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The Campaigns of Servilius Isauricus Against the Pirates Author(S): H The Campaigns of Servilius Isauricus against the Pirates Author(s): H. A. Ormerod Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 12 (1922), pp. 35-56, 288 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/296170 . Accessed: 15/06/2014 19:31 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Roman Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.34.78.245 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 19:31:56 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES By H. A. ORMEROD. One of the effectsof the defeatof kingAntiochus, followed by a treatyof peace whose termslimited his fleet to ten vesselsof war and preventedhim fromsending an armed vessel to the west of the Calycadnus,had been that the slightamount of control,which the kingsof Syriahad formerlyexercised on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, could no longer be maintained. As yet the Romans themselveshad no interestin the districtsoutside the Taurus. Of the southern coast ofAsia Minor,Lycia was handedover to theRhodians, Pamphylia aftersome delay to Eumenes,and althoughwestern Cilicia remaineda part of the Syrian kingdom,the terms of the treaty effectually prevented the nominal rulers from exercisingany sort of control. It is scarcelysurprising that the wild tribes which inhabited both sides of the Taurus once more betook themselvesto occupations which had been natural to them from the earliest times. The piracywhich, accordingto Strabo,1 now began in these waters,was moreoverencouraged by the Rhodiansand the kingsof Egypt,in so far as it crippledthe Syrianpower, while Rome, if we may except a tour of inspection by Scipio Aemilianus without armed force, took no cognisanceof its existence. Rather the operationsof the pirates,as the purveyorsof slaves, were regarded, togetherwith the similar activities of the tax-farmers,as an integral part of the economic basis of life. The firstrecorded action of any importanceon the part of the Romangovernment was not takenuntil the years I03-IO2, whenthe praetorMarcus Antoniuswas sentagainst them. The literaryevidence regardingthe expeditionis small and gives no hint of its immediate cause. But the beginningmade at this time had an importantresult in the creation of a permanentcommand in Cilician waters, from which the later provinceof Cilicia grew. Two yearslater the expedi- tion of Antoniuswas followedby a law passed in tlhesixth consulship of Marius,2 having for its object permanentprecautions against the pirates,and invitingthe freestates and clientkings to join in excluding themfrom their ports. Thus in no uncertainterms the Roman people had declared that the tolerationhitherto extended to piracywould no longer be enjoyed; but the disturbanceswhich followedthe fall of the Marian governmentprevented the completionof the move- I xiv, p 668. an article by E. Cuq (C.R.A.I. 1923, pp. 129 seqq). Cuq shows, I think conclusively,that the 2 See Foucart, Yournaldes Savants, I906, p. 369. accepted date forthe inscriptionmust be abandoned, The text of the law has now been published in btut his proposed identificationwith the Lex Klio, xvii, p. 17z. Since the above was in type my Gabinia of 67 B.c. requiresfurther evidence. (See attention has been drawn by Mr. M. N. Tod to also Suppl. Epigr. Graec. vol. i, p. 33, no. 161). This content downloaded from 195.34.78.245 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 19:31:56 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 36 THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES. mentagainst the pirates,who, recognising that Rome was now their declaredenemy, sought and founda new protectorin Mithradates. It is unnecessaryhere to enterinto the rapiddevelopment of the piratestates during the firstMithradatic war; myobject at present is to discussone episodeof thelong war with the pirates, which may be heldto havecontinued from the expedition of Antonius in 103 B.C. to theirfinal extermination by Pompeius. There can be no doubtthat Sulla was fullyalive to the necessity of a rapidsettlement with the Cilicians. He had himselfheld the Ciliciancommand in 92 B.c., and the campaignagainst Mithradates had taughthim the value of theirsupport to hisenemy. Securityin southernAsia Minordepended not onlyon the suppressionof piracy at sea,but on thereduction of thekindred tribes on bothsides of the Taurus range,from whom the sea roversdrew reinforcements, and witlhwhom a refugecould be foundin the eventof troubleon thecoast. The problemto be facedwas twofold: the policing of the southerncoast of Asia Minor, and a vigorouspenetration of the Taurusand reductionof the Highlanders. The area occupiedby the piratesat this time was as follows In CiliciaTracheia it is clearthat they held the wholeof the coast and theinterior on bothsides of theTaurus. The Pamphyliancoast, if not entirelyoccupied by them,was deeplyimplicated in their malpractices.Side had longprovided a market,second in importance onlyto Delos, forthe disposalof theircaptives, and thepirate vessels werebuilt in its dockyards.2 Serviliusfound it necessaryto chastise the people of Attaleia. On the westernshores of the Pamphylian gulfa robberchieftain had madehimself master of Olympus, Corycus and Phaselis. In the Hinterlandof Lycia, in spite of Strabo's encomiumof the ruleof Moagetes,3 it is probablethat the Cibyratis wasdisturbed, perhaps as a resultof the Mithradatic war. Disturbances in this districtconstituted a threatto the inhabitantsof Lycia, whose loyaltyto Rome had been demonstratedin the late war. Moreover,a disturbedpopulation in the Cibyratisoffered the same supportto Zenicetesand his brigandsin Mount Solymaas did the Isauriansand Homanadeisto the Cilicianpirates. The plan of campaignfor the pacificationof thisdistrict, which as I havesuggested was evolvedby Sulla, comprised an attackby sea on the southerncoasts of Asia Minor,together with a simultaneous advanceby land alongthe northern face of the Taurus, so as to attack the pirate countryfrom the northand south. For this purpose Murena,the successor of Sulla,whose share in thepirate war has been largelyforgotten," gathered a fleetfrom the subject states to be used 1 With the exception, perhaps,of Seleticeia ad XporptKhP ep-yLP, o&&& TOi's 6M6pOus &(wo L-aO' Calycadlium(Strabo, xiv, p. 670, 7roX d4e-rwso-u iqo-uXiavNv. Tro KtstKiols KaL llaouXiov rp6w7rov.) 3} .xiii p. 6, I . 4 Appian, Bell. ifitbr.,93: Iovp,7vas Te 2 Strabo xiv, p. 664. For the Pamphyliansin EyXetpLP as air'oZs oMev et4lpyacro ptya. aXX' generalsee xii, p. 570: ou reXews d.peZvraL TWsV of'& Zepou6tos IoaL'pLKo's bri r3 MlotIpivqz. This content downloaded from 195.34.78.245 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 19:31:56 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE CAMPAIGNS OF SERVILIUS ISAURICUS AGAINST THE PIRATES. 37 againstthe pirates,1 and by land proceeded to the occupation of the Cibyratis. Of the kingdomof Moagetes, a part,Balbura, Bubon and, as it would appear, Oenoanda, was assignedto the Lycians, the re- mainder,comprising the laterconventus of Cibyra,annexed by Rome. Murena's unfortunateadventure against Mithradates,while inter- rupting any concentratedaction against southernAsia Minor, led to his own recall in 8I B.C. Of his successor,Nero, we know little except that he weaklyabetted the depredationsof Verres,who was legatus to the governorof Cilicia in 8o and 79. That governor, Dolabella, was himselfimpeached, and it is highlyprobable that the misconduct of him and his legatus created furtherdisturbances, 2 whichnecessitated the vigorousaction of the new proconsulin Cilicia, Servilius. During the years of Servilius'command a forwardpolicy was once moreadopted by the Romans,and a beginningmade towards the cormpletereduction of the whole district. A firstexamination of the scattered notices which we possess regardingServilius' campaigns gives the impressionthat he achieved completesuccess in the reductionof the whole of the southerncoast of Asia Minor, overrunningCilicia and penetratingthe Taurus; but that the effectof his workwas undone only by the failureof the Romans to maintaina proper police of the seas as a whole, so that the Cilician pirates,driven from their native haunts,found a refuge elsewhere,particularly in Cretan waters. The laterwriters in general state that Serviliuscompletely reduced Cilicia, one going so far as to say that it was made tributary.3 Neverthelessin the statements of earlierwriters there is nothing,with the exceptionof one doubtful passage in Sallust,4 to show that Servilius ever succeeded in even enteringCilicia Tracheia, the principalheadquarters of the pirates. I proposeto examinethese statementsand see what ground Servilius can be reasonablyheld to have covered. Firstas to the chronology:Servilius was consulin 79 B.C. 5 Accord- ing to Cicero,6 he held the Cilician command for a quinquennium, that is to say,during the years78 to 74, being succeededin the course of the last year by Octavius, the consul of 75.7 There is no real inconsistencybetween the statementof Cicero and that of two later writersto the effectthat the war was of three years' duration.8 In all our accounts Servilius'share of the campaign against the pirates I Cic. Verr. ii, I, 90. (Classis) quae contra Referencesin Clinton, iii, p. 156. piratas aedificatasit. See also ? 89. 6 Verr. ii, 3, 211. P. Servilius quinquennium 2 This at any rate was the inference Cicero exercituicum praeesset. intended should be drawn from the statementin 7 Groebe-Drumnann, iv, 408. Verr. ii, 1, 56. 8Eutrop. vi, 3: Intra trienniumbello finem 3 Ammian.,xiv, 8, 4. Hae duae provinciae(Cilicia dedit. Orosius,v, 23: Triennioemenso quo bellum and Isauria) factae sunt vectigales.
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