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7 Clima Y Chamanismo: Iniciacion Por El Rayo

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7 Clima Y Chamanismo: Iniciacion Por El Rayo 50 I 7 CLIMA Y CHAMANISMO: INICIACION POR EL RAYO CLIMA Y CONTINUIDAD DE LAS CREENCIAS PREHISPANICAS en la región de La Malinche (México) David ROBICHAUX * RESUMEN A pesar de profundos cambios en la economía local, a medida que los campesinos nahuas del sureste del estado mexicano de Tlaxcala se vuel- ven cada vez más dependientes del trabajo asalariado, todavía a finales del siglo XX persiste un complejo de creencias y prácticas relativas a la meteo- rología. Dicho complejo es alimentado por el importante papel que de- sempeñan el volcán de La Malinche en las condiciones meteorológicas lo- cales y la elevación de una de las comunidades de estudio en donde ser al- canzado por un rayo no es nada raro. La creencia local coincide con las ideas prehispánicas relativas al origen de la lluvia y el agua y las prácticas rituales tienen que ver con una deidad tutelar femenina del volcán de La Malinche que tiene rasgos asociados con las esposas de Tlaloc, dios de la lluvia y la tierra, o con el mismo Tlaloc. Tales creencias y prácticas son am- pliamente difundidas en Mesoamérica contemporánea y muestran una ca- pacidad de resistencia a pesar de la aculturación; la variante local revela el aspecto masculino-femenino de la dualidad mesoamericana. * Programa del Posgrado en Antropología. Universidad Iberoamericana. México, D.F. México. 8 / Antropología del clima en el mundo hispanoamericano ABSTRACT Climate and continuity of pre-Hispanic beliefs in the Malinche region (Mexico) Despite major changes in the local economy, as Nahua peasants of the southeastern Tlaxcala (Mexico) become increasingly dependent on wage labor, a system of pre-Hispanic beliefs and practices concerning me- teorology persist late in the 20th century. This complex system is nurtured by the important role of the Malinche volcano in local weather conditions and the high altitude of one of the communities studied, where being struck by lightning is not infrequent. Local belief closely matches pre-His- panic ideas regarding the origin of rain and water, and practices involve a female tutelary deity of the Malinche volcano with traits associated with the wives of the rain and earth god Tlaloc or with Tlaloc himself. Such be- liefs and practices are widespread in contemporary Mesoamerica and show strength of resistance despite acculturation ; the local variant reveals the masculine-feminine aspect of the Mesoamerican duality. RÉSUMÉ Climat et continuité des croyances préhispaniques dans la région de la Malinche (Mexique) En cette fin de 20ème siècle, les paysans nahuas du sud-est de Tlax- cala (Mexique) conservent encore un complexe de croyances et de prati- ques concernant la météorologie, en dépit des profondes transformations de l’économie locale, qui se manifestent par une dépendance croissante au travail salarié. Ce complexe est appuyé par l’important rôle que jouent le Volcan de la Malinche dans les conditions météorologiques locales, ainsi que l’altitude de l’une des communautés d’étude où il n’est pas rare d’être frappé par la foudre. Les croyances locales coïncident avec les idées préhis- paniques concernant l’origine de la pluie et l’eau liées à une déesse tutélai- re du Volcan de la Malinche dont les traits sont associés aux épouses de Tlaloc, le dieu de la pluie et de la terre, ou avec Tlaloc lui-même. Ces cro- yances et pratiques sont très répandues dans l’ensemble de la Mésoaméri- que contemporaine et montrent la capacité de résistance en dépit de l’ac- culturation ; la variante locale révèle l’aspect masculin-féminin de la dua- lité méso-américaine. Antropología del clima en el mundo hispanoamericano / 9 Nuestro objetivo en el presente artículo es el de presentar algunas creencias y prácticas en torno al clima en una comunidad del altiplano mexicano, y analizar los orígenes prehispánicos de las mismas. Hasta fe- chas recientes, dichas creencias y prácticas se reforzaban por la situación orográfica y los fenómenos climatológicos particulares de la comunidad, ubicada a 2.400 m. sobre el nivel del mar, en las estribaciones del pico de La Malinche y por la actividad de sus habitantes como carboneros que los llevaba frecuentemente a trabajar hasta los 4.000 m. Como en muchas co- munidades rurales de México central, en los últimos años del siglo XX, Ac- xotla del Monte ha sufrido un proceso de abandono de su lengua vernácu- la (el náhuatl), hecho que relaciona con la transformación de la economía campesina y de la dependencia de un salario por parte de sus habitantes. Aunque éstos aún conservan ciertas creencias y prácticas fundadas en con- ceptos de la cosmovisión mesoamericana que se remontan a épocas muy antiguas, en definitiva la transformación de la economía tradicional pare- ce poner en riesgo la continuidad de un complejo ideológico milenario. Orografía, clima y economía del medio poblano-tlaxcalteca Al este del valle de México, separado por la Sierra Nevada, se locali- za el medio poblano-tlaxcalteca. Esta región, cuyo nombre proviene de los estados de Puebla y Tlaxcala, se extiende en las inmediaciones de las dos ciudades del mismo nombre. Como en el valle de México, la altitud es de unos 2.100 a 2.200 m., pero a diferencia de este último, no se trata de una cuenca cerrada: hacia el sur la altitud disminuye paulatinamente, lo que permite el drenaje del valle hacia el Océano Pacífico mediante una serie de afluentes del río Balsas. En esta área se yerguen algunos de los picos más altos del eje neo- volcánico de México: por un lado, el Popocatépetl (5 465 m.) y el Iztaccí- huatl (5 230 m.) que conforman la Sierra Nevada y por el otro La Malin- che (4 461 m.). Otros picos menores, producto de la actividad volcánica, se yerguen a partir de las estribaciones de La Malinche. Se trata de una re- gión compacta, que se extiende a lo largo de los 65 km. que separan los pi- cos de la Sierra Nevada y La Malinche. Aunque se encuentra al sur del Trópico de Cáncer, la altitud y las lluvias estacionales junto con la consecuente nubosidad son los factores 10 / Antropología del clima en el mundo hispanoamericano que inciden en el ciclo anual del clima en esta región septentrional de la zona tórrida: más del 90% de las precipitaciones se concentra entre los me- ses de mayo y octubre (Blásquez, 1946:3). Enero es el mes más frío con temperaturas promedio de entre los 12 y los 14° y temperaturas mínimas que, según la altitud, oscilan entre -2° y 6° C (Jáuregui, 1968:14). Como los días de abril y mayo suelen ser asoleados, las temperaturas medias ascien- den a unos 19° con máximas de hasta 28° y 30° en la tarde. Pero ya entra- da la época de lluvias, durante los meses de junio, julio y agosto, las tem- peraturas máximas descienden a unos 22° ó 24° con mínimas de entre 6° y 12°, siempre de acuerdo con la altitud (E. Jáuregui, 1968:14-15 y Figs. 25 y 29). Así, según la altitud, se registran heladas -generalmente no muy fuertes- durante 8 meses al año. Dentro de la franja de los 2.100 a los 2.400 m. de altitud hay entre 20 a 70 días al año que presentan heladas (Lauer y Stiehl, 1973:32). En todas las estaciones del año, es usual una diferencia de entre 10 a 20 grados de temperatura entre el día y la noche. Durante el período que abarca los meses de noviembre a abril, la precipitación mensual es menor de 20 mm; en las zonas más bajas las pre- cipitaciones se presentan en forma de lluvia pero en la cima de La Malin- che pueden ser en forma de nieve en cualquier mes del año. A partir del mes de mayo, aumenta la presencia de nubes húmedas provenientes del Golfo de México; en dicho mes puede llover hasta casi 100 mm y en los meses de junio, julio, agosto y septiembre, las precipitaciones sobrepasan los 100 y 150 mm por mes (Blásquez, 1946:3). Normalmente, llueve alre- dedor de 100 días al año (Jáuregui, 1968: Fig. 3) y más del 90 por ciento de las precipitaciones ocurren entre los meses de mayo y octubre (Blásquez 1946:3). Anualmente, la precipitación varía de entre 500 y 700 mm a 900 y 1 000 m.(Jáuregui, 1968:10 y Figs. 5 y 6). Durante la estación de lluvias, las mañanas suelen ser asoleadas y los aguaceros se presentan a última hora de la tarde. Estos aguaceros a veces se convierten en tormentas acompañadas de granizo y fuertes vientos cono- cidas en la región como “huracanes”.De unos 20 a 40 días durante la esta- ción de lluvias, y sobre todo en las zonas más altas, se presentan tormen- tas eléctricas acompañadas de fuertes lluvias que pueden desalojar de 30 a 40 mm de agua en una o dos horas (Jáuregui, 1968:13). El suroeste de Tlaxcala está densamente poblado. La densidad de- mográfica del estado en su conjunto es de 195 habitantes/km2 pero en al- Antropología del clima en el mundo hispanoamericano / 11 gunos muncipios del suroeste alcanza cifras de más de 1 000 habitan- tes/km2 (INEGI 1994:52). Muchos de sus habitantes combinan la peque- ña producción agrícola con el trabajo en fábricas textiles, asentadas en las afueras de la cercana ciudad de Puebla desde inicios del siglo XIX. Buve ha descrito a los habitantes de la región como obreros/campesinos y destaca que en la reforma agraria implementada en 1917 a raíz de la Revolución Mexicana, entre las demandas de los obreros de las fábricas se encontraba el reparto de las pequeñas haciendas (alrededor de 300 a 1 600 Has.) de la región y que ellos mismos fueron en muchos casos los beneficiarios de di- cho reparto (Buve, 1975).
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