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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTER Negotiating Between Inferred Authority and Reader Causality in Prose Novels and Video Games Buchanan, Greg Roy Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTER Negotiating Between Inferred Authority and Reader Causality in Prose Novels and Video Games This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of English, Faculty of Arts & Humanities King’s College London GREG BUCHANAN 1141747 1 Abstract In this thesis I undertake a comparison of novels and video games in order to clarify the ontological and ethical processes involved in reader construction of fictional characters. I demonstrate how the sequences of novels necessitate inference of textual authority. In contrast, although video games offer control over sequence, such control is unstable and can be compared with the effects of reader emotional engagement where inference as to what might happen in a narrative will often transform into what should happen next on behalf of various characters. Furthermore, I argue that as all characters must be constructed and staged on an ongoing basis for any feeling of allegiance to be sustained, identification should be seen as representing the ongoing construction and evaluation of all fictional characters in a given text. As a result of these arguments, I propose the concept of reader/player causality, by which I refer to the general philosophical orientation underpinning what the player brings to the text in this regard even beyond what textual revelations can erase. In video games, for example, players seem synonymous with their avatars, but frequently game narratives will provide explanations for player actions that are inconsistent with the real life player’s intention, with the player’s initial bias still affecting the character produced. Reader causality operates in a similar way where the reader’s wish for certain events to occur will likewise affect interpretation and identification even if subsequent narrative events contradict prior assumptions or wishes. In turn, the reader’s acceptance of such additions or alterations to characters carries with it ethical responsibility and choice. In this manner, I define identification as the imposition of reader causality/feeling combined with the absorption of diegetic rewriting of all characters in a text on a moment-by-moment basis with new versions negotiated in contract with inferred authority. (299 words) 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION THEORIES OF READER CONSTRUCTION OF CHARACTER FROM THE EMPATHY-ALTRUISM HYPOTHESIS TO ‘PSYCHIC INFECTION’ ................................................... 5 CHAPTER ONE: AUTHORITY IN B.S. JOHNSON’S THE UNFORTUNATES, VLADIMIR NABOKOV’S PALE FIRE, AND MARC SAPORTA’S HOPSCOTCH ................................................. 23 CHAPTER TWO: CONTROL IN CORMAC MCCARTHY’S THE ROAD AND THE BIOSHOCK SERIES ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER THREE: MULTIPLICITY IN CORMAC MCCARTHY’S THE ROAD, BIOSHOCK INFINITE, AND IAN MCEWAN’S ENDURING LOVE ...................................................................... 110 CHAPTER FOUR: CAUSALITY IN THE LAST OF US, HEAVY RAIN, AND GEORGE ORWELL’S 1984..................................................................................................................................... 153 CONCLUSION: A THEORY OF IDENTIFICATION AND ETHICS ................................................. 190 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 204 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my primary supervisor Dr Jane Elliott and my secondary supervisor Dr Seb Franklin for their tireless help and courage, both intellectually and emotionally, in helping me see this thesis to its fruition regardless of the obstacles I faced, whether in terms of self- doubt or the doubt of others. I would like to thank King’s College London for their generous financial assistance in the final years of my degree through the Continuation Scholarship and, indeed, their personal backing as an institution. I also thank my editors Dr Julia Jordan and Martin Ryle for publishing an early version of my work on The Unfortunates and Composition No 1 in the collection B.S. Johnson and Post-War Literature: Possibilities of the Avant-Garde (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), in addition to Professor Alexandra Georgakopoulou and Charlotte Mahood, who proofread and provided advice on portions of this thesis’s arguments. Stretching further back, I would like to thank several advisors from my previous place of study, the University of Cambridge, including my M.Phil dissertation supervisor Dr Robert Macfarlane and my two undergraduate Directors of Studies, Dr Mark Wormald and Dr Katrin Ettenhuber. I have always been eccentric in my academic pursuits, driven to original paths of study with connections perhaps not seen by others; I have been lucky enough to have teachers who have defended and encouraged this work, and in so doing, have helped me to reach the conclusions contained within this thesis. And finally, no-one has believed in my academic potential more than my parents Tricia and Glenn Buchanan, who I thank for their support in pursuing this PhD and indeed in helping to create my interest in English Literature from a young age, for being proud of me when I was not proud of myself and for the countless ways in which they have supported my education. I could not have completed this thesis without them. 4 INTRODUCTION Theories of Reader Construction of Character from the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis to ‘Psychic Infection’ 1. Preface In the following thesis I will put forward a theory of identification with fictional characters that argues for a broadening of the term’s definition to encompass many component processes of reader construction of fictional characters which might hitherto have been seen as merely related. In order to do this, I analyse prose novels alongside video games. Games frequently permit their players to engage in decision-making and hold responsibility for diegetic outcomes in a far more explicit manner than might seem apparent in reader involvement in novels, allowing divergence in diegetic events in different play-throughs and an almost literal sense of presence for the player in the synthetic kinesthetically-navigable space of the narrative at hand. My overall methodology in this regard is to intervene in debates using problematic examples to more clearly demonstrate the ‘normative’ workings of the reading process. Throughout my work I also destabilise various concepts that might somewhat ironically have become settled since deconstructionism, such as the incoherency of the self and the resulting avoidance of concerted discussion of fictional characters as a concept in literary and narrative fields. My intention throughout this thesis is to build towards an initial hypothesis as to what occurs when readers encounter fictional characters in texts. To this end I work through various elements that might be seen as logically important in the reader’s construction of characterising details from a prose text, particularly the ontology of the fictional character as emerging from a necessarily sequential encounter with characterising details on the micro-level of style and macro-level of events. Firstly, I consider how such sequences might generate a sense of what the text is asking the reader to do. The resulting authority inferred by the reader might be identified with any number of factors including the traditional figure of the author, for example. I consider how reader inference of a text’s authority
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