Herpetofauna of the Orme, Buttes, Charleston, and Hooker

Home , Arizona night lizard, Micruroides, Regal Horned Lizard

HERPETOFAUNA OF THE ORME, BUTTES, CHARLESTON, AND HOOKER

RESERVOIR SITES, ARIZONA-NEW MEXICO

Prepared by W. L. Hinckley, Arizona State University, January 1972

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ......

INTRODUCTION ...... 2

HERPETOFAUNA OF THE FOUR SITES ...... 3

RELATIONS OFTHE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE FOUR i. SERVOIR SITES ...... 5

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... I S

ABSTRACT

Eighty-seven reptiles and amphibians occur within the areas to be

Impounded by the Orme, Buttes, Charleston, and Hooker r,servoirs, or are

reasonably certain to occur there. Only two of these, both introduced

.turtles, may be reasonably expected to be enhanced by impoundments, with

remaining forms expected to be decimated and driven from the impounded

areas. Of the animals concerned, a number are considered rare by scien-

tists, but none s on the official rare and endangered lists presently

available. When all named forms are considered (named subspecies), 102

kinds occur within the combined areas of the reservoir sites, and again none

Is officially considered rare or endangered. Some peripheral species or • subspecies, as defined by the U. S. Department of Interior, may be involved.'

however, at the Charleston site. 2

I NTRODUCTION

Despite the vast amount of research done on reptiles and amphibians

In the American southwest, few compendia are available and/or up to date, and the literature is widely scattered and voluminous. Many taxonomic problems persist in some groups, and the level of information on the biology of many species ranges downward to almost none: The last two facts hinge

In large part on the diversity within the various groups. Some species may never (or seldom) come above the ground surface (e.g., worm snakes), son-. may be remarkably secretive (such as alligator lizards or skinks), rare

(e.g., certain colubrid snakes, such as the hook-nosed), and/or may be wide ranging and difficult to catch (such as the whipsnakes). Yet others appear only sporadically, or live in isolated colonies (especially pronounced in the amphibians). One therefore may not assess the total herpetofauna of an area without years of on-site study, and even then certain kinds will evade detection.

In preparation of this report on amphibians and reptiles of the Orme,

Buttes, Charleston, and Hooker Reservoir sites; I have depended upon the

literature records in individual original papers, certain, selected compendia, some unpublished listings and notes, specimens deposited in the

Arizona State University collections, personal collecting experiences in

or near all four sites, and lastly, intuitive knowledge based on known

associations of certain reptiles or amphibians with vegetation, topography,

and climate. 'In the species list (Table 1), the category "hypothetical"

Is usually based on the last type of information. Taxonomy follows Stebbins

(1966), with changes since that publication discussed as footnotes to the

species list, and/or are pointed out in text which follows. Literature most pertinent to this report is as follows: Stone and

Rehn (1903), Ruthven (1907; see addendum to bibliography); van Denburgh

(1922); Swarth (1929), Gloyd (1932, 1937), Kauffeld (1943); Bogert and

Oliver (1945); Goldman and Moore (1945); Smith (1946); Leopold (1950);

Stebbins (1951, 1954, 1966); Woodin (1953); Lowe (1955, 1967); Zweifel and Norris (1955); Castetter (1956), Klauber (1956); and Bragg (1965).

HERPETOFAUNA OF THE FOUR RESERVOIR SITES

A total of 87 species (102 kinds when named subspecies also are e m- eratud) are definitely, probably, or hypothetically present when all four reservoir sites are considered together (Table 1). Of these, 59 are listed

for Orme Reservoir site, 54 for Buttes) 66 for Charleston, and 62 for Hook- -,••• 00*". er Reservoir site. Inspection of Table 1 will reveal far more confidence

In records for the Orme site, simply because of its proximity to Arizona

State University and long-term study of the area by its personnel and

students. Far less confidence is evident in listings for the Charleston

and Hooker s;tes, in part because of less research done in those areas by

myself and colleagues, but also for other reasons. Charleston is located

In an area of recent, vast, vegetational change (Hastings and Turner, 1966),

which almost certainly is reflected in its herpetofauna, and it also receives

the influence of a large amphibian and reptile fauna from ihe adjacent high-

lands of Mexico, plus a few components of the Great Plains fauna from the

east. Hooker Reservoir site is similarly complex because of its geographic

proximity to high elevation areas, which allows invasion by mesic-adapted,

or montane, species from the norr and east, in addition to the potential or

actual presence of western, desert elements and southern or eastern Great

Plains species. In all instances, when dealing with flowing streams, mesic or higher-elevation animals may well occur far below their "typical" alt- ttudinal ranges. This is exemplified by the hypothetical (based on a sight record) presence of the southern plateau lizard, alligator lizard, and the Arizona black rattlesnake in the area of Orme Reservoir site (the last two represented by specimens, but perhaps not by locally-reproducing populations), far below their typical Upper Sonoran or Transition (pine - oak forest) habitats. The reciprocal may also occur when open, well- drained terraces provide ecologically suitable habitats for desert or grassland (or tree-dwelling, if trees are present) species to penetrate far higher than "normal." Included here are many of the burrowing snakes, spadefoot toads, some whiptail lizards (especially at the Hooker site), and some scalj, lizards (Sceloporus; Table 1). Heterogeneity also is introduced at sites such as Buttes by the presence of steep-walled canyons. Southerly • slopes may support desert reptiles or amphibians whereas south-facing walls may enhance mesic-adapted species. The general ecological relations of the

87 species included in Table I are given in Table 2.

With two exceptions (the common snapping turtle and Texas softshell, both introduced), at the Orme Reservoir site, and with one at all other sites (the last, given above), no amphibians or reptiles will be enhanced by impoundment unless stable water levels are to be maintained and lake-side riparian floras develop. If the latter were to occur, cert-ain species of riparian habit (true frogs, garter snakes) might enjoy increases in local populations. Immediate effects of impoundment will drive animals upslope • or upstream, where they will encounter habitats already occupied by others of their species, and there will be a brief period of adjustment, involving principally the elimination of displaced animals. Riparian, terrace, and cliff-side habitats which are flooded will be gone, and the fauna adjacent

to the reservoir will depend upon the kinds of habitat present above the

flood-pool margin and hillcrest. The placement of access roads and recrea-

ticm areas may also have considerable post-impoundment impact on the herp-

etofauna. The former, directly in at least two ways--killing of animals

by vehicular traffic, and, conversely the development of cliff-like roadcut

habitats that might enhance some rock-dwelling lizards. Recreation areas

generally requfre relatively flat, and often tree-supporting terrain, and

human predation, soil compaction, and othei- man-induced ecological change

significantly alters, or obliterates, reptiles and amphibians from such

areas.

RELATIONS OF THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE FOUR RESERVOIR SITES

• Table 3 was constructed to compare, at the specie., level, the four

reservoir sites from a more-or-less academic standpoir,. All categories

of occurrence of a species (definite through hypothetical) were used in

constructing the matrix of the table. It provides, on the diagonal, the

number of species at each site, the number of species (in parentheses) at

each site that occurred only at that site, and the percentage of the

latter. Here it may be seen that Orme reflects the southwestern desert

influence (including 3 introduced species) in having a fauna 11.9% unique.

Buttes, perhaps because of its intermediate geographic position, harbors

no species thpt does not occur elsewhere. Charleston to the south resembles

Orme in percentage of species not occurring elsewhere, and these are mostly

• Mexican or grassland forms (Tables 1 and 2). Hooker, with 16.1% of its

species occurring, or thought to occur only there of the four site 6 considered demonstrates in its herpetofauna its proximity to montane habitat and grasslands, and their respective faunas.

- Reading horizontally on the table, one may see the increasing distinct- iveness of the sites from west to south and east as measured by the percentage of the over-all herpenfauna that occurred at neither of the variously paired areas. Thus, 10.3% of the total of 87 species of animals did not • occur at either Orme or Buttes, and, at the extreme, 45.6% of the 87 species were absent at both Orme and Hooker--a measure of dis-similarity of the various faunas.

Reading vertically, a positive approach is taken, with 59.3% of the over-all fauna shared by Orate and Buttes, as contrasted with only 45.6% shared by Orme and Hooker, or 47.9% shared by Buttes and Hooker. The trend, Orme -

Buttes (59-3%), Buttes - Charleston (55.9%), Orme - Charleston (54.7%), and

Charleston - Hooker (57.0%), all being essentially the same, demonstrates the continuum of species replacement along a gradient, and the lower per- centages ("48%) at Hooker Reservoir site documents its quite different envir- onments and associated faunas. Table 1. Herpetofauna of the Orme, Buttes, Charleston, and Hooker Reservoir sites, Arizona-New Mexico.

Symbols; X = definite occurrence; --- = absence; ? = probable occurrence; and H = hypothetical

occurrence. See text for rational for use of the last two symbols.

Reservoir Sites Common • Taxa • name Orme Buttes Charleston Hooker

Ambystomidaell MOLE SALAMANDERS Ambystoma tiorinum Arizona tiger nebulosum salamander X

Pelobatidae SPADEFOOT TOADS Scaphiophus Plains spadefoot bombifrons MMI110 MOS. S. couchi Couch's spadefoot S. hammondi Western spadefoot

Bufonidae TRUE TOADS Bufo microscaphus Arizona toad microscaphus OP MI 4•11 WO OD MI , 110 we OW B. woodhousei Southwestern Wood- australis house's toad B. cognatus Great Plains toad B. debilis Green toad insidior B. punctatus Red-spotted toad ' B. alvarius Colorado River toad

Hylidae I TREEFROGS AND ALLIES Hyla arenicolor Canyon treefrog X H. wriehtorum -Arizona treefrog a .10 IMO Pseudacris triserlata 'Western chorous frog triseriata SISORD M• MOMOIO ■■■ Table!. Continued

Ranidae TRUE FROGS Rana pipiensli Leopard frog X R. catesbeiana2/ Bull frog X

Microhylidae NARROW-MOUTHED TOADS Gastrophryne olivac- Sinaloa narrow-mouthed eous mazatlanensis toad .

Chelydridae SNAPPING, MUSK, AND MUD TURTLES Chelydra • Common snapping turtle 2/ serpentma- •.. X OW MD =II K! nosternon Yellow mud. turtle flavescens K. sonoriense Sonora mud turtle X

Testudinidae WATER AND BOX TURTLES, TORTOISES ' Terrapene ornate Yellow box turtle 1/ NW • l uteola 11•11 Gooherus adassizi Desert tortoise X X

Trionychidae SOFTSHELLED TURTLES Trionyx piniferus Texas softshell emoryi-i X

Gekkonidae . GECKOS Coleonix variepatus . Desert banded gecko variedatus X C. v. boderti Tucson banded gecko ell SW MI

Iguanidae IGUANIDS Sauromelas obesus Clestern chuckwalla obesus 11.1.11•11 S. o. tuaidus Arizona chuckwalla X

Table 1, Continued

lguanidae (contied) Dipsosaurus dorsalis Desert iguana dorsalis X • =1 6E1 .11•11. Holbrookia maculata Lesser earless lizard X X H. texana scitula Southwestern earless • lizard X X Call isaurus drac- onoides Zebra-tailed lizard X X X II•• • Crotaphytus collaris Collared lizard X X X X C. wislizenl wis- lizeni Leopard lizard X X X X •N, Sceloporus scalaris Bunch grass lizard S. poinsetti Crevice spiny lizard S. magister mac:lister Desert spiny lizard X MOM S. m. bimaculosus Twin-spotted spiny lizard S. clarki clarki Sonora spiny lizard X S. undulatus tris- tichus Southern plateau lizard S. u. consubrinus Southerr prairie lizard -OM MD 09 ■■• IMO M. IMO .111 Urosaurus ornatus Tree lizard • X X 'X Uta stansburiana Desert side-blotched steinecieri S lizard X X X Phrynosoma douglassi Desert short-horned ornatissimum lizard , NO MO ell dal OM .11•1. 4116 P. d. hernandesi Mountain short-horned • lizard MO el MD e

• P. solare • Regal horned lizard X X P. cornutum 'Texas horned lizard ml =Peel P. modestum Round-tailed horned lizard 4•D'IMI 11110 GO Se

Scincidae SKINKS Eumeces obsoletus Great Plains skink X X X E. multivirqatus Southern many-lined epipleurotus skink el le el Ile de X Table 1. _Continued

ScIncIdae (contsed) E. callicephalus Mountain skink

5 Teiidae / WHIPTAILED LIZARDS Cnemidophorus tiqris Southern whiptail qracilis C. t. marunoratus Marbled whiptall C. uniparens Desert-grassland whiptail C. inornatus Little striped whiptail C. exanquis Chiracahua whiptail X C. burti sticto- Giant spotted whip- grammus tail

Anguidae ALLIGATOR LIZARDS Gerrhonotus king? Arizona alligator nobilis lizard • Helodermatidae VENEMOUS LIZARDS Heloderma suspectum Reticulate Gila monster suspectum

Leptotyphlopidae. SLENDER BLIND SNAKES Leptotyphlops Western blind snake humilis L. dulcis Texas blind snake so • c. Xolubridae COLUBRIDS Diadophis punctatus i Regal ringneck snake regal is X Heterodon nasicus Mexican hognose snake kennerlyi =II OM MS H. n. nasicus Plains hognose snake Phyllorhynchus decur- Spotted leaf-nosed tatus: nubilus X snake perkinsi

Table 1. ' Continued

Colubridae (contied) Masticophis flagellum Red racer ' piceus X M. f. lineatulus Lined whipsnake • Me OD MD IND M. t. taeniatus Desert striped whipsnake •• MO MO SO M. bilTneltus

eatus Sonora whipsnake X x . . Salyadora hexalepis Desert patch-nosed 2 hexalepis snake X ? / S. h. deserticola Big Bend patch-nosed 2 snake MD MD MI ? / S. qrahamiae graham- Mountain patch-nosed iae snake OM .101 11M IMO Oa Elaphe triaspis inter- Green rat snake media MO • Arizona elegans noc- Arizona glossy snake tiyaqa X A. e. philipi Painted Desert glossy snake • OM ■IIN OM MO AM Pituophis melanoleucus Sonora gopher snake affinis X X Lampropeltis qetulus Yuma king snake yumensis X X L. q. splendida Sonora king snake m. ,Rhinocheilus lecontei Western long-nosed lecontei snake X X 1. tessellatus Texas long-nosed snake Thamnophis rufipunc- Narrow-headed garter tatus snake ■110 WO T. elegans yaqrans Wandering garter snake ••• ME, T. cyrtopsis cyrtopsis Western.black-neck garter snake "rt. eques megalops Mexican Garter snake T. marcianus Checkered garter snake-

Table I. Continued

Chionactis occipitalis Tucson shovel-nosed klauberi snake 410.0e Chi l omeniscus cinctus Banded sand snake 0111 M011 Ficimia cana Western hook-nosed snake tw • =II MO OW Tantilla planiceps Desert black-headed transmontana snake X X T. p. yaquia Yaquia black-headed snake 0111,10111 MID Tantilla niqriceps Plains black-headed nigriceps snake ••• • Tri morph odon lambda Sonoran lyre snake lambdaW X Hypsiqiena torquata Desert night snake desert icola X H. t. texana Texas night snake II 4,1• MID

Elapidae CORAL SNAKES Micruroides euryxan- Arizona coral snake thus euryxanthus X X

Viperidae VIPERS Sistrurus catenatus Desert massasauga edwardsi .0 MO MI MMOO Crotalus atrox Western diamondback

rattlesnake X X X C. mitchelli pyrrhus Southwestern speckled - rattlesnake ■ OOM all MS M. C. cerastes cerco- • Sonoran sidewinder bombus X 111.1 40 ONO SO: ale AM MI C. molossus molossus Northern black-tailed . rattlesnake X X X X C. tiqris Tiger rattlesnake 4WD 4.1 C. viridis cerberus Arizona black rattlesnake C. v. viridis Prairie rattlesnake C. scutulatus' scut- Mohave rattlesnake jatus fable I. Concluded.

1/ I mportation of "waterdogs," Ambystoma tiqrinum, of other subspecies for use as fishing bait, and their introduction, may have essentially destroyed the native Arizona form through genetic swamping. "Rana pipiens" in Arizona seemingly consists of two; or more, very similar species, under study by O. Platz of Arizona State University. . Box Ortles of various species and subspecies have been introduced widely in Arizona by man, and the situation described before for Ambystoma may soon (or at present) apply here.

2/ The common snapping turtle has not yet been recorded from Arizona in the technicalliterature, but adults and juveniles of this species (plus a number of others) have appeared in the Phoenix canal system, with only the listed form yet taken in the area of the Orme site (from the Verde River)..

3 The symbol "?" is used with footnote 3 to denote zones of intergradation between subspecies at a given site, or of probable intergradation; it is therefore equivalent to an "X" in this usage. 4 Extant literature indicates the absence of this species from the Charleston area; however it has been caught in numbers by Arizona State University personnel far north of its indicated range, near Bonita, Graham County, also far north of the Charleston Reservoir site.

5/ Numerous taxonomic problems exist in southwestern whiptail lizards, with conflicting reports . and major arguments developing and continuing (note the papers by Wright, Lowe, and Maslin, in the bibliography). I have followed Conant (1966) in this listing.

6/ Gehlbach (1971) relegated this form to Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda. . •

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F F F R R ., 7 — ft 1 7 i 7 X 1 -..--' - - • ' X 7 X Dladonhls,Runctatu$ R X R ...... •...... -■ R1 F R ... R F R1 R F F R I f R1 ... . -. F .... X. X F R7 7 X 7 1 1 7 X 7 .... X...... X X X % Neterodon nasalCuS ft ft? .... --...... K X F R X f? F R1 R ...... ■ . -...... X 7 X X ? 1 ..-■ -.. ... --. ..-■ R .... R X R X R F ? ...... X X 7 7 7 1 X PI R R 7 X Phii1urhenchus docuressus - X ■-■ ...- .... 1 15 R X F R R -...... F F X R F X ? -... X....- 0. -. F F F X W-0_5'10 flarlallUM X f Itt ...... -. - --.. A R R F F X X R • i RI ... • R F F F F R F R X F F R7 --...... F F X F X X 1 t ..... F F F X .. X -- A. --■ F F F X . F X -..- ... --■ ...... RT F R R F F R F R F F7 R Rt .■.. ■-- F X F X X ? 7 7 . -. • 1 G...-tillilf•t.• ...... X R . ... . ? 7 X F7 F 1t7 F F R X i 191 vaiora henljejaa. X F ...... - R R X F F R X F F R .... --. R 1 X 1 A Ft ...... R 7 X X X ... ? 7 X 1 F F F F R X . , yr.h3-ils. .... X F -...... --...... R F A F X F X X F % 5. F ...... F F f ...... -- ...... - R X X X X 1 .-- X...... X X X I 1.12.2_,Js_mtos..Ja --- X ...... 'I F F R X X F .-: --■ R '..■ X R RI ...... --. .... R? ... X X .... 7 7 X R/ ' z0,41_71fG2,11.E. F ..- ..... F F F X X Xi7X---X...... X X X X . : Pi.oc...his ..,iA•01eucuT X X X F X F X X .X X F • F X R F R ..-■ --- F7 11 1C X R X .-- K F X 1 la-propeltis cet ulzi X F R7 --.. F F R F F R X , ft ft .0. • nn "• nn• R R? X X K 7 KT X X 1 i ithh acheilu% Ircontel X F .... ---. F R•FX ... X AT X F .... X- -. X X X X R . -.. --.. R? Rt F X F ■-- .... 7 t X X? X S? ..-... 1 itaLylgohls relounctatuS X 7 7 --.. X ... ---. ... F R X , T. .... X F Itt X X X X X F R....RR.... F R? R X F R F 7 7 elec3n$ . F X F X 7 t --. X ■■■ nnn n.n■ f R X • • X F X R7 X X X X X F• R .-- R7 R F X X R .... , i T. Cyr' Q.P% tl F R F X X R ■-■ X F X 7 7 ..... F ..... ■-. .... I R X I.-711.1.i F X R? ..-- X X X X X F R ... R7 Rt ...... x ...... F F. X i i G R R ft - R7 ■-■ A F F R? R X F F t X 1 /,...E•rciaski F X X X X X X F 7 t X o -•• • • --• •-. F X X R ::: ::: .R... 1,t 1; t -.. 7 t 1 X F7 f F I Io,., k occloltalls X nn■ ..n n..• •n• ..... --• t ? 7 X 7 R ft — X 1 n- ■ •-...... • - • • n •" n-- •-■ R X X F F 1 itlicr,cniscus clnctus X ■■■ X? I % F .-. ..-- F X F A ... --...... R7 ....• X X ....■ .... 7 7 7 7 X R R ? X : • i LISITia c.'1.1 --.. '... --- ..--. --■ - -. ■ -...... X F X ...... '. ------F F ------1 7 ...... --. F --■ X X 7 .... ? 7 t 7 X Xt F F a."21.1-1111-0-/,21.1.721...... 7 ... ? 7 1 / .X 7 F ft ..■ X j X F ...... - ...-■ --■ "...... - --■ F F It? R7 Ft? 1 . ... F ..- X X -- • TantIlla nlorIcens It Tr!morplIC.dnel Y R ....- ...- ...... -- ■-■ R ...... A f F R7 Ott ...... R?It ft ' 1 i bIsCuteNS X F 0 . ; ; ; ; ; : ft : i, ty211...Glsra % F ..* ...... -...... R F X F R? ...... : : 7It t ■ . torquett o ' 1 1

rm.; mta es. ...NW. • yd. •

• • •

Table 2. Concluded Table 2. Concluded.

MIcruroldes eurynanthus F aw.••• •••••., a... O.. mr.Oe emDe R enell F X f ••••• X R 1•7 R »•• X X II ... f f t 7 2 1 f L V II to•••• wore Sistrurus catonatus X 2 2 ■-■ RI D t X X R R X F e.n ••■ •■■ e»XX...•• X 41••••• 1••■••• Crotsus StroM- .... R F F X X X X ... F X X X ...... - F R X X C R X X .... X...... X X X % ea. R R g ..4 ... X - rr ...... ■-...... X X It R / X 2 .2 1 I Z.. Zrfastes g R g g .-.. .-...... RT X X R R ? ? 2 7 X..... : : : X 1.7.o ossus ...RFFFFFX ... R F F F X F ...... F R X X F F 7 X 2 F...... R F X X Z:727,717— R R ...... y x R R y g gy ...... A R K X Z. yr;fdfs ■-. - F F F F F X X .... F F F 2 F ? .... 111 F R X X X F ? ? F t ...... R F R X • 1,1110.5tui ... R K F R ...■ .... R .... X X F II 7 X F' 2 ...... F i X IC

1 /Whon attitudinal or life-zone Intergrades are considered. their attributes are combined In this summary of ecological rviationships of tha soectes, as • whole; . hi gh.. and low-altitude forms of Crotslu$ ytridis 111. I/S•• footnote number 1. Table I. 1/Introduced from eastern United States.

12/Sea footnote number 6. Table I.

• iillocause of th• secretive aaaaaa of many snakms. exemplified here by the WWII snakes that rarely move &tow ground. the ' • habits, habitats. and so on of many species is speculative or unknown. •

•

1 • . •

• .17

Table 3. Faunal comparisons at the species level of the herpetofaunas of

Orme, Buttes, Charleston, and Hooker Reservoir sites, Arizona-New •

Mexico; see text for.explanation.

Orme Buttes Charleston Hooker

59 spp. 11.9% . 10.3% • 21.7% 45.6% (7)

• 54 spp. 59.3% 0.0% 25.1% 35.3% (0)

66 spp. 54.7% • 55.9% 12.0% 30.8% • (8) Charleston

62 spp. —V 45.6% 47.5% 57.0% 16.1% 0 (I0) 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following bibliography includes not only specific herpetological works, but also papers on natural vegetation, other animal groups, and so on, which were called upon to stimate, where actual evidence was lacking, the presence or absence of various species at the Four reservoir sites. Note that an addendum includes citations discovered subsequent to copying of the original bibliography.

I BARTLETf; O : p : ASPLUND, K. K. - Seasonal variation in the diet of Urosaurus, 1853. Personal Narrative of Exploration 4 Incident I if ornatus in a riparian community. Herpetol- in Texas, New Mexico, California oi7i, and . Chihuahua. Rio Grande Press, gica 20, 91-94. Chi,....jo

BENTLEY, P. J. ,1966. Adaptations of amphibia to arid environ- ments. Science, 152, 619-623. 1 ASPLUND, K.K., and LOWE, C. H. . 1964. Reprodoctive cycles of the iguanid lizards Urosaurus ornatus and Uta stansburiana in southeastern Arizona. J. Morphol., 115, 27-33. BEZY, R. L. 1967. Variation, distribution and taxanomi,6 status of the Arizona Night Lizard (Xantusia arizonae) Copeia, 653-661. 1 pp. ATSATT, S. R. 1923. Behavior of the leaf-nosed snake, Phyllorhynchus decurtatus; Univ. Calif. 1 (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 21, 303-312. BISHOP, SHERMAN C. 1947. Handbook of Salamanders. Ithaca, N.Y., Comstock Publishing Co., Inc. •

BLAIR, W. F. 1 BAILEY, V. 1955. Differentiation of mating call in spade- I 1913. •Life-zones and crop-zones of New Mexico. foots, genus Scaphiopus. Texas J. Sci., U. S. Dept. Agr., N. Amer. Fauna, 35: - 1 -y00. 7, 183-188.

, P. 6, F,. 7? ea* Jie j , $4,v1.-4 /, 4 ° /trZ 111-r1ek..:et-A 1" ‘ 1,5 , 7/(1/) yo

F • BOGERT, C. M., AND MARTIN DEL CAMPO, R. /BL. 1956. The*gila monster and its allies F. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist., 109. Call 238. difference at an in southwestern isolatingfflechanism toads (genus Texas J. Sc., Buis). 8: 87-106.

BOOTH, K. 1958. Development of eggs and young of desert • tortoise. Herpetologica, 13: 261-263. BLAIR, W.F., AND PETTUS, D. in 1954. The mating call and its significance the Colorado River toad (Bufo - - Girard). Texas J. Sc., 8: 72 77.

BOYER, D. R. 1967. Interaction of temperature and hypoxia on respiratory and cardiac responses in the lizard, Sauromalus obesus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 20: 437-447. BOGERT, C. M. 1937. Note on the growth rate of the desert tortoise, Gopherus apassizii. Copeia, 191-192. h f BRAGG, A. N. 1965. "Gnomes of the Night." . Univ. of Pennsyl- vania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

- .. BOGERT; C. M., AND OLIVER, J. A. I 1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpeto- BRATTSTROM,.B. H. fauna of Sonora. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. 1953. Notes on a population of leaf-nosed • Hist., 83: 303-425. snakes PhyllorOnchus decurtatus •perkins . Nerpetologica,19: 57-64.

BROD'F E. D., JR. AND R. G. ALT1G . • t's. CAPOCACCIA, Morphological Variation of the Jimez 1962. Probable natural parthenogenesis izards Plethodon neomexicant. Mountains Salamander, of the genus Cnemidophorus. Natura, 53: Copeia, pp. 670-672. 109-110.

CARPENTER, C. C. 1961. Patterns of social behavior in the • desert BROWN, G. W.,,JR. (ed.) iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Copeia,- pp, 396-463. 1 1968. Desert Biology, Vol. Academic Press, New York.

CARPENTER, C. C. 1962. A comparison of the patterns of display ' " of Urosaurus, Uta, and Streptosaurus. Herpetologica, 18: 145-152. BURT, C. E. 1931. A study of the teiid lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus with special reference to 777—Thylogenetic relationships. U.S. Natl. MuEeum Bull., 154: 1-286. CARPENTER, C. C., AND GRUB1TS, G., III. • 1960. Dominance shifts in the tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus lguanidae). South- western Naturalist, 5: 123-128.

BURT, C. E., AND BURT, M. CARR, ARCHIE ) 1929. Field notes and locality records on a 1952. Handbook of Turtles. Ithaca, N.Y„ collection oramphibians and reptiles, Comstock Publishing Assocs., Cornell Univ. chiefly from the western half of the Press. • United States. 11. Reptiles. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 19: 448-460. COPE, E. D. .M. 1866. On the Reptilia and Batrachia of "Living Amphibians of the World." . Sonoran province of the Nearctic Doubleday, New York. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc!. Phila., 18: 300-314.

COLE, 1962. Notes on the distribution and fbod habits COPE, E. D. of Bufoielvarius at the eastern edge '1871. Recent reptiles and fishes. Report on the rep- of its range. Herpetologica, 18: 172-175. tiles and fishes obtained by the naturalists øf the expedition. In, Preliminary Report of the., U. S. Geologit Survey of Whoming and Portions of Contiguous Territories, Part IV: Special Reports, by F. V. Hayden. Pp. 432-442. COLE, L. C. 1943. Experiments on toleration of high temper- 1 atures in lizards with reference to adaptive coloration. Ecology, 24: 94-108. , COPE, E. D. 1875a. On the geographical distribution of the vertebrate of the Regnum Nearcticum, with especial reference to the batrachia and CONANT, R. reptilia. Bull U.S. Nat. Mu.., 1: 55-95. 1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern North America. Houghton Mifflin " Company, Boston. xv + 366 pp.

COPE, E. D. I - 1875 b.Checklist of North American Batrachia COOKE,. P. S . G., W. H. C. WHITING, AND F. X. AUBRY and Reptilia; with a systematic list of 1938.• Exploring southwestern trails, 1846-1854, ed. the higher groups, and an essay on geo- I R. P. Bieber. Southwest Hist. Ser., 7: 1-383, graphical distribution, based on the I map, frontis. specimnns contained in the U. S, National 1 Museum. U.S. Natl. Museum Bull., 1: 1-104. 1 - I

1--- COPE, E ^ '' COWLES, R. B. 188f he batrachia of North America. U.S. Natl. 1946. Note on the arboreal feeding habits Atiseum Bull.,.34: 1-525. v. the desert iguana. Copeia, re.172-173.

COPE, E. D. DAWSON, W. R., AND BARTHOLOMEW, G. A. 1958. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of Metabolic and cardiac responses to tempera- North America. Report U.S. Natl. Museum, ture in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsal is. 1898: 153-1270. Physiol. Zoo!., 31: 100-111.

• DEGENHARDT, W. G. COUES, E. 1966. A method of counting some diurnal ground 1875. Synopsis of the reptiles and batrachians lizards of the genera Holbrookia and of Arizona, with critical and field notes, Cnemidophorus with results from the Big and an extensive synonomy. U.S. Geogr. Bend National Park. Am. Midland Naturalist, ,Geol. Explor. Surv. West 100th Meridian. 75: 61-100. 5: 585-633.

COWLES, R. B. DESSAUER, H. C., W. FOX, AND F. H. POUCH 1 1945. Some of the activities of the sidewinder. 1962. Starch-gel electrophoresis of transferrins, Copeia, pp. 98-100. esterases, and other plasma proteins of hybrids between two subspecies of whiptailed lizard (Genus Cnemidophorus). Copeia, 1962 (4): 767-774. • , -- I DE WI C. B. ELTON, CHARLES S. • 1! Precision of thermoregulation and its 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Anima relation to environmental factors in the Plants. London: Methuen and Co. desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. • Physiol. Zool., 40: 49-66.

ERCOLE, J. R. 1 970. Mass dieoff of bullfrogs and leopard frogs by freezing in central Arizona. Ariz. DEWITT, C. B. Acad. Sc., 6: 139. 1 1967b. Behavioral thermoregulation in the desert Iguana. Science, 158: 809-810.

1 EVANS, K. J. 1967. Observations on the daily emergence of Coleony4 varleciatus and Uta stansburiana. Herpetologica, 23: 217-222.

DOLE, J. W. 1967. The role of substrate moisture and dew in the .water economy of leopard frogs, Rana pipiens. Copeia, 1 41-149. • 11 FERGUSON, G. W. . 1966. Releasers of courtship and territorial behavior In the side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana. Animal Behavior, 14: 89-92,

I ECHTERNACHT, A. C. FITCH, H. S. Home ranges, territorieS, and seasonal 1 1967. Ecological relationships of two species 1958. . movements of vertebrates of the Natural of the lizard genus Cnemidophorus in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona. Am. - History Reservation. Univ. Kansas Pulif9.t Midland Naturalist, 78: 448-459. Museum Nat. Hist., 11: 63-326.

FITCH, H. S. Ecological .studies of lizards on the FUNK, R. S. University of Kansas Natural History 1965.' Food of Crotalus cerastes later, .rts Reservation. In "Lizard Ecology: A ' in-Yuma County, Arizona. Herpetologica, Symposium" (W.W. Milstead, ed.), pp. 21: 15-17. 30-44. Univ. of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri.

FUNK, R. S. 1967. FLEET, R. R. AND J. R. DIXON A new colubrid snake of the genus Chionactri* 1971. Geographic variation within the long- . from Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist, . tailed group of the Glossy Snake, Arizona 12: 180-188. elegans Kennicott. Herpetologica, 27: 295-302.

FUNK, R. S. 1968. A new Colubrid snake of the genus Chionactis FLEHARTY, E. D. from Arizona. Southwestern Natur., 1968. Comparative ecology of Thamnophis elecians., 12: 180-188. T. cyrtopsis, and T. rufipunctatus in New Mexico. Southwestern Natur., 12: 207-229.

FRY, F. .E. J. GATES, G. 0. 1947. Effects of the en'vironment on animal 1957. A study of the herpetofauna in the . activity. Pull . Ontario Fisheries Res. vicinity of Wickenburg, Maricopa County, Lab., 68: 1 -62. Arizona. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 60: 403-418. GEHLBACK, F. R. GOLDBERG, S. R. Lyre Snakes of the Trimorphodon biscutatus 1971a. Reproductive cycle of the ovovivir us complex: A taxonomic resume. Herp., Vol. iguanid lizard, Sceloporus Larro% 3e. 27: 200-211. Herpetologica, 27: 123-131.

GLOYD, H. K. GOLDBERG, S. R. A consideration of the faunal areas of 1932. 1971b. Reproduction in the Short Horned Lizard, southern Arizona based on the distribution Phrynosoma douglassi in Arizona. Herpetolo-. of amphibians and reptiles. Anat. Record, gica, 27: 311-314. 54: 109-110. (abstract).

GOLDOERG, S. R., AND LOWE, C. H. 1966. The reproductive cycle of the western GLOYD, H. K. whiptail lizard (Cnemidophorus tioris) 1937. A herpetological consideration of faunal in southern Arizona. J. Morphol., 118: areas in southern Arizona. Bull Chicago 543_548. Acad. Sc., 5: 79-136.

GOLDMAN, E. A. AND R. T. MOORE. COIN, COLEMAN J., AND OLIVE B. GOIN 1945. The biotic provinces of Mexico. J. 1962. Introduction to Herpetology. San Francisco Mammal., 26: 347-360. and London, W.H. Freeman & Co. HENSLEY, M. M. I GRANT, C. . ( 1949. Mammal diet of Heloderma. Herpetc 'ca, 19 Differentiation of the southwestern 5: 152. tortoises (genus Gopherus), with notes on their habits. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 12: 441-448.

lUEY, L. M. 1942. A vertebrate faunal survey of the Organ ' Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: GREEN, CHRISTINE R., AND SELLERS, WILLIAM D. (eds.) 1964. Arizona iblimate. Tucson: The University of 355-375. Arizona Press.

GREENBERG, B. IRWIN, L. N. 1965. Diel activity and social interaction of 1943. Social behavior of the western banded • gecko, the lizard Uta stansburiana steinegeri. Coleonyx variecatus Baird. Physiol. Copeia, pp. 99-101. Zool., 16: 110-122.

1 GREENBERG, B. 'JAEGER, E. C. ife." Stanford Univ. Press, 1945. Notes on the social begavior of the collared 1961. ;DesefrtdWi,cldl f r ia lizard. Copeia, pr e 225-230.

HEALD, W. F. JORGENSEN, C. B., AND TANNER, W. W. The applications of the density probability 1951. Sky islands of Arizona. Nat. Hist., 1963. function to determine the home ranges 60: 56-63, 95-96. of Uta stansburiana and Cnemidophorus tictris. Herpetologica, 19: 105-115. 1 KLAUBER, L. M. • • •;KAUF1 C. F. 1939. Studies of reptile .l ife in the ar 19 Field notes on some arizona reptiles southwest. Bull. Zool. Soc. San and amphibians; Am.'Midland Naturalist, 14: 1-10C. 29: 342-359.

KAUFFELD, CARL 1957; Snakes and Snake Hunting. Garden City, N.Y., KLAUBER, L. M. Hanover House. 1940a. The worm snakes of the genus teptotyohloos In the United States and northern Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 87- 162.

KERFOOT, W. C. 1968. Geographic variability of the lizard, KLAUBER, L. M. The lyre snakes (genus Trlmorphodon)' Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1940b. of.the United States. Trans, San Diego in the eastern part of its range. Copeia, Soc. Nat. Hist., 9:.163-194. pp. 139-152.

KLAUBER,'L. M. 1936. Ccprallic mitehelltt, the speckled rattle- KLAUBER, L. M. snake. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 1941. The long-nosed snakes of the genus Rhino- 8: 149-184. . cheilus. Trans. SanDiego Soc. Nat; Hist., 9: 289-332.

' KLAUBER, M. (LAUBER, L. M. 1944. Ihe sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes, with 1951. The shovel-nosed snake, Chinoactis, with description of a new subspecies. Trans. descriptions of two new subspecies. San Diego Soc. Nat. Mist., 10: 91-126. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Mist., 11: • 141-204.

(LAUBER, L. M. 1945. The geckos of the genus Coleonvx with KLAUBER, LAURENCE M. descriptions of new subspecies. Trans. • 1956. Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 133-216. and Influence on Mankind. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 2 vols.

LANGEBARTEL, D. A., AND SMITH; H. M. KLAUBER, L. M. • 1954. Summary of the Norris-collection of reptiles The glossy snake, Arizona,, with descriptions 1946. and amphibians from Sonora, Mexico. of new subspecies. Trans. San Diego Soc. HerpetOlogica, 10: 125-136. Nat. Mist., 10: 311-398.

KLAUBER, L. M. LOWE, C. H. Isolating mechanisms In sympatric pop- 1947. Classification and ranges of the gopher - 1954. ulations of southwestern anurans. snakes of the genus Pituoohis in the Texas. western United States. Bull. Zool. Soc. J. Sc., 6: 265-270. San Diego, 22:7-81. 1 LOWE H. The eastern limit of the Sonoran Desert LOWE, C. H., AND WRIGHT; J. W. in the United States with additions to • • 1966. Evolution of parthenogenetic spec. of I . the known herpetofauna of New Mexico. Cnemidophorus (whiptail lizards) in western Ecology, 36: 343-345. North America. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci., 81-87.

LOWE, C. H. LOWE, C. H., WRIGHT, J. W., AND NORRIS, K. S. 1967.. The Vertebrates of Arizona. Univ. Arizona Press, 196, Analysis of the herpetofauna of Baja Tucson. California, Mexico. IV. The Baja Califor- nia striped whiptail, Cnemidophorus labialis, with key to the striped-unspotted ;131751-Ts of the Southwest. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci., 4: 121-127. •

MASLIN, T. P. LOWE, C. H. AND S. R. GOLDBERG. 1962. Ajl-female species of the lizard genus Teiidae. Science, 135: '1970. Reproduction in the little striped whiptail. Cemidophorus, Ariz. Acad. Sci., 6: 162-164. 212-413.

MASLIN, T. P. LOWE, C. H., AND WRIGHT, ..1 ,1 W. 1966. The sex of hatchlings of five apparently 1964. Species of the Cnemidophorus exsanquis ' unisexual species of whiptail lizards subgroup of whiptail lizards. J. Ariz. (Cnemidophorus, Teiidae). Am. Midland Acad. Sci., 3: 78-80. Naturalist, 76: 369-378.

MASI T. P. . A,A MONTANUCC1, R. R. • Skin grafting in the biAexual telid lizard 1967. Further studieS on leopard !Tzar Cnemidophorus sexlineatus and in the unisexuat Crotaphytus wislizenii. Herpetologica,. • C. tesselatus. J. Exptl. Zool., 166: 23: 119-126. 137-150.

MOORE, R. T. l MCKINNEY, C. O. 1945. The transverse volcaniC.biotic province 1970. An analysis of zones of intergradation in of central Mexico and Its 'relationship the side blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana to adjacent provinces. Trans. San (Sauna: Iguanidae). Copeia, pp. 596-613. Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 217-235.

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