access and Scholarship 112

PAUL L.C. TORREMANS Choice of Law Regarding Copyright and the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Basic Principles 116 1. Introduction 116 2. Copyrightability 117 a. The Types of Work That Will Be Protected 120 b. Originality 121 3. Infringement 121 a. The Scope of the Right 121 b. Exceptions to the Rights 126 Contents 7

c. Civil Remedies 126 4. Conclusion 127

WOJCIECH KOWALSKI Legal Aspects of the Recent History of the Qumran Scrolls: Access, Ownership Title and Copyright 128 1. Access to Manuscripts, or the Question of Freedom of Historical Information 128 2. Whois the Ownerof the Scrolls? 140 3. Copyright on Scientific Study, Reconstruction and Editions ofTexts 148 4. Conclusions 157

DAVID NIMMER Assaying Qimron's Originality 159 1. Evaluating the Quantum of Originality 159 a. The Opinions 160 b. Qimron's Own Explanation 164 2. Manuscript Reconstruction 166 a. In General 166 b. 'Read Rather Thus' 170 3. Qimron's Reading 173

Part III HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF THE QUMRAN SCROLLS JOHN STRUGNELL The Original Team of Editors 178 1. The History of the Project 178 2. Copyright and Other Protections for Our Work 183 3. Of Hares and Tortoises 187 4. Addendum 191

GEZA VERMES Access to the Dead Sea Scrolls: Fifty Years of Personal Experience 193

EMANUEL TOV The Publication of the Dead Sea Scrolls 199 On Scrolls, Artefacts and Intellectual Property

Part IV SCHOLARLY ENTERPRISE AND INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY RlGHTS JOHN RJCHARDSON To Publish or Not To Publish? Anecdotes from the Secret History of Epigraphy 216

KAY PRAG Kenyon's Jerusalem Excavation Reports 223 1. Introduction 223 2. The Joint Expedition 223 3. Government Regulation 224 4. Sponsorship 225 5. The Funding 226 6. The Archive 226 7. The Publication Process 226 8. Personal Intellectual Property 227 a. The Rights of the Project Director 227 b. Transfer of Publication Rights 227 9. Intellectual Property Rights of Expedition Members 228 10. Copyright 228 11. Access 229 Bibliography 229

Appendix THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT Background 233 Judgment of the District Court 234 The Main Contentions of the Parties 235 Petitions to Submit Additional Evidence 236 Discussion of the Contentions 236 Application of Israeli Law 236 Does Qimron Have a Copyright in the Deciphered Text? 237 Preliminary Comment 237 WhatlstheObjectoftheRight? 238 When Does Copyright on a Work Arise? 239 From the Matter of Copyrights to the Scroll of 'Miqsat ma'ase ha-torah' 241 Contents 9

Does Proper Legal Policy Justify the Denial of Protection by Virtue of Copyright Law? 244 Did the Appellants Infringe Qimron's Copyright? 245 The Infringement 245 Do the Appellants have a Defense Based Upon 'Scholarly Convention'? 245 Are the Appellants Entitled to the Defense of 'Fair Dealing' with the Work? 247 Did the Editors Infringe Qimron's Right? 248 Violation of the Moral Right 250 The Remedies for the Infringement 251 The Compensation for the Pecuniary Injury 252 Damages for Infringement of the Moral Right 253 Return Order 254 AwardofCosts 255 Petition to Submit Arguments on Behalf of a 'Friend of the Court' 255 Conclusion 257

Select Bibliography 259 Index of Authors 267