Diplomatic Security in Today's World Hearing Committee

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Diplomatic Security in Today's World Hearing Committee S. Hrg. 111–461 THE DIPLOMAT’S SHIELD: DIPLOMATIC SECURITY IN TODAY’S WORLD HEARING BEFORE THE OVERSIGHT OF GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT, THE FEDERAL WORKFORCE, AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION DECEMBER 9, 2009 Available via http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html Printed for the use of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 56–150 PDF WASHINGTON : 2010 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:17 Jun 08, 2010 Jkt 056150 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 P:\DOCS\56150.TXT SAFFAIRS PsN: PAT COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, Connecticut, Chairman CARL LEVIN, Michigan SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii TOM COBURN, Oklahoma THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona MARK L. PRYOR, Arkansas GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana JOHN ENSIGN, Nevada CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina JON TESTER, Montana ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah ROLAND W. BURRIS, Illinois PAUL G. KIRK, JR., Massachusetts MICHAEL L. ALEXANDER, Staff Director BRANDON L. MILHORN, Minority Staff Director and Chief Counsel TRINA DRIESSNACK TYRER, Chief Clerk OVERSIGHT OF GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT, THE FEDERAL WORKFORCE, AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SUBCOMMITTEE DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii, Chairman CARL LEVIN, Michigan GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina ROLAND W. BURRIS, Illinois ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah PAUL G. KIRK, JR., Massachusetts LISA M. POWELL, Staff Director JOEL C. SPANGENBERG, Professional Staff Member JESSICA K. NAGASAKO, Professional Staff Member JENNIFER A. HEMINGWAY, Minority Staff Director THOMAS A. BISHOP, Minority Professional Staff Member BENJAMIN B. RHODESIDE, Chief Clerk (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:17 Jun 08, 2010 Jkt 056150 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 P:\DOCS\56150.TXT SAFFAIRS PsN: PAT C O N T E N T S Opening statements: Page Senator Akaka .................................................................................................. 1 Senator Voinovich ............................................................................................. 2 WITNESSES WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 2009 Ambassador Eric J. Boswell, Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Secu- rity, U.S. Department of State ............................................................................ 4 Jess T. Ford, Director, International Affairs and Trade, U.S. Government Accountbility Office .............................................................................................. 6 Ambassador Ronald E. Neumann (Ret.), President, American Academy of Diplomacy ............................................................................................................. 21 Susan R. Johnson, President, American Foreign Service Association ................ 23 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WITNESSES Boswell, Ambassador Eric J.: Testimony .......................................................................................................... 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 37 Ford, Jess T.: Testimony .......................................................................................................... 6 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 44 Johnson, Susan R.: Testimony .......................................................................................................... 23 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 70 Neumann, Ambassador Ronald E. (Ret.): Testimony .......................................................................................................... 21 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX Background .............................................................................................................. 77 Responses to questions submitted for the Record: Ambassador Boswell ......................................................................................... 84 Ambassador Neumann ..................................................................................... 100 Ms. Johnson ...................................................................................................... 102 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:17 Jun 08, 2010 Jkt 056150 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 P:\DOCS\56150.TXT SAFFAIRS PsN: PAT VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:17 Jun 08, 2010 Jkt 056150 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 P:\DOCS\56150.TXT SAFFAIRS PsN: PAT THE DIPLOMAT’S SHIELD: DIPLOMATIC SECURITY IN TODAY’S WORLD WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 2009 U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT OF GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT, THE FEDERAL WORKFORCE, AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:30 p.m., in room SD–342, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Daniel K. Akaka, Chairman of the Subcommittee, presiding. Present: Senators Akaka and Voinovich. OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR AKAKA Senator AKAKA. I call this hearing of the Subcommittee on Over- sight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia to order. I want to welcome our witnesses and thank you for being here today. Today’s hearing, ‘‘The Diplomat’s Shield: Diplomatic Secu- rity in Today’s World,’’ will examine the results of a Government Accountability Office (GAO) review of the Department of State’s Diplomatic Security Bureau, which provides security for the State Department worldwide so our diplomats can advance U.S. inter- ests. Since the terrorist bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998, and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Diplomatic Security’s (DS) responsibilities have grown and evolved. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan further increase the challenges of keeping our diplomats safe. Last week, President Obama announced his new Afghanistan strategy. Thirty-thousand U.S. troops will deploy in support of this effort. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that the number of civilians in Afghanistan will triple by early next year. DS must be fully prepared to support an even greater role in protecting our ci- vilians. Over the last decade, DS’s budget has increased almost 10-fold, to about $2 billion, and its direct-hire staff has doubled. Unfortu- nately, these extra resources have not guaranteed DS’s readiness. In particular, I have concerns in three areas that I hope will be ad- dressed today. First, the State Department must address the ongoing staffing challenges. GAO identified key workforce gaps that hinder DS in (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:17 Jun 08, 2010 Jkt 056150 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 P:\DOCS\56150.TXT SAFFAIRS PsN: PAT 2 carrying out its duties. Less than half of Regional Security Officers serving in language-designated positions meet their proficiency re- quirements. More than one-third of diplomatic security positions are filled by officers below the appropriate grade. And, there are personnel gaps at domestic offices and at key posts overseas. I be- lieve that DS should invest more in its workforce by having enough people with the experience and language skills necessary to fully support its critical missions. Understaffing leads to an over-reliance on contractors. GAO found that there are 36,000 contractors that work in DS, which is about 90 percent of Diplomatic Security’s total workforce. Accord- ing to GAO, some DS employees are not prepared to manage this large contractor workforce. Recent security lapses at the U.S. Em- bassy in Kabul have illustrated the need for better contractor over- sight. Second, the State Department must better manage the tension between fulfilling its diplomatic operations and providing strong se- curity. Today, State Department employees serve in Iraq, Afghani- stan, and other posts where they would have previously been re- quired to evacuate. These diplomatic operations are critical to U.S. interests, but providing security for such dangerous missions places a great burden on DS. Because of these dangers, some of our overseas posts resemble fortresses and, for security reasons, may not be in locations consid- ered most appropriate and accessible for diplomatic operations. GAO reported that some diplomats are concerned that security measures make it more difficult for visitors to attend U.S. embassy events, making person-to-person engagement less likely. We must be mindful that the way our diplomatic presence is seen and felt in other countries may reinforce or undermine our broader diplo- matic goals. It is certainly critical that the United States protect its personnel from threats, both on and off-post. Security, however, must be carried out in concert with our diplomatic mission. Finally, I want to emphasize the need for improved strategic planning efforts within DS. I support GAO’s recommendation for the State Department to conduct a strategic review of Diplomatic Security. The Department has already stated that DS will benefit from the
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