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Id 524 Design Earthquakes for Iter in Europe At ID 524 DESIGN EARTHQUAKES FOR ITER IN EUROPE AT CADARACHE Comparison of the semi-empirical methods used according to the French regulation and the seismic probabilistic assessment of the site Jean-Philippe Girard1, Gottfried Grünthal2, Marc Nicolas3 and EISS Team 1 Direction de l‘Énergie Nucléaire, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France 2 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany 3 CEA-DAM Íle de France, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France Phone: +33 4 42 25 66 74 œ Fax: +33 4 42 25 25 00 œ Email: jean-philippe.girard@ cea.fr Abstract Input requirements and assumptions for ITER consider that an infrequent, severe earthquake (called SL-2) which, although unlikely to occur during the lifetime of the facility, is assessed to demonstrate adequate protection of the public. This earthquake is assumed to have a return period of 10,000 years. An investment protection level or inspection level (where all Structures, Systems and Components are safe) with a peak ground acceleration (pga) at 0.5 m/s2 is also considered. As a basis, orders of magnitude of consequences, if no countermeasures were taken, are given. The European site proposed for ITER is situated in the South of France, 40 km North-East of Aix-en-Provence, in a low to moderate seismic area according to the Global Seismic Hazard Map (GSHAP Group 1999). The tokamak building would be implemented on good bedrock made of limestone with a shear wave velocity of over 1,300 m/s. Four aspects are discussed: regulation, implementation of this regulation for the proposed site (site geology, tectonic, seismotectonic), a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the site has been performed using a methodology which considers uncertainties (this work has been developed by the team which had contributed to large parts of the GSHAP map study), finally the fulfilment of the requirements and assumptions are discussed, according to IAEA guides for instance. As a conclusion of the studies the main characteristics of the Cadarache European site are discussed: as a reference the standardized 475 year mean return period hazard (i.e. 10 % of chance to occur in 50 years); 10,000 year return period in accordance with the ITER assumption. Preliminary studies have shown that the European site proposal will ensure a low level of project risk with respect to the seismic hazard. Keywords: ITER, Cadarache, seism, geology 1 ID 524 Input requirements and assumptions for ITER consider that an infrequent, severe earthquake which, although unlikely to occur during the lifetime of the facility, is assessed to demonstrate adequate protection of the public. This earthquake is assumed to have a return period of 10,000 years. An investment protection level or inspection level (where all structures, systems and components are safe) is also defined with a peak ground acceleration (pga) of .05 g (or 0.5m/s2). 1. Radioactive inventory and potential risk and impact The ITER tritium inventory is in the order of a kilogram of tritium. The impact of such an inventory on nearest population could be in the order of few tens of mSv to the Sievert according to the chemical form of the tritium (gas or water) if no confinement would be designed to prevent releases of the tritium. 1 to 10 mSv is the upper limit of design values usually consider for infrequent severe accident consequences. Though if no other contamination sources were considered (i.e. radioactive with irradiated dust, or chemical with beryllium), ITER would have to be designed to confine tritium during major accident such as severe earthquakes. 2. Seismic Hazard Assessment at the proposed European ITER Site The probabilistic seismic hazard assessment analysis for the proposed ITER site at Cadarache, France, is described. Uncertainties in the input parameters lead to fractiles reflecting the uncertainty of the output hazard. According to the IAEA SL-1 and SL-2 standards, median hazard values at annual probabilities of occurrence of 10-2 and 10-4 years, respectively, are given. 2.1. Seismicity data For the probabilistic calculation of the seismic hazard at Cadarache the French earthquake catalogue —Sisfrance“ [1], calibrated in terms of moment magnitudes Mw, served as the basis for the study. The spatial distribution of epicentres in the region of southern France (including parts of Italy) is shown in Figure 1 (see [2] and [3]). 2.2. Input parameters and computation algorithm The uncertainty of the input parameters used for a probabilistic hazard calculation are considered in the so-called —logic tree“ algorithm. For each input parameter, several values or models are entered with their relative weights. The seismic source zone model proposed in Martin [4] et al. (2001) was adopted, dividing France into 52 seismic source zones. The zones around Cadarache are shown in Figure 2. The source zone model was modified with respect to the Durance fault, which is considered as separate. Seismicity parameters calculated for each zone for the logic tree input are the characteristics (a- and b-values) of the Gutenberg- Richter frequency-magnitude relation based on complete data in each size class, maximum expected magnitudes and representative focal depths [5]. The input a- and b-values are given with ± one standard deviation to account for the uncertainty. The maximum magnitude values are obtained with a technique modified after Cornell (1994) [6] and Coppersmith (1994) [7] based on data from globally distributed stable continental regions. Five representative values of the focal depth distribution are given for each source zone. Samples of frequency- magnitude relations, maximum magnitude distributions and focal depth sets are given in Figure 2. The obtained magnitude values are well above the respective maximum observed 2 ID 524 magnitude, e.g. for two of the zones in Figure 1, the highest maximum values are more than two magnitude units above the observed magnitude. Since no sufficient numbers of strong- motion recordings exist for southern France, attenuation relations from similar tectonic regimes and with similar subsoil characteristics were applied for the Cadarache calculations. Since both, extensional tectonics and strike-slip movement are prevailing in the surrounding of the site, attenuation relations for the peak ground acceleration by Spudich [8] et al. (1999) for extensional regimes (33 % weight) and by Boore [9] et al. (1997) assuming strike-slip mechanism (33 %) and not specified mechanism (33 %) were applied. According to the measured shear wave velocities at the Cadarache site all relations are for rock type conditions. 3. Results Seismic Hazard Assessment Each of the branches (combinations) of the logic tree gives hazard solutions for a range of annual probabilities of occurrence for the proposed European site. Fractiles of the solutions of all branches are selected and plotted in Figure 2, the median 50 % curve and the 16 % and 84 % fractiles are shown. ITER seismic design specifications are based on the median hazard for mean return periods of 102 and 104 years. The obtained median hazard values for Cadarache are respectively 0.67 m/s2 and 2.26 m/s2. From published seismic hazard maps in recent domestic assessments for Cadarache (Martin et al., 2001), hazard values in the ranges 0.5-0.7 m/s2 for a mean return period of 100 years and 1.5-2 m/s2 for 1975 years mean return period were derived. These values are in good agreement with the findings of the present study (Figure 2). 4. Site ground characteristic The European proposed site for ITER is situated in the South-East of France on a limestone bedrock close to the confluence of the Durance and Verdon Rivers in Provence. Extensive drillings of the proposed site leads to select an area with dense limestone (density = 2.5 t/m2) up to the natural level to implement the tokamak building and the other nuclear and safety building. Sixty drillings from 20 to 60 metres on the whole expected ITER building platform, a 200 metre deep drilling is available nearby on the Cadarache Centre. It has been shown through seven seismic refraction profiles that the limestone is homogeneous (little fractured) and free from any karstic cavity and from any marly or clayey beds. The characteristics of the ground have been measured and largely fulfil the requirement of ITER in terms of soil bearing capacity (400 t/m2 for a design load of 100 t/m2), in case aseismic bearings would be used no differential settlement have to be feared. The shear wave velocity (which is a criteria of the ground in terms of classification of soil vs. amplification of seismic hazard) has been measured trough three cross-holes technique on the first 30 metres under the zero level of the nuclear building and leads to mean on 30 first metres). W ith a mean over the 30 first metres under the tokamak basemat of 1,350 m/s, these measurements leads to classify the soil as good hard bedrock (on a scale of three types of soil, poor, medium and good) the threshold for —good“ being 800 m/s according to the French regulation and 1,100 m/s according to the IAEA standards. 5. Regulation to apply for ITER in Europe and in France According, among others, to the tritium inventory ITER will be a so-called —Installation Nucléaire de Base“. A prescriptive rule for the seismic hazard of such facility is available and has to be fulfilled. This rule has recently been updated (2001). The standard procedure is to integrate the elements of the seismological (instrumental seismicity, historical and 3 ID 524 prehistorical data), geophysical and geological database to construct a regional seismotectonic model consisting of a discrete set of seismogenic structures and zones of diffuse seismicity. The maximum potential earthquake of each seismogenic structure and each zone of diffuse seismicity should be assumed to occur at the point of the structure (or zone) closest to the site area.
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