DOCSLIB.ORG

Japanese Americans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Japanese Americans 07-Min-4720.qxd 5/20/2005 9:25 PM Page 148 7 Japanese Americans DAISUKE AKIBA lthough Asian Americans may share similar ethnic groups in that a large majority of them are Ageographic origins and social experiences third- or higher-generation Americans with conspic- in the United States, closer analyses of the socio- uous evidence of assimilation.Yet,not being white, historical experiences of each group—and its Japanese Americans continue to face discrimina- members—indicate the multiplicity of the umbrella tion in American society and are not allowed to category,Asian American.As noted thus far in this fully merge into the mainstream American society. book, though the history of immigration from Among the oldest immigrant groups, Japanese Asian nations dates back to the early nineteenth American communities have weathered phases of century, most immigrants from Asian countries challenges and transformations; many of such began arriving to the United States in masses after experiences are reflective of the economic and 1965, when restrictive immigration policies were sociopolitical trends in both Japan and the United abolished.As such,Asian Americans as a whole are States.In this chapter,the past and present trajecto- frequently perceived as relatively new immigrants, ries Japanese Americans have embarked upon will with disproportionately large numbers of foreign- be discussed, and informed speculations will be born members in their communities. However, made about their future directions. Japanese Americans have a history of immigration to the United States significantly different from TRENDS OF EARLY other Asian groups. JAPANESE IMMIGRATION Three major waves of immigration from Japan to the United States took place between the 1880s The early history of Japanese immigration to and the 1960s, and the prevalence of Japanese the United States includes three distinct waves, immigration to the United States has diminished each with unique historical significance in under- since then. Reflecting this history, Japanese standing American, Japanese, and Japanese Americans are more similar to Jewish, Italian, and American sociopolitical circumstances. Reflective other white ethnic groups than to other Asian of such situational fluctuations, each wave of 148 07-Min-4720.qxd 5/20/2005 9:25 PM Page 149 Japanese Americans 149 immigrants was dominated by a particular group. U.S. representative, Robert Irwin, successfully The general historical trends in Japanese immi- negotiated with the Japanese Foreign Minister, gration to the United States are discussed in the Kaoru Inoue,to send approximately 2,000 Japanese following sections. workers to Hawaiian sugar plantations under a government-sponsored labor migration program. This agreement stipulated that representatives of The First Wave: Male Laborers (1885–1908) the Hawaiian government would conduct a series As the Edo Shougunate ended Japan’s self- of recruitment sessions across Japan, soliciting imposed national isolation in 1866, only dribbles Japanese workers to sign 3-year contracts for of Japanese citizens moved or even traveled employment on those sugar plantations (Maruyama, abroad, and then usually as servants accompany- 1985). Under this agreement, approximately ing Westerners with business ties to Japan.For 30,000 workers went to Hawaii; in less than a instance,an American merchant,Eugene van decade, in 1894, however, the Meiji government Reed—who conducted business near Tokyo— terminated its agreement,ending the government- sent about 140 Japanese farmers to work on sugar sponsored labor migration programs to Hawaii. plantations in Hawaii in 1868 (Tamura, 1999). Yet, laborers continued to seek employment Also, John H. Schnell, a Dutch merchant, estab- opportunities in the United States outside of such lished the famous Wakamatsu Colony in 1869, programs (Fujioka, 1927; Sims, 2001). when he brought an initial group of 20 or so Women laborers were actively recruited to Japanese workers to a tea and silk farm in move to Hawaii in the 1885 Irwin-Inoue negotia- California. Incidentally, these locations, Hawaii tion, for wages one-third lower than their male and California, later became major hubs of counterparts; however, such effort was not evident Japanese American communities. While these in migration to the mainland. This difference destinations represented a great deal of geo- can be attributed to the policies of the local graphic and cultural disparities,the initial clusters governments: while the Hawaiian government of Japanese migrants to these two locations shared encouraged familywide migration, the California some commonalities. For instance, they consisted government did not welcome Japanese families, as primarily of male workers seeking labor oppor- they did not wish the Japanese population to grow tunities overseas with the intention of returning (see chapter 2 for further information). Many of home after achieving financial prosperity.In addi- the Japanese Americans in Hawaii, thus, were tion,these laborers typically faced harsh living and families, usually with wives supplementing their working conditions once they were brought over- family income by working not only on plantations, seas, and the financial gains were frequently far but also in service and manufacturing industries. smaller than they had been promised (van Sant & In fact, it is documented that Issei women, or Daniels, 2000). foreign-born Japanese women, made up the Soon came more structured clusters of migra- majority of the Hawaiian female labor force in the tion to the United States. This emergence of mass 1890s, as they typically entered the workforce migration to the United States was fueled by the alongside their husbands (Saiki, 1985). severe economic conditions across Japan in the By contrast, an overwhelming majority of the early 1880s, which forced the Meiji government early Japanese migrants to the mainland were sin- to relax the restrictions placed on laborers going gle males or men who had left their wives behind overseas. At the same time, the Hawaiian sugar in Japan. Ichioka (1988) states that these men plantations were in a dire need of workers, as the moved from Japan to the mainland typically as Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 had abruptly students or laborers—oftentimes both.While full- stopped the flow of laborers from China.In 1885,a time Japanese students were not necessarily 07-Min-4720.qxd 5/20/2005 9:25 PM Page 150 150 ASIAN AMERICANS concentrated in particular geographic areas, the democratic society. Many of them worked as laborers and student laborers were heavily concen- domestic servants, while others were employed as trated in the western states, such as California, menial laborers in various industries, including Washington, and Oregon (Tamura, 1984). Among farming and fishing. San Francisco and other the first to seek migration to the U.S. mainland western regions, such as Los Angeles and Seattle, from Japan in the Meiji era were male students, were popular destinations for these students due who represented three distinct groups. One con- to their relative proximity to Japan (Stearns,1974). sisted of a small number of elite students with These Japanese student laborers,like their non- full scholarships to attend prestigious American student laborer counterparts in San Francisco, did universities, frequently on the East Coast (e.g., not initially intend to permanently reside in the Massachusetts and Rhode Island), where these United States, and many student laborers in fact men were prepared for prominent positions in the returned to Japan.Others,however,remained in Japanese government and other agencies.Another the United States for much longer periods, realiz- group represented a similarly small number of ing that their educational and financial dreams young men from wealthy families, who privately might be difficult to accomplish in a short period. funded their education to attend American univer- Thus, the contributions made by these student sities, again typically on the East Coast. Most of laborers toward the growth of Japanese American these students, too, returned to Japan upon com- communities—as well as the American economy— pletion of their education, and in fact many were notable. became influential figures in Japan. The third group of students differed dramati- The Second Wave: Picture Brides (1908–1924) cally from the preceding two in the circumstances of their arrival, and they greatly contributed to In order to better understand the experiences of the subsequent establishment of the Japanese Japanese American laborers, it is important to note American communities in the United States. This that the anti-Asian sentiment in California had large group of students included ambitious young already been heightened when they began to arrive men who wished to study in the United States but there in the 1880s. The Chinese had arrived on the were unable to secure sufficient funds for their West Coast in the mid-1800s during the Gold Rush schooling and travel.These aspiring students tried (Norton, 1924). They rapidly expanded their labor to realize their dreams by seeking employment in presence there,primarily because they were willing the United States, hoping to attend school part- to work diligently in harsh working conditions for time. Despite their lack of financial and social lower wages than were their white American coun- capital, these student laborers represented a terparts. White laborers and white trade organiza- prominent force in the history of early
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on T
    Eiichiro Azuma | The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on t... Page 1 of 28 http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/89.4/azuma.html From The Journal of American History Vol. 89, Issue 4. Viewed December 3, 2003 15:52 EST Presented online in association with the History Cooperative. http://www.historycooperative.org The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on the Western 'Frontier,' 1927-1941 Eiichiro Azuma In 1927 Toga Yoichi, a Japanese immigrant in Oakland, California, published a chronological 1 history of what he characterized as 'Japanese development in America.' He explicated the meaning of that history thus: A great nation/race [minzoku] has a [proper] historical background; a nation/race disrespectful of history is doomed to self-destruction. It has been already 70 years since we, the Japanese, marked the first step on American soil. Now Issei [Japanese immigrants] are advancing in years, and the Nisei [the American- born Japanese] era is coming. I believe that it is worthy of having [the second generation] inherit the record of our [immigrant] struggle against oppression and hardships, despite which we have raised our children well and reached the point at which we are now. But, alas, we have very few treatises of our history [to leave behind]. Thirteen years later, a thirteen hundred-page masterpiece entitled Zaibei Nihonjinshi--Toga himself spearheaded the editing--completed that project of history writing.1 Not the work of trained academicians, this synthesis represented the collaboration of many Japanese immigrants, including the self-proclaimed historians who authored it, community leaders who provided subventions, and ordinary Issei residents who offered necessary information or purchased the product.
    [Show full text]
  • Before Pearl Harbor 29
    Part I Niseiand lssei Before PearlHarbor On Decemb er'7, 194L, Japan attacked and crippled the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. Ten weeks later, on February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 under which the War De- partment excluded from the West Coast everyone of Japanese ances- try-both American citizens and their alien parents who, despite long residence in the United States, were barred by federal law from be- coming American citizens. Driven from their homes and farms and "relocation businesses, very few had any choice but to go to centers"- Spartan, barrack-like camps in the inhospitable deserts and mountains of the interior. * *There is a continuing controversy over the contention that the camps "concentration were camps" and that any other term is a euphemism. The "concentration government documents of the time frequently use the term camps," but after World War II, with full realization of the atrocities committed by the Nazis in the death camps of Europe, that phrase came to have a very different meaning. The American relocation centers were bleak and bare, and life in them had many hardships, but they were not extermination camps, nor did the American government embrace a policy of torture or liquidation of the "concentration To use the phrase camps summons up images ethnic Japanese. "relo- ,and ideas which are inaccurate and unfair. The Commission has used "relocation cation centers" and camps," the usual term used during the war, not to gloss over the hardships of the camps, but in an effort to {ind an historically fair and accurate phrase.
    [Show full text]
  • Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA
    Title 1940年代中国史年表 Author(s) 田中, 仁 Citation Issue Date 1995-03-31 Text Version publisher URL http://hdl.handle.net/11094/75544 DOI rights Note Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Osaka University CHINA Before 1940 Oct.1938 21 Japanese troops occupied Guangzhou. (15) 27 Japanese troops occupied Wuhan. (15) 28 The 2nd meeting of the 1st People"s Political Council was held in Chongqing. (15) Nov.1938 3 (Japan) Prime Minister Konoye Fumimaro announced the establishment of an East Asian New Order. (6) 6 The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) adjourned the 6th Plenum of the 6th Congress. (21) 7 (Japan) North China Development Co. Ltd. and Central China Promotion Co. Ltd. were established. (16) 12 The Changsha Conflagration (90% of the entire city was burned down) . (15) 17 The National Government announced that the number of areas engaged in war by October was 796 counties in 9 provinces; and of those counties, 59 were unable to exercise the administrative power. (8) 25 The National Government Military Commanding Department held a military conference in Nanyue. [19] 30 (Japan) The Imperial Conference adopted the "Policy to Coordinate the New Relations between Japan and China ... [16) Dec.1938 6 (Japan) The Ministry of Army decided to discontinue the invasion operation, and to alter the policy into the one of the protrac- tion of the war. (6] 15 A $25-million loan agreement was reached between China and the Unaited States (US) (the Palm Oil Loan) . (20] 16 Japan founded the Koa-in (the Asian Development Authority) in order to coordinate the policy toward China.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese-American Newspaper in Seattle: the Role of the North American Post in the Seattle Nikkei Community
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1999 Japanese-American newspaper in Seattle: The role of the North American Post in the Seattle Nikkei community Hitoshi Ogi The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ogi, Hitoshi, "Japanese-American newspaper in Seattle: The role of the North American Post in the Seattle Nikkei community" (1999). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5034. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5034 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission X No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature: Date // 6 Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 The Japanese-American newspaper in Seattle: The role of the North American Post in the Seattle Nikkei community By Hitoshi Ogi B.A. in law. Meiji University, 1993 presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism The University of Montana 1999 Approved By: Chairperson Dean, Graduate School Date UMI Number: EP40498 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • September 2006 Chapter 6
    Soft Power in International Relations: Japan's State, Sub-state and Non-state Relations with China (Volume 2) Utpal Vyas A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of East Asian Studies, University of Sheffield September 2006 Chapter 6 The activities of the Japan-China Friendship Association in China Introduction NGOs in their modern form have become important actors in international relations, whether acting independently of governments, or cooperating with them to pursue the NGOs' goals. Due to their flexibility and general independencefrom the state, they are also important agentsof a country's or society's soft power resources. NGOs differ from state level or sub-statelevel governmental agents in that they are theoretically independentfrom any government in terms of their aims, and the methods they use to achieve them. They are generally only accountableto their members or sponsorsin their actions (although these can be governmental bodies), and for this reason their purposes are usually quite narrowly defined, unlike governmental agents or local governments, which have broad remits. This in turn meansthat their efforts are directed in a focussed manner in the fields in which they work, making them potentially influential in those narrow fields. NGOs which operate internationally are often called `transnational' actors, meaning that they are not truly based in one country. These actors can affect the international relations of any country in which they operate.Well known examplesof these truly global actors are Amnesty International, Medicins Sans Frontieres, 236 87 Greenpeace, and so on. They can affect international relations by making decisions on where and how to spendtheir resources,which can be substantial.Most NGOs are, however, based inside one or two countries and concentrate on local issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Casualties of Japan's Foreign Policy Disaster
    6. The Case against Japan : Casualties of Japan’s Foreign Policy Disaster (1) Relevant Articles of ICERD - Article 6 of ICERD (2) Main Points As members of Japanese-Canadian community we urge the Committee to address the following: (a) The Government of Japan has been negligent in providing the necessary information as protection to the children and their families of Japanese nationals and residents in Canada as well as those of Japanese ancestry who are the targets of vicious propaganda campaign, specifically the disinformation campaign called "Nanjing Massacre" in Canada. (b) The Government of Japan has consistently refused to recognize the fact that the propaganda campaign is political by definition. Rather than responding politically, they have deferred the matter to historians whose task is primarily academic - to research, study, analyze and publish their findings -not disseminate them to the general public or communicate with foreign agencies. (c) The Government of Japan has been complicit in the disinformation campaign against Japan and its people by withholding the facts about the battle of Nanjing that took place in December of 1937, by their refusal to officially recognize the results of the internal investigation undertaken by volunteer Diet members, published in 2008 in a book titled The Truth of Nanjing".(*1) The investigation which focused on primary sources concluded that "the Nanjing campaign was "neither above nor below the level of an ordinary war theatre" (*2) and the battle did not involve civilians majority of whom had already evacuated the city prior to the battle and the remaining population numbering approximately 200,000 had taken refuge in the international safety zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan’S Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century
    JAPAN AND ITS EAST ASIAN NEIGHBORS: JAPAN’S PERCEPTION OF CHINA AND KOREA AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Norihito Mizuno, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor James R. Bartholomew, Adviser Professor Philip C. Brown Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn Graduate Program in History Copyright by Norihito Mizuno 2004 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a study of Japanese perceptions of its East Asian neighbors – China and Korea – and the making of foreign policy from the early seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. Previous studies have overwhelmingly argued that after the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan started to modernize itself by learning from the West and changed its attitudes toward those neighboring countries. It supposedly abandoned its traditional friendship and reverence toward its neighbors and adopted aggressive and contemptuous attitudes. I have no intention of arguing here that the perspective of change and discontinuity in Japan’s attitudes toward its neighbors has no validity at all; Japan did adopt Western-style diplomacy toward its neighbors, paralleling the abandonment of traditional culture which had owed much to other East Asian civilizations since antiquity. In this dissertation, through examination primarily of official and private documents, I maintain that change and discontinuity cannot fully explain the Japanese policy toward its East Asian neighbors from the early seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. The Japanese perceptions and attitudes toward China and ii Korea had some aspects of continuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Non‑State Perspectives on Sino‑Japanese Relations : Insights from Chinese Students' Experiences in Japan
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Non‑state perspectives on Sino‑Japanese relations : insights from Chinese students' experiences in Japan He, Christabelle Shimin 2013 He, C. S. (2013). Non‑state perspectives on Sino‑Japanese relations : insights from Chinese students' experiences in Japan. Master’s thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/55114 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/55114 Downloaded on 28 Sep 2021 08:52:36 SGT Non-state Perspectives on Sino-Japanese relations: Insights from Chinese Students' Experiences in Japan Submitted by: Christabelle He Shimin A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Contemporary China in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences Nanyang Technological University (2013) 1 Table of Contents Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 Brief historical account of Chinese student movement to Japan 3 2.2 Significance of Chinese students in Sino-Japanese relations 6 2.3 The development of Sino-Japanese relations 9 2.3.1 An official perspective 9 2.3.2 A non-official perspective 11 2.3.3 A historical perspective 13 2.4 Review of Research Methods 16 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 16 3.1 Research Method 16 3.2 Demographics of student respondents 17 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS 18 4.1 As a Chinese student 18 4.2 As a Chinese tourist 30 4.3 Attitudes towards the history of Sino-Japanese ties 36 4.4 On China and Japan‘s disputes over Senkaku/Diaoyu islands 39 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 46 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 48 REFERENCES 51 APPENDICES 54 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In September 2012, before I headed to Tokyo, I was given numerous words of caution.
    [Show full text]
  • Language, Culture, and Identity Negotiation: Perspectives of Adolescent Japanese Sojourner Students in the Midwest, USA Reiko Akiyama Purdue University
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 12-2016 Language, culture, and identity negotiation: perspectives of adolescent Japanese sojourner students in the Midwest, USA Reiko Akiyama Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons Recommended Citation Akiyama, Reiko, "Language, culture, and identity negotiation: perspectives of adolescent Japanese sojourner students in the Midwest, USA" (2016). Open Access Dissertations. 901. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/901 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Reiko Akiyama Entitled LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION: PERSPECTIVES OF ADOLESCENT JAPANESE SOJOURNER STUDENTS IN THE MIDWEST, USA For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Is approved by the final examining committee: JoAnn I. Phillion Chair Janet M. Alsup Luciana C. de Oliveira Anatoli Rapoport To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Imperialism
    Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly Volume 45 Article 5 Number 3 Spring 2018 1-1-2018 The iH story of Japanese Racism, Japanese American Redress, and the Dangers Associated with Government Regulation of Hate Speech Hiroshi Fukurai Alice Yang Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Hiroshi Fukurai and Alice Yang, The History of Japanese Racism, Japanese American Redress, and the Dangers Associated with Government Regulation of Hate Speech, 45 Hastings Const. L.Q. 533 (2018). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly/vol45/iss3/5 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The History of Japanese Racism, Japanese American Redress, and the Dangers Associated with Government Regulation of Hate Speech by HIROSHI FUKURAI AND ALICE YANG* Introduction Japan has numerically small yet historically significant racial and ethnic minority populations. These groups include indigenous Ainu people, Ryukyuans, Koreans, Chinese, Burakumins, and newly arrived foreign workers from around the globe, all of whom remain among Japan's marginalized populations. Despite the fact that Japan's Constitution prohibits discrimination because of "race, creed, sex, social status or family origin,"' Japanese society has long tolerated hate speech and racial animosity toward Japan's minority populations. In order to regulate hate speech, Professor Craig Martin calls for greater government involvement in the revision of Japan's hate speech laws to include more specific restrictions and sanctions.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries 2016 "Point at One, Abuse Another": Framing WWII in Chinese and Japanese Middle School Textbooks, 1950-1990 Huaqing Shi Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES "POINT AT ONE, ABUSE ANOTHER": FRAMING WWII IN CHINESE AND JAPANESE MIDDLE SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS, 1950-1990 By HUAQING SHI A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2016 © 2016 Huaqing Shi Huaqing Shi defended this thesis on March 24, 2016. The members of the supervisory committee were: Annika Culver Professor Co-Directing Thesis Kristina Buhrman Professor Co-Directing Thesis Claudia Liebeskind Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • Researching Japanese War Crimes
    IWG RE Now that the files are open and accessible, it's up to us to use them to write a fuller history of Japan's wartime actions. It's an important task, and this book CRIMES WAR SEARCHING JAPANESE is the place to begin. CAROL GLUCK, George Sansom RESEARCHING Professor of History, Columbia University JAPANESE WAR CRIMES This volume will be both essential reading and a major reference tool for those interested in the war []INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS in the Pacific, United States intelligence in and after that conflict, and Japanese war crimes as known and understood at the time. GERHARD WEINBERG, Professor Emeritus of History, University of North Carolina Finally, after sixty years, our records on Japan have been indexed, and some documents that have been hiding in plain sight can now be located with superb finding aids. Pacific War veterans and their descen- dants will especially appreciate this roadmap to America's very personal war. LINDA GOETZ HOLMES, author of Unjust Enrichment: How Japan's Companies Built Postwar Fortunes Using American POWs and 4000 Bowls of Rice: A Prisoner of War Comes Home $19.95 Researching Japanese War Crimes Records Introductory Essays o Researching Japanese War Crimes Records Introductory Essays o Edward Drea Greg Bradsher Robert Hanyok James Lide Michael Petersen Daqing Yang Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Washington, DC Published by the National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Researching Japanese war crimes records : introductory essays / Edward Drea ..
    [Show full text]