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Peronospora Sparsa SPORULATION in ROSE BASED on the PLANT MICROCLIMATE

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Peronospora Sparsa SPORULATION in ROSE BASED on the PLANT MICROCLIMATE 22 UNIVERSIDAD MILITAR NUEVA GRANADA A DUAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE Peronospora sparsa SPORULATION IN ROSE BASED ON THE PLANT MICROCLIMATE Fecha de recepción: 24 de Febrero de 2014 • Fecha de aceptación: 06 de Junio de 2014 UN MODELO DUAL PARA PREDECIR LA ESPORULACIÓN DE Peronospora sparsa EN ROSA BASADO EN EL MICROCLIMA DE LA PLANTA. Juan José Filgueira1,2, Katherin Velasquez1 ABSTRACT Roses are the most important product exportation of flower industries in Colombia, and the downy mildew produced by Peronospora sparsa Berkeley is the most limiting disease. The attack prediction is an important tool to prevent and combat this disease, decreasing the flower production cost.P. sparsa depends of microcli- mate conditions for its biological development. In this work, a dual model to predict sporulation is presented based on the known temperature and relative humidity near the plant (microclimate) during the night before to the prediction, allowing a reliability level above 95% on determining the parasite sporulation and with that information take a decision about the fungicide application in the crop. Keywords: Rosa sp., Modeling, Peronosporal. RESUMEN Las rosas son el producto más importante de exportación de la industria de flores en Colombia, y el mildeo producido por Peronospora sparsa Berkeley es la enfermedad más limitante. La predicción de ataque es una herramienta importante para prevenir y combatir la enfermedad, disminuyendo el costo de producción de la flor. P. sparsa depende de las condiciones microclimáticas para su desarrollo biológico. En este trabajo, se presenta un modelo dual para predecir la esporulación, basado en el conocimiento de la temperatura y la hu- medad relativa cerca de la planta (microclima) durante la noche anterior a la predicción, y permitiendo un nivel de fiabilidad por encima del 95% en la determinación de la esporulación del parásito y con esa información tomar una decisión sobre la aplicación de los fungicidas en el cultivo. Palabras Clave: Rosa sp., Modelamiento, Peronospora. 1. Molecular plant pathology laboratory, Military University “Nueva Granada”, Cajica, Colombia. 2. Corresponding Author: [email protected] ISSN 1900-4699 • Volumen 10 • Número 1 • Páginas 22-33 • 2014 23 INTRODUCTION to predict the P. destructor behavior in onion crops; concluding that the infection process could be sum- The rose downy mildew produced by Peronos- marized in four stages: germination, penetration, tis- pora sparsa, is one of the most expensive disease sue colonization and sporulation. In the case of vid for the flower cultivator in Colombia (Castillo et al., mildew, Hoppmann and contributors (1997), develop 2010), due to excessive use of fungicides, to prevent an epidemiologic model based on the duration of the parasite attack (Ayala et al., 2008). Other factor the free water over the leaf, to predict parasite at- of cost in the rose production is the stem loss by tacks. More recently Soo and collaborators (2014), the spots presence, produced by the downy mildew developed a model to predict the attack of P. sparsa pathogen activity, in the season of more incidences in boysenberry, based on humidity and temperature (Gómez and Filgueira 2012). variables. For the case of the rose downy mildew in Peronospora sparsa Berkeley is within the Phylum United State, Aegerter and collaborators (2003), de- Oomycota, Class Oomycetes, Order Peronospo- veloped a model of P. sparsa prediction attacks in rales, Family Peronosporaceae (Prescott, 1999). propagation seedling, based on ambient conditions, Is a biotrophic obligate parasite; since 1994 it was that model has been evaluated in Colombia with a locate out of the fungi kingdom. Is consider like a low or limited success. pseudofungi, because it cellular wall is composed by In the present work, a dual model for the predic- cellulose (Margullis, 1998). In Colombia, this is the tion of P. sparsa sporulation is proposed, under con- parasite responsible by the disease of rose downy trolled condition and below not controlled condition, mildew (Arbeláez, 1999; Gómez and Arbeláez, 2005; as we can get in the classical greenhouses in the Soto and Filgueira, 2009). Bogota Savanna in Colombia. Using information of Since a long time is recognize that the ambient climate variables like the humidity and the ambient conditions determinate the attack in the genera temperature near the plant (microclimate) in the crop, (Wheeler, 1981). Low temperature and high relative to predict the sporulation intensity and this predic- humidity are conditions that are established like tion will help to the rose grower, to take a decision ideal for the parasite development, in species that about the fungicide application in controlled form. are important in countries localized above the sub- tropical zone, like the case of P. destructor, P. vitícola, EXPERIMENTAL P. tabacina, etc. (Virnnot-Bourgin, 1981; Hildebrand and Sutton, 1984; 1985), and P. sparsa in Colombia Assays under controlled condition (CCA) rose case (Gómez, 2004). According to Horst (1983), the disease is favored by humidity above 90%, the The present work was developed in the Plant sporangia germination is better near the 18°C and Biotechnology Laboratory in the Military University it does not germinate below 4°C neither above of “Nueva Granada”, in the Cajica municipality (Cun- 27°C. That why, a used control measured into the dinamarca), between the years 2008 and 2013. We Colombian greenhouses, has been maintain a high build a laboratory of controlled climate conditioned, temperature with a good ventilation, to reduce the whose characteristics were describe by Soto and humidity (De Vis, 1999, Monroy and Filgueira, 2009). Filgueira (2009) and Gomez and Filgueira (2012), Models that predict the Peronospora attacks were where the light intensity was graduated of 40W to early develop by Hildebrand and Sutton (1984, 1985), 240W (lumen/m2, lx), generating since 0.7 up 1000lx. ISSN 1900-4699 • Volumen 10 • Número 1 • Páginas 22-33 • 2014 24 UNIVERSIDAD MILITAR NUEVA GRANADA In that laboratory was possible to establish different presence in a scale of 0 to 5 (0=0%, 1=10%, 2=20%, photoperiod values, which simulated different sea- etc.), according to the methodology of Bambelli and sonal conditions. The temperature was worked in a collaborators (2012) and the microclimate data the fringe since 4°C to 40°C, as it is describe by Monroy night before, between the 12:00am and 5:00am. and Filgueira (2009). The Relative Humidity (RH) into the installation was worked each 10% in a fringe be- Data analysis tween 30 and 100%. The measures into the labora- tory were carried out with a Data Logger WatchDog, The data analysis was realized in each case, stud- model 450, two drum hygrothermographs Akton® ding the variation that was observed in each one of and two digital hygrothermographs, to calibrate the the events of P. sparsa parasitism in the commercial drum hygrothermographs. rose, like the symptom presence, and the sporula- To obtain the inoculum, we used infected leaflet tion values. The data were analyzed by blocks of re- with downy mildew sporulation, obtained of com- sults and in statistic packages SAS® y R® (see Soto mercial plants, like was previously describe by Gomez and Filgueira, 2009, for the photoperiod and light- (2005). The assays in chamber to produce new spores ing intensity; Monroy and Filgueira, 2009, humidity were done using rose leaflet from variety Charlotte, studies; Gómez and Filgueira, 2012, parasite devel- susceptible to downy mildew. The infection, sporula- opment biology; Zambrano and Filgueira, 2013, tion and measures of spore germination, were done temperature studies). For the model, the construc- as Soto and Filgueira (2009) previously described it. tion software was one that could be executed in an operative system Windows 7 (Microsoft®), with the Assays under not controlled conditions (NCCA) program Java Development Kit of Oracle®. For the results presentation we used a graphic interface (Ja- We realized a tracing of P. sparsa attacks in a vaFX Scene Builder) by Oracle®. To integrate the group of commercial varieties (39), susceptible and two programs we used the application NetBeans resistant, sowed in an open field in a farm of Chia IDE 7.4. (Free software). For the algorithms design group (MG Consultores), localized in the Chia mu- (does not show here), we define a function CE (calcu- nicipality in Cundinamarca (Colombia). The monitor- lation of the sporulation), that produced the different ing was done by a year between March of the first probabilities. The model validation and calibration year to February of the next year, recording daily the was doing using statistic estimator, with the Pearson temperature and relative humidity (RH) in continu- correlation coefficient calculated between the simu- ous records, using drum hygrothermographs, which lated values and the measured values with the STAT- permitted records of seven days continuous. During GRAPHICS® program. six days in the week, we made the monitoring in the plants leaflet of each variety. We examined the symp- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION tom apparition (spots) and sporulation apparition the next morning to the climate condition recorded. The The light intensity and photoperiod sporulation observation was performed by taking the imprint in sticky tape, such that de sporulation How was previously demonstrated in other cases was retired without damage to the leaflet. For data (Hildebran y Sutton, 1984), the light intensity and analysis, we build
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