The Materials Presented Here Describe the Latin American

DOCIIMFNT RP SVMF ED 023 338 48 FL 001 089 By -Gorden, Raymond L. Spanish Personal Namesas Barriers to Communication Between Latin Americans and Nor th Americans. Antioch Coll., Yellow Springs, Ohio. Spons Agency -Office of Education (DHEW), Washihgton, DC. Bureau of Research. Bureau No -BR -7 -0267 Pub Date 68 Contract -OEC -1 -7 -070267 -3973 Note -154p. EDRS Price MF -$075 HC -$780 Descriptors -College Language Programs, *Cross Cultural Training, *Cultural Context, Culture Conflict, Foreign Culture, *Instructional Materials, International Education, Language Instruction, Language Research, *Latin American Culture, *Spanish, Study Abroad, Tables (Data) Identifiers -Colombia, Peace Corps The materials presented here describe the Latin Americannaming system, explain how it differs from the North American system, and indicate how contrasting features of the two systems can bea barrier to communication between the two peoples. Major concepts considered are (1) the American full name versus the 'hombre completo," (2) the 'hombre comopleto" in the kinship system, and (3) the alphabetization of Spanish personal names. Extensive appendixes (comprising about two thirds of the document) cover (1) the origin, English equivalents, and meanings of the most popular names in Latin America, (2) the most frequently used masculine and femininenames, (3) the most popular surnames in motor Latin American cities, (4)a methodological note, and (5) a self test on Spanish personalnames. This volume comprises Unit 2 of the instructional materials derived from the study, 'Contrastive Analysis of Cultural Differences Which Inhibit Communications Between Americans and Colombians," availableas FL 001 088. For a companion document,see FL 001 090. (DS) t 41*, ivia, dez Jim6nez C7 Aguirre Delgado 0 Martinez 106,641 Cruz Herrera L6peg Aguilar More Romer Cadtro Acosta Morales Rojaa,. J. Hernindez . RA-ye chez Castillo Molina Rivas Carlos . Gutifirrez . . Campos Rios Arturo era Miranda . Guerrero Reyes Vel6squez Mendoza Vega Antonio Julio Ramos Fuentes Uctor Méndez irez dsquez Alfredo Adolfo andro Medina Pena Guillermo Abrahán Otero ci4,-oso Benjam Torres Victor Ortiz Augusto Sudrez Felipe Soto Alberto mando Manuel P ederico Humberto Luis Ernesto . go Robe Enrique Ram& Rafael blo Anibal Blanca

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OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION

POSITION OR POLICY.

SPANISH PERSONALNAMES

As Barriers to Communicationbetween Latin Americans and North Americans

by' Raymond L. Gorden

The research reported herein wasperformed pursuant to Contract #1-7-070267-3973 with theOffice of Education, United States Department of Health,Education and Wel- fare.

Antioch Collage Yellow Springs, Ohio 1968 These materials are based upon research done

in Colombia under contract # l-7-070267-3973

between Antioch College(administrative agent for the Latin America Program of the Great

Lakes Colleges Association) and the U. S.

Office of Education in cooperation with

CEUCA (Centro de Estudios Universitarios Colombo-Americano) which is the GLCA Cehter

in BogotA. The project is locally known in

BogotA as Proyecto IDET (Investigacidn z

Desarrollo de la Educaci6n Transcultural).

Nor Contents Page

Introduction to theseries . . . . . iii

Methodological note . . . . vl

Personal names as acultural pattern . . 1

The "full name" versusthe "nombre completo" 4 Illustrative cases of communicationbreakdown. 4

The structure of the nombrecompleto . . 8

1. The nombre . . . . 9 13 2. Apellidos . . . . (a) structure of the Spanishapellido . 14 (b) popular apellidos in Latin America 20

The nombre completo in thekinship system . . 26

Illustrative cases of communicationproblems . . 26

A description of the culturalpattern . , . 32

1. Apellidos in the nuclear family . . 34 2. Apellidos in the extendedfamily 35 Historical origin of the systemof two apellidos 37

Alphabetization of the Spanishpersonal names . 40

Illustrative cases of mis-communication . . . 40 Alphabetization of Spanish full names . 43 10 Re-arranging the parts of thefull

names on the line ...... 44 2. Arranging full names inalphabetical e order . . . . 44

Epilogue ...... ******* . 46

Bibliography . . . . 0 . . 47 Appendix I--Origin of 101 mostpopular Latin American 49 nambres . . . 4 ******* Appendix II--Masculine nombresfor Latin America 58

Appendix III--Femenine nombresfor Latin America 66 - Page Appendix IV Priority lists of apellido6 IV-1 for Latin Amer:tea . . . .. IV-2 for Asuncidn . . IV-3 for Bogota . . . . 80 IV-4 for Buenos Aires . . IV-5 for Caracas . 90 IV-6 for La Paz . . 95 IV-7 for Lima ...... 101 IV-8 for Mexico City 108

0 IV-9 for Montevideo .. IV-10 for Quito.OOOOO 119 IV-11 for Santiago ...... 124

Appendix V--A methodological note on priority lists of names e 130

Appendix VI-1Self test on Spanish personal names 136 VI-2Self-checking answer-sheet 141

Tables Table 1Ten most popular patronymics 15 Table 2Priority lists of apellidos 21 Table 3Frequency of unique apellidos. 23 Table 4Population and telephones in capital' cities of Latin America 133

Figures

Figure 1Parts of the nombre completo before and after marriage 33 Figure 2Full names in the nuclear family 34 Figure 3Full names of persons in_four-egeneration 10 extended family 36 - iii -

Introduction to the Series

This unit is one ofa series aimed at exploring, discovering and analysing the non-linguisticbarriers to communication between North Americans and LatinAmericans:

Each unit in the series illustrates thebasic idea that in any communicative act between human beings the meaning is not entirelY contained within themessage as is the peanut within its shell. Instead, the functional meaning results from the interaction in men's minds betweenthe overt stated message awl. the covert unstated assumptionswhich provide the silent context for interpreting the meaning ofthe message. Therefore, the success of any particular message dependsupon not only the communicators' sharing a common vocabulary, syntax andgrammar, but also their sharinga common set of beliefs and values.

This interaction between themessage and the silent assumptions has been mademore explicit in the syllogistic model of cross-cultural communication whichcan be stated as follows:

The meaning in any cross-cultural communication is like the conclusion ofa syllogism in which the stated message is the minor premise and the major premise consists of those culturally based, usuallyuncon- scious, assumptions which are unstated yet supply the silent context for the interpretation of the meaning of the message, From this model we can deduce that cross-culturalcommunication can break down in two basically different ways even when the verbal message (minor premise) is clearly shared by sender and receiver: (a) If there is a discrepancy between the major premises held by the two communicators, it is possible for each to draw different conclusions from the same message, -

(b ) If the communicators have strong negative attitudes toward each otherwhich involve the messages being exchanged, they may arrive at differentconclu- sions even though they sharethe same major premise, becausetheir emotions interfere with the logical processof drawing a conclusion consdstentwith the major and minor premises.

A U S.-Colombian team ofinterviewers and participant ob- servers studied theinteraction between North Americans(GLCA students and Peace CorpsTrainees)1and the Latin Americanswith whom they communicated inBogota, Colombta.

The first step was to discoverexamples of miscommunication

and to ferret out which werecaused by non-linguisticdifferences

between the two cultures rather than bythe North American's im-

perfect command of Spanish.

The major focus of the search wasfor differences between

the two cultures, as represented bythese specific NorthAmeri-

cans and Latin Americans,which comprised dissonantmajor prem-

ises in the syllogistic model. In some cases the difference between cultural patterns would be the samefor any North Ameri-

can communicatingwith any Latin American. This occurs when the

North American pattern is uniformthroughout the United States,

ghd the Latin Ameridan pattern is alsoUniform throughout Latin

1These college students and PeaceCorps Trainees were all involved in the program at CEUCA(the pentro de Estudios Univer- sitarios Colombo-Amesicano)administered by Antioch Collegefor the Great Lakes Colleges Association(GLOA). This association includes twelve colleges(Albion, Antioch, Denison, De Pauw, Earlham, Bope, Kalamazoo, Kenyon,Oberlin, Ohio Wesleyan, Wabash, and Wooster) all privateinstitutions in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio,

4,4 Spanish per- America. An example of this typeof barrier is the sonal naming system asit clashes with the NorthAmerican system.

The degree of universalityof other culturaldifferences has not yet been determined. In these cases thepatterns found in Bogot6, may notbe applicable to allLatin America; or the patterns typical of theseparticular North Americans maynot be found in all sub-cultures(sex, age, social class, race,reli- gion, or region) of theUnited States. Although a unit derived from these differencesdoes not serve as a specificguide to any NorthAmerican communicating with anyLatin American, such a unitfulfills several usefulfunctions:

(a) It helps demonstrate the rangeof appli- cability of the generalsyllogistic model of cross-cultural conmunication. (b) It can sensitize US to thekinds of culture patterns which may becontained in the silent assumptions comprisingthe major premise of the model.

(c) In some instances it helpssuggest practical procedures for us to usein discovering the specific barriersin a concrete situation.

Some of the units include certainlinguistic tools(such

as Colombianismosand specialized vocabulariesin Spanish) or paralinguistic factors(gestures or expressions) likely to be

associated with the particularsettings in which the non-

linguistic barriers were discovered. This should increase

the practical value of unitswhere the linguistic and non-

linguistic factors are closelyintertwined. "As the Spanish proverb says,'He who would bring home the wealth of the Indies, must carrythe wealth of the Indies with him,' so it is intraveling, a man must carry knowledge with him if he would bringhone knowledge." Boswell, Life of Dr. Johnson -vi -

Methodologlpp2 Note

This explanation of the Spanish naming system is one of the end-products of a general exploratory search for non- linguistic barriers to communication between North Americans and Latin Americans. Our overall aim is not to simply de. scribe any non-linguistic differences between the North American and Latin American culture patterns, but to select those which act as barriers to crqss-cultural communication for the North American trying to interact with Latin Americans. This requires a two-phase strategy of diagnosis and L, treatment. To diagnose we must observe and interview North Americans and Latin Americans who interact with each other, look for symptoms of miscormunication, and probe for the underlying barriers. The treatment phase requires the pro- duction of instructional materials especially designed to reduce or circumvent these barriers. The field exploration may uncover bases for miscommunication which are simple and obvious or complex and subtle. The treatment may require simple adaptation of general knowledge or further basic research to provide the missing links in the communication process The type of materials or procedures needed to overcome a particular barrier may be aimed at simply supplying factual knowledge, at giving sensi- tivity and insight, or at changing basic habit and value orientations. The strategy necessary in this type of double-headed endeavor may seem inefficient in comparison with the pro- duction of more traditional instructional materials or with the type of field research In which it is enough to describe and analyze some segment of human interaction without the additional obligation of finding a solution to the problems described. The apparent inefficiency of this approach lies in both the pioneer nature of the project and in the basic difficulties in articulating the diagnosis with the treatment. - vii

This instructional unit on the"Spanish Personal Names" as barriers tocross-cultural communication is one ofthe suc- cessful articulations of diagnosis andtreatment resulting from the early phases of this exploratorycross-cultural ven- ture. In this type of treatment some ofthe information is not original and will have a familiarring to many people interested in Latin America. The most original aspects are (a) in showing how the cultural dissonance betweenthe Anglo- Amerioan and the Latin American naming systemsinterfere with oross-cultural communication, and(b) in analyzing over 1,700,000 Latin American names to developpriority lists according to relative popularity and geographiclocation in Latin America. The most popular 1,000 pompres were selectedfrom over 3,000 in current use, and the most popular2,840 aDellidos were selected from over 30,000currently used in Latin Ame- rica. It was also discovered that littlevariation existed in the relative popularity of a pombre from onecapital city to another, while there was considerablevariation in the popularity of the aDellidos. Therefore separate priority lists were developed for each of the tencapital cities in addition to a general list for LatinAmerica. Even though these priority lists arepresented only in. the Appendices (II, III, IV-1 throughIV-11) they are essential for several reasons: (a) They constitute the basis for eliminatingabout 90% of the currently used anellpos andabout 60% of the nombres to reduce thenumber of names to be learned without substantially decreasingthe proba- bility that we will be familiar with the namesof most of the population in LetinAmerica.

(b) They are used to illustrate certainhistorical and cultural differences between the U.S.and Latin America.

(c) They are used to demonstrate geographicaldiffer- ences in the popularityof ame22410. (d) They might conceivably beused in the future as a basis forincluding a manageable numberof personal names in the vocabulary forSpanish courses.

In view of the central importance of thesepriority lists it seems appropriate to give somedetail relevant to the repre- sentativeness of the sample and the reliabilityof the popularity ratings. This information is given in AppendixV. SPANISH PERSONALNAMES

As'Barriers to Communication between Latin Americans and NorthAmericans PERSONAL NAMES AS A CULTURE PATTERN

The personal naming systemis one aspect of culture shared by all Latin Americancountries. It is common to people of all social classeswhether they are living in rural or urban communities, tropical orhighland regions. The few in- dividuals and primitive tribes in theAmericas not sharing this naming system constitute asmall minority rarely involved -in international communication. Although we began our fieldobservations with the idea of lotoking for the non-linguisticbarriers to communication between the North American and the LatinAmerican, we soon realized that in some situations the Americanfailed to discover the non-linguisticaspects of thes system because he was unable to recognize personal namesbeyond a short list of stereotype or literary names. In this case the linguistic barrier is mainly the lack of an adequateyocabulary of personal names. We observed that many norteamericanoswith otherwise excellent vocabularies and a good earfor the language still failed to hearSpanish nombres or apellidos with which they were unfamiliar. We have seen situations in which simple nombres such as ami.(2 or Caridadhad to be re- peated sev.eral times to an American who wouldhave had no difficulty hearing Francisco or Gabriela in Spanish orhear- ing names such as Bronnfenbrenner or Boleslavsyin"English." Of course the Latin Americans also havegreat difficulty in hearing such names as Gorden, or Franc eventhough they are pronounced in the Spanish fashion by their owncountrymen. They will ask, "How do yau spell it?" and theother Latin GM. 2 -

American answers, "Just like it sounds!" which is precisely tho case.kid. yet the name will finally have to be spelled out to a person who would have not had the,..slighteet difficulty hearing a name such as Alelandrina Ibavilengoitia. In situations where it is not necessary to correctly hnar the Spanish names the American may immediately confront the non-linguistic aspects of the system, This happens when we try to use a telephone book or a card file in the library, or to register with the police or at a university. Because of this intimate relationship between the linguistic and no-n- linguistic aspeet8 we have-hot tried.to dompletely separate the vocabulary of names frOm the naming system itself. Instead we supply the most essential vocabulary of personal names 'at an integral part cl4 the explanation and illustration of the.' tructuro and function of the system. However, 4inceve can- , v,.01 not inject into the text the ttiousands Of:names needed,with-

. out obscuring the salient features of the system iteelf, confine the bulk of thenames to the.hmendices I thrOugh IV where they are arranged: inaists by popularity in:different

geographical locations, .. It is important to know how the naming system in Latin' American differs fram that in North America, but it is even more important to realize how these'differendes. act as bar=. riers to.ommunication, Our central pUrpose-is to illustrate these-barriers and.provide the sansitizing context to.help North Americans surmount them. .We cazTot.assume.marely because Latin American countries share a common naming system, that this pattern 'will calite the' same cammunicatian,problems for .all foreigners. The way in which a particular.cultural pattern actsas a oommuniCation [ , barrier depende upon :the cultural background of. the foreigner and the particular:situations in which he is required toop= erate. Thus a Frenchman, a Germani"and_an American would hot have the 'same problems with-the Spanish naming system. Nor would.an-American tourist, studentor diplomat have the dame problems because the portiOn of the foreign cultural pattern OW 3 - which the foreigner encountersdepends upon the concrete situp- ation and his ',Ole in it. The. Spanish naming system, however,cross-cuts a varie- ty of situations and roles, someof which any person living in Latin America will encounter. Knowing this system at only an,intellectual level is of littlepractioal.value to North Americans in face-to-face communicationwith Latin Americans. We must understand how the clashof these two patterns of naming systems loolcs to the direct participant. We must acquire a sensitivityto .the symptomatic manifestations ofthis cultural dissonance even when our own ego Isinvolved. We must acquire the-habit of applying the system toourselves if we are to operate successfullyin the Spanish-speaking culture. It is fair to ask, "What practical differencedoes the cultural-diffei.ence in naming systems make?" To answer this, we introduce eachcommunication problem with actual examples of the difficulties encountered by NorthAmericans interacting with-Latin Americans. The Spanish naming system, as distinct from thevocabu- lary, has three facets which most NorthAmericans encounter as barriers tocommunication:

(1) Full name concept: The concept of the full- name as it clashenwith the Spanish concept of the nombre completo.

(2) Kinshivrelations.: The relationship between the Spanish ngmbre completo andthe kinship structure as it differs from therelationship in the United States.

(3) Al habetization: Differences in the English and Spanish system of alphabetizationof personal names. gisp,91TA.NApon VERSUS THE "NOMBRECOMPLETO" ak2ftmtive cases of communicationbrokdown.

Before explicitly describing andanalyzing this particular cultural dissmance, let uslook at some of the effects it has had upon cross-culturalcommunication. Wtuation 3:1,....R.miptration atDAS. Every North American arriving ta Colombia who is not atourist or entering with an official visa must obtain aC6dIlla de Extranjeria from the dep7trarcleriA of the aortamento Administrativode Seeuridal knoun by the acronym DAS. The cedula is a.formof identlfif.lation (complete with thumb print,photograph and descriptive data) required by DAS not onlyfor all foreigners but also for all Colombian citizens 21 yearsof age or over. The North American gives the personal dataand the registrar makes a detailed description of the registrant's physiognomy. The most frequent confusion reported by theNorth Americans is in connection with the first ,questionasked by the regis- traz: "What is your full name?" Often the registrar real- iZes from previous experience that she maynot understand the North American's oral answer so sheoften has the person print his name on the registration forms In the dialog' below "C" indicates the Colombian, and "N" theNorth_American.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

C: "Please sit down."

N: "Thank you."

C: "Please give your full name here on thefirst line."

N: "Should I print it?"

C: "Yes, please!" (N prints her name, CLAUDIA L ROBERTS, clearlyand hands the form back to the Registrars)

C: "It is necessary that you give yourcomplete name." (Since it was written in ink C hands N a newblank form to use.) Ulm 5 - tZ> Nt "I'm sorry; but that is theway I usually sign my name. I should have made it morecomplete." (She then care- fully prints CLAUDIA MARIAROBERTSand returns the form to C.)

C: (Puzzling over the name foramoment) "But isn't Claudia a given name?"

N: "Yes, that's correct."

0: "But in Spanish Maria is never used as asurname!"

N: "Nor in English," (Slightly amused) "That makes the Spanish the same as the English,"

C: "Then you have given me two given names and onesurname."

N: "That's right, that's my full name.Most North Americans have two given names but they use only onemost of the time."

0: "Of course, but I need your completenames"

N: "That's all of it. There is no more."

C: "But.what is your second surname?"

N: "I have just one. I realize that it is a custom forSpan- ish names to have two surnames but inthe United States we have only onesurname."

C: "True, your custom is different I know, but now you are in Colombia and we need your secondsurname." 1.

N: "It is just that I don't have one. I would gladly give IA; to you,"

C: "Yes, you have one even though you don'tcustomari/y use it."

N: "What do you mean?" It C: "Your second surname would be yourmother's first surname.

N: "But that is the same as my father's because wehave only one surname."

(I: "Could you tell me your mother's name before she was mar. ried?"

N: "Oh, sure. But we call that something else in English. Let me think. Yes, I remember it was Maroskey, but I'm not sure how to spell it because I don'trecall - 6 -

seeing it in print. I'm not sure it has an"-ey" or "-ey" just a "-y" on theend. It has to be with an (She then prints hernembre completo andgives the form to theregistrar7) "Excellent." (She continues with the 0: (Much relieved) form.) questions to obtain theinformation requiredby the North Discussion, This case is typicalof even those system attaches two Americans who know thatthe Spanish naming knew most of surnames toeach person. In this case Claudia block the correct Spanishterminology, but themajor stumbling her mother's was herassumption that,since she does not use it maiden name in theUnited States, shedoes not need to use even morebasic prem- in Colombia. This might be based on an carries with him ise that a name is apersonal think which one unaltered by thesocial-cultural setting foreigner were not This assumption wouldbe true if the culture. trying to fit intoihe on-going activityof the.host his uniqus. A name is not merely areflection of one's ego or personal essence; itis also the tag bywhich the individual activity and divisionof is incorporated intothe collective labor of the society. The tourist whohas only a fleeting aspects of a glimpse of the superficial,and mainly physical, second culture need notfind anydisadvantage in not using a

222111.12. American Univer- Situation 2: Matriculating in a Latin matriculate sity. Approximately 100 NorthAmerican students each year in threemajor universitiesin Bogotd. Invariably some of thesestudents run afoul of theSpanish naming sys- problem in ad- tem. The North American maybe aware of the :mice, he may discoverit in the processof matriculating (particularly in those cases wherethere is anexperienced discover the commu- foreign studentadvisor), or he may not nication problem untilmonths afterward. The following ex- dem- cerpt from aninterview with a NorthAmerican student onstrates both immediateand later repercussionswhich leave him groping for someexplanation.

1 1 1 4 1 1 14-1:-H-+-1-++++-).-1-1-1-4-+-4-+-1-1-1-1-4-4-4-4-1-1-1-1-+++++ 1 I 1 11 4 1 1 1 + + - 1 - 1 Student: "I went through the same specialregistration process that all theforeign students go through which,inci- dentally, was a confused mess. But when I attended. my first class they didn't have my name onthe class list. So I went back to the ibreign student advisorwho said he would look into it because he remembered thatI had gone through the whole procedure just thiee day6before. When I saw him the next day, he said that everything wasstraightened out. After that everything was O.K. or at least I thought so. But this particular professor calledroll every day and left out the names of all three Americans in theclass. This worried me bUtlatei I discovered that our names were on thelist, but he was simply embarrassed to try to pronouncethem. "Anyrway, I thought all was well untilthe end of the semesternwhen I didn't receive any gradesfor the courses I had taken. Then it was clear that the whole system was so confused and inefficient that the real miracle wasthat the other two Americans got all their grades. Now I've got to go back through the mill again and get itstraightened out. It's a damned mess and to make matters worse the draftboard is putting pressure on my college in theStates for evidence that I have been doing satisfactory-w-ori-down here."

-14++++44++-H-H-++++++++-H-H-1-+++++++++-1-1-1-H-1-+-1-1-1-1-1-1-44-1-1-1-1-4-1-1-1-1-1-1- Discussion. This -type of incident often arosewith North Americans at some point in the total processof matricu- lation,- registration and grading, regardlessof the particular university they attended.- Yet it rarely occurred withColom- bians. These incidents-put considerable strain anboth the North American student and the Colombianuniversity. adminis- tration. Although several possible cross-cultural communication errors could cause this type...of problem,let us con7_ centrate ruow on those related to the incongruence ofthe two naming systems. Sometimes there was an error of interpretation by a Colombian and sometimes an error of omission by the North American student. For example, a well-intentionedColombian office worker when seeing the nameRoberts, Gordon B. did not attribute proper significance to the commabecause she assumed Roberts to be the English equivalentof Roberto, a given name, and that Gordonhad to be the surname with the initial B, standing for the segundogollido. She then "cor- rected" the card to read Gordon B., Roberts. Another type of error occurred at one universitywhere the class lists and the final grade lists areprinted by an IBM machine from cards which the student filledout when he registered. Some students had omitted their segundoapellido on, these cards even though they hadgiven it On other matricu- lation forms completed with the foreign student advisor. In this case the IBM machine wouldr'eject the card as incoftplete before the print-out was done, thus omitting the namefram the list. So even a data processing machine is not culture-free in its judgments since it,must be:programmed toperform a culturally patterned. task. In both of the prededing examples the confusionis based upon the Notth American's assumption that thefull- name includes only oneapellido for North Americans even though it may include two apellidos for Latin Americans. The examples show that once the North American has afunctional understanding of the concept of the nombre completo, hemust also develop the new habit pattern of including his own segundo apellido when he is asked for his nombrecompletq. Thus we see that to know about acultural pattern we must only incorporate that pattern withinourselves, but to participate in a culture we must also allow ourselvesto be incorporate& into the pattert of. activities.

The structure of the nombre completo.

In Spain and Latin America today it is customaryfor each person to have at least one given name,teferred to as the nombre and two surnames called the primerapellido and the segundo apellido. An additional given name(the "middle 9 name" in English) is referred to asthe se...do nombre and is optiOnal in Spanish. Example: Arturo (Jose) Garcia Bermddez.

1. The Nombre. The Spanish nombres and the EnOlishgiven 1 namesshare several common origins. If we consider'the linguistic origin of the most popular nombres.in LatinAmerican capital cities we find:

31% Latin (Adridn, Aurora, Dolores, Felix,etc.)

28% Germanic (Alberto, Berta, Armando,etc.)

200c. Hebrew (Abraham, Ad 4,n,Moises etc. . .

e to . ) Urfa:Greek (Alejandro , Delia, Elena Elio , Nic.olds ,

2% AJ2g.12-Saxon (Alfredo, Eduardo, etc.)

2%."TretiCh. (Carlota, Rail, ete.)

The remaining 7%, represent a scattering ofAramaic, Etruscan, Phoenician, and Russian. Practipally-all of the Hebrew names are biblical, the mostpopular of the Latin names are also biblical (Jose, Julio4 Concepci6n, Margarita,Pablo and Pedro), andithe Greek names are from familiarmythology. But the classical Greel names such asArquimides, Diógenes, and Te6- filo are not popular. The least familiar to the Englishspeak- er, are those namesderived from the Arabic. However, Arabic names, suph as Jamilaand Leila, are not among themost popular lin Latin America today. Those interest,ed in the original meaningsof Spanish nomlires may study Appendix I which givesthe language of.origin, the equivalent in English, theoriginal meaning and the nicknaMe for 101 most popular nombreswiliCh-account for 75% of the people represented by the1600 ,MO-t popular nombres currently used in Latin America. it is interesting to note that the originalmeaning of most of the nombres has to do with somepersonal quality such as "illustrioua"(Alberto), "defender of man" (Alejandro),

1Also called "Christian names","baptismalnames", or "first names." -10

"favorite son"(Benjamin), "happf(Felix), or "conqueror" (Viotor). Today most Latin American parentsprobably choose names for theirchildren without considering the meaningin its original sense. Other considerations take precedencesuch as the child'sSaints Day, the names of favoriterelatives and the sound of the name inconjunction with the primer Au- llido. Although Latin American girls arestill given old fash- ioned names of the feminine virtuessuch as Esperanza(Hope), Caridad (Charity), Piedad(Piety), Inocencia (Innocence) and Pura (Purity), these are not among themost popular.in current use, There are several aspects of theSpanish nombres which strike the North American asdifferent. First, he may be amused or startled by the use ofJesds and Cristo as first names. However, in conversatiOn Spanishpronunciation makes Jesds seem a more likely name for acontemporary person than does the English pronunciationof Jesus. Second, certain names arefrequently used for both men and women despite the fact thatthese specific names clearly have one gender. This occurs most frequentlyin the use of the names of the Holy Family,Maria, José and Jesds. In the analysis of thousands ofcontemporary Latin American names a rather simple pattern emergesto dispel the fear thatall may be chaos in the gender ofSpanish nombres. Any time Maria appears as partof the nombre completo of amale it is always one of a pairof nombres. Also, it is always thesegundo nombre, never the primer nombre. For males it mostfrequently occurs in the combinationof José Maria, but itis also found in many other combinationsincluding AntonioMaria, Juan Maria, etc. Similarly, José andJesds, which are clearly masculine names, appear as nombresfor females but, again, they are always the secondof two nombres as inMaria Jesus, or Maria José. So, we will find boys namedJesds Maria and girls named Maria Jesda. -NM

- Despite these few exceptional nombreswhich are frequently used in the pattern described,the gender of the Spanish nombre is usually easily detectable. An analysis of 1000 of themost frequently used nombres shows that we can generally assumethat any nombre ending in "a" is feminine. We found no exceptions to this. Also, with rare exceptions, it issafe to say that any nombreending in "o" is masculine. Only four feminine names endingin "0" were found among the 500most popular feminine nombresin Latin America. They are &gam., Consuelo, Rosarioand So- corro. It is fascinating that these fourfemale names could not be changed to ending in "a" because they areall common nouns associated in the Spanishculture with the unique vir- tues or activities of women particularly inthe role of mother:

Amparo: Aid, protection, support. Consuelo: Consolation, comfort, relief, charity(obso- lete). Rosario: Rosary (the act of praying or the stringof beads used in praying) Socorro: Soccour, support, help. It is interesting to note that none of these four names were found to be applied to males! In addition to the nombres ending in "a" and"o" there are a very few which end in"es" Onlyten1were found among the 500 most popular masculine nombres in LatinAmerica. Ten2 were also found among themost popular 500 femininenombres3. Any poubrep found ending in any othervowel (about 1%) were foreign names ending in "i" such as Giovanni,Pioravanti,

1These are Bernal*Bartolom6, Clemente, Constante, rigue, Jaime, Josu47736, Silvestre, and Vicente.

2These are A14, Cleonice, Clotilde, Eunice, Guadalupe, Haydee, Ilse, Jure, IJeonil49. and Natale.

31ncontrast to the masculine names most of these ten feminine names do not appear to be legitimate Spanish. For: example, Eunice is not Spanish, Haydee is an orthographic varl- ation of the German "Heidi"; Ilse has not been Hispanicized; and Natale is an orthographic variation of the English"Natalie." vowel 'Ann and Sarandi. Thus, if a SpanishRombre. ends in a 4a" if feminialeand in theoverwhelming majority will end in "o" if masculineotherwise it will endin "e," , ---Not all of thenombres ern' in a vowelbat 75% of the commonly used inLatin male and 92% of.thefemale npmbres most 1 =sou/Ina nombres America do,' Fortunately, most of th..) they which end in.aconsonant are Qasilyrecoeniz.cid bocause c, g.;Daniel,- Mar- are cognateswith Ergli2h masculLne mimes, Magusl, Mois6r7N6stor. RIAE. and Siu6n2 corsonant are'usually ilarly, feminine p.pmt,I.es,which e..11.d. g,, cognates with lInglishaz:d casiJy ra...:;)g-atyiadag Beatriz, Carmen; Isabel,Loaaer aad Marced: Apparently a maje:rttyof the-nal namesin Latin America a.ze compound inclUde tWo npmbror,i 1100 soma v± the no tio% 4.0 3,X.J...t.1g.g.7 JuanCY./1 such as Jos6 dgl(,77.rmet). _1e *8 JAan t:Ts-(:: do"in, Ortiz, aftd-Tor wom- .de Dios, Juan cr ftla Si 0. :11 tip ,1,7:$1:ts, andMbria40It del en we findIriar:ip.dfi?3. Oarmcn7,Inv t,"Owt, . ono. An:thosc c3mp.Nnda ary: amungthe Filar. The ramoo appaaring place of most popular. These compound namesuoually taka the only one of tbetwf'.1TrilJrc,o, become It is extremelyhelpful for theNorth American to familiar with more than afew StoretypedSpanish given names in order torec.ogniie thoT inctantly iaintrductipns.and grinding task of /earning 'other.conversations. To alfoid".f.he more than 3,000p.m.hrcls..which might; pcol:t.r wQ havedo7te a. frequency analysis of asample:.;f: over Tv1009000 ...Lames currently used in LatinAmo2ica and havcsUectod the most popular 500 mascx.line namesand the-485mostpopular feminine list names and presentedthem in AppendiclesII and. IM The of femaleAnd male /lamshave each beeneoparately arranged into five Priority gY-oup.4A 1Air67,)ghBc.,For.exampla List.-A for men contains only six namesused by.25% of the men

41.11.14M ----Ili:7athe ma3cu1iae ncare,,Acuding in a r;onsonant are convertible to a feminine potTieby samply addingaas in accounto for a Gabriela, ManAlela, RTIftelphand Lips,Aa which larger proportion of thefemiria.: ro.abreg.ending in vowels4 IOW

13 r subsequent represented inthe 7botal:listof.590 names.2.:,Baoh. areinoluded. list .is longer.as.less popular names in pro...: Systematic studyof these-namesand practice facilitate abilityto commur- nounoing andhearing them will nicate with.LatinAmericans. 2. Apellidos. There are a_fewsalient..obseryations siriie the sPeaker-pf regarding Spanishapellidos which that it is easiertodisiirieuish English. First, he notes than between given between nombresand pmellidos,in Spaniah confusion names and surnamesin Englishwhere considerable surnameand given created by theinterchangeability of -.Can be used as both names._1 InSpanish relativelyfew names are of the 1000most pop. pombres and apellidoa. In, our analysis only 'A arerecognized as ular ApellidoainLatin America,. 2 In fact they areMost' also being commonlyusednombres. as often frequently used asnombres and arenot interchanged in English. For example, .as wouldbe the double7dutynames Mai4in) Were only three of these names(Alonso; Le6n, and . . This makes it found among thosefrequently usednombres. nombres from apellidos easier for a foreignerto distinguiah in Spanish. have no gender. There- Second, apellidosunlike nombres, significance. fore, the "o" or "a"endings carry noparticular which re- However, we must learnto recognizeother endings function of an veal somethingof thehistorical origin and aPellido. These will bedescribed later. in: 1 Englishdoind ok the Most commonly For example in Charles, terchanged names areAlan, Baile3i.,Barrett, Burke, Fritz, Gordon,.Henry, Dewey, Douglas,Duncan, Freeman, John, Keith,Lowell, Miles,Newton, Owen, Howell, James?, and WYatt. Porter, Raymond,Scott,.Taylor, Ward Alfonso, Almeida, 2These double-dutynamea are.Alba, Coronel, Cruz,Elias, Flor, Alonso, Angeles,Bruno, Caro, Le67,rartli7Michel, OlmedoPastor, Paz, :Gil, Hermida,, SalomZETEntander, Sant.iago Rangel,Roldanrliidrigo, Rosa, Simon, Ventura, Vera,Vicente, andViola. in contrast to A third strikingfeature of wellidos Although nombres is therelative abundanceof saelltdos.. today there are atleast there areOver-5,000 nombres in use 30,000gollidds. Fturth, to theNorth American a muchsmaller portion of cognates the auellidosthan pombres soundfamiliar because with English are scarce. to the Spanish mellidos areabundant and unfamiliar have the ben- English speaker, and inconversaticn we do not There- efit of capital lettersto warn ua.of_propornames. in Latin Ameri- fore, for the NorthAmerican any conversation unable to ca isriddled with strange wordswhich he may be identify as personal namesand which are notin the diction- general-meaning of the ary. For him this oftendestroys the conversation. To help with thisproblemi-we propose todO two-things. features of First, we will describe someof tkremost- salient relate these to the the anatomy of theSpanish apelltdo, and historical developmentof types ofanellidos, Spanish apelli- 1g) Structof-the Spog.phuplliAt. sigirbelong to one-of threetypes. First,-are thep_alrEsymics meaning "the son of,"second are theape.1:lations which de- action Of an scribe someoutstandinepersonal quality-or individual, and third arethe topo4miosreferring to some physical location orplace of orig:In of thefamily. Patronminq: The spatronymj.gapfliç1q oan bedetected by its ending in. ag!, ez,iz, oF, or pz. It is not to be confused with the apellidqpaterno. whichrefers-to the primer apellido, indicating thefather's name regardlessits historical type, meaning ororigin.. The sptrougipapellido is Just as one thatwas.deriired fron the nombr.A.ofthe.father, has we havePeterson meaning "the sonof Peter7" Spanish Alvaro." Sumo of the mostpopular patro- Alvarez "the son-of .. each,followod by ther_ nymics are_listed_onthe next-page, nombre from whith- It 15 Lope Alvarez Alvaro L6pez Benitez Benito arquez Maic0 Martin Diaz Dieio Martinet Enriquez Enrique P6rez Pedigo Ferndndez Fernando Ramirez RaMiro Domingu ez Domingo Rodriguez Rodrigo G6mez Gone Sinchez Sancho GonzEilez Gonzalo Vdsquez Vasco Herndndez Hernando Velasauez Vblasco Among the 1000 mostpopular 9a11,44 inLatin Amerida only 53 or 5.3% aropatronymics.1Thusa eghteen are well 33% worth our attenticn,however, since thvyaccount for about The over- of the people representedby these 1003 apiillidos. whelming popularity ofthe top 10 patl-onymicsis seen in table 1. These 10 names(from a list of 1000mos:t popular

.Ta.Jalo

NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OFPEOPLE IN FlAMPLT3 HAVING EACH OF THE TEN MOST POPIMARPATRONYMIC APELLTDOSIN*LATIN AMERICA

esa 11111111.111 of total OrIUMODOM. Velwole_ 1. Rodriguez Jp944 3,60 2. GorizAlez 15,382 3At6 2.82 3. Ferndndez 12,553 4. Mart4:ne5 11:386 2,56 5. 1,6pez 102485 236 6. P6rez 9,311 2.08 Sanchez 7,162 1.59 8. G6mez 6,954 1,.56 9. Diaz 5,913 1.33 10. Alvarez 5,708 . 100,798 22.64% TOTALS . . . 11...... Moso emir, s 0.11=11.1111.Minera

Thaleao...Mdular.ones.not included inthe ,list above -are Albornoz, Antwieq, ArS.oz, Aimenddriz, Bliez7Miligez, GOvez, GAmezGITETUIei MD. OW nrez, MenOndez., ipnizMurioz, Narvac-z. Nuflez 0iTEUE7- Ortiz,PUZ771, guiroz.Waiq, Saen7"ffez, SantibAfiez, Suarez, e ez, or 2.4,11". apellidos) account foralmost a quarter(22.64%) of all the people representedby the total list. There is a remarkablecorrespondence betweenthe rank America. order of popularityof patronymics inSpain and Latin 1 that the ten most Charles Maduell'sstudyof pmellidos shows ten we found in popular names todayin Spain are the same in the Latin America. There are only twoclear variations rank order. First, Garcia is the mostpopular name in Spain while this non-patronymicwould rank third inLatin America. in Latin America, Second, Rodriguez,the most popular surname

is seventh in popularityin Spain. , We suspect that thisremarkable correspondenceof names offspring would pro- in the mother countryand its new-world vide a considerablecontrast to thelack of similarity between names in theUnited States andEnglani. It is doubtful that the ten most popular surnamesin the Urited Stateswould be the same as the tenmost popular in England, orany other single country. originally given AzollIgI120: This type of amellido was to its bearer for someoutstanding quality, orfor.some important event, place,object or occupationassociated :with meaning is obscured him as an indivldual.Often the original remains frOm a de. after generations becauseonly a key word scriptive phrase. For exampleJorddn2 meant "baptized with water from the riverJordan,"Names foroccupations:and social positions are moreobvious and standthe test-of time. Here are some of the mostpopular and easilyrecogn4ed ap- pellations used today inLatin America:

1Charles R. Maduell Jr.,The Romance ofS anish.Surnames, copyright by the author, NewOrleans, 1967.

2See Charles F. Gosnell,Spanish PersonalNameSt Prin- ciples Governing Their Formationand Use. Washington, D.O.: Ibter-American Bibliographicaland LibraryAssociation, 1938, p.26. Alcalde (mayor) Le6n (lionlike) Baquero (cowboy) Lobo-Guerrero (wolfwarrior) Botero (bootmaksr) Moreno (dark) Caballero (gentleman) Reina (queen) Cuervo Rico (rich) Calvo (bald) Romero (pilgrim toRome) Delgado (thin) Rubio (blond man) Hérrera (blacksmith) in Spanish clearly There seem to be many fewer surnames 1 denoting occupations than there arein English. Also, the occupational names in Spanish arenot nearly as often used even though theyexist. For example, the apellidosSastre (Taylor), Toiedor (Weaver), ausarcno(Stewart) all exist in Spanish but are not found amongthe 1000 most popular Latin America paellidos. Another contrast between English surnamesand Spanish apellidos is in the use of color-names. Only two col-ors` are used by both English and Spanish as surnames: Brown (Castalio, _Moreno and Pardo) and White(Blanco). English uses Black, Blue, Green, Vermillion, and Grey as surnameswhile the Span- ish equivalents of Negro, Azul,Verde, Bermill6n, and Gris 116)ivot appear among the 1000 most popular names inLatin Amer- ica nor do they appear among the namesof over 150,000 persons listed in theBogota directory. Two colors, purple(pdr- pura,purpilreo) and yellow (amarillo) are avoided as surnames 2 in both English and Spanish. It is interesting to speculate asto why certain colors are used in oneculture and not in another. The very poDular

1Forexample without any searchof the.written sources we can recall manyoccupational names in Englishsuch-asBaker, Barber, BarkervBrewer, Butler, Carpenter,Cartervparver, Clark, 000.1c, Farmer, Forester, Fowlerf,Gardner, Hunter, Mason, Miller, Miner, Painterr Palmer, Parson,Potter,pawyer, Sheppardi Shoemaker, Skinner, Smith, Spencer,Stewart, Tanner, Taylor, Weaver .and. Woodman. . . 2Although these colors are gererallyavoided, a faper- sons may have them asapellidos. For example, in Bogota, which has over, 150,000 personslisted, there are only three Amar'llos in contrast to 110Blancos. so* 1 surname Green.may be avoided sinceVerde often has negative .connotations in Spanish as seen in the phrase chistes verdes (dirty joke6) or as in vieio verds! ("dirty old man," a lecher). Although Nom is not used as a proper name: Moreno which means a type of brown skin color is auite popularin Latin America. If we consider Gold and Silver aa color-names, we find that the former is used frequently in English but not in Spanish, while Silver (Plata) is used by both languages. Topavolidq: The third general type of surname is the toponym or place name which is used in both English and Spanish. The place specified may be a city, a geographical feature (such as imsti112, Imre.: 'or asalit)0 the-ilame of an estate, or even the sign or an inn or any location which seemed significant to people at the time the name was gener- ated. Of course once the pmellidu became hereditary,-the place liame's became less mealningful after the family moved-- away from thepiace for which they were named Many place names can be distinguished purely on the basis of their Structure. Since people were perceived'as belonging to-or-coming from a placwe often find the prefix de, de la, de loS, or dal preceding the word. The following list in-

- ciudes.all of the place names currently found among the 1:000 Mostpopular altillidos in Latin America plus some that are not So popUlar.

De la Calle (Street) De Mendoza (town in Spain) De la Concha shell) Da Moya (town in Spain) De la Cuestahill) De Sevilla. (city in Spain) De la Fuentefountain, spring Del Camino (highway) De la Montafia (mountain) Del Castillo (eastle)- De la,Parra (vine) Del Castro army encampment) De la Pava (turkey hen) Del Corral yard) De.la Pella (large stone) Del Hierro iron) De la.Rivera (river, coast) Del Montenegro (black mountain) De la pRosa (rqse) Del Portillc (town gate) De lad.Casas (heuses) Del Rinc6n (nook: corner) De los Puentes (bridges) Del Rio (river) De los Rios (rivers) Del Valle (valley) Dp.los Robles (oak trees)

Not all toponyms have the prefix.. Seme.have dropped the prefix completely through time, and others survive concurrently both with and without theprefix. For example, most of the above aDellidos can alsobe found without the prefixin Latin America today. Many of the same place nameswith equivalent meanings are used inEnglish, always without aprefix. For example, Street, Cross, Hill, Stone,Rivers, Towers, Meadcws,Bridges, are commonplace names in Englishwhich are duplicated in Spanish. Other place names commonlyfound in English seem to be absent from Spanish.For example, those whichdenote direction as in Norton(northtown), Easton (easttown),Sulton (southtown), Weston (westtown) and Middleton(middletown) have no clear Spanishequivalents.1

Compound names: One or both of theapellidos in the nombre completo may be a compound name(apellido compuesto). The compound may be joined by z,by a hyphen, or by a prepo- sition (usually de ordel). In the examples belowonly the segundo apellido is compoundand is camposed of apatronymic plus a toponymic giving themeanings "son of Fernandofrom Seville" and "son of Sanchofrom Tcledo" respectively:

Dr. Esteban GarciaFernández de Sevilla Sr. Marco Jo54 VargasS6nchez de Toledo

Sometimes because the family name onthe mother's side is famous or out of affection, thedaughter will retain hermoth- er's apellido when she is marriedby attaching it to herfa- ther's amellido in order to carryboth of them with her as one maiden name which she is entitledto retain after marriage. This compound name may. thenpassed along through the generations as a single name. The following are examples: Sra. Leticia MariaRios-Vega de Rodriguez Sr. Anibal FelipeRodriguez Rios-Vega

If a person has the fortune ormisfortune, depending on one's point of view, of having twocompound Apellidos in

1JamesP. Hughes, How You Got YourName, London: Phoenix House, 1959 mnpns+.077,4757.7,1,7.T.V14.7,,,,.N.T.77,1,K,R

-20- completo may be addition to a compoundnombre, the nombre extravagantly long asin tile followingexample:

Fern6ndez ife Sevilla I. Srta. AdelfaSeMaria. del parmenBlos-Vpga Fortunately, in actual usestch complex full namesare probably use the com- rare. -The baptismalcertificate would pldie rame; whir° the telephone bookwould call herAdelfa bpfher N. Rios-yega F. However, she wouldbe referred to friends as "la Srta.Adelfa Rios-Vega." Once we understand parts, we will find: this .T:ery complex namewith all of .1.ts most'Spanish namesrelatively simple. Pom1ar apellidosin Latin Ame:rica. If we were to America learn all of theSpanish apellidoswhich occur. in Latin recognize them as a (even if gnlyto.the pointwhere we could On lacsonal'_name), we ,..muld befaced wtth a-iormidable'task. population-alOne",-Wre have 'the basis of thetelephone.d.irectory estimated that there areabout 30;640 asellidosin currellt This:probably exceeds manypeople's d- use 3nLatin America.

total vocabulary in aforeign language.- . 'Fortunately, thisapparently impossible-taskcan be reduced to manageableproportions because(a) an overwhelming infre- proportion of theapellidos. (about90%) are used very number quently; and(b) it is possible tofurther limit the particular of relevant namesby specializing inthe names of a capital city whichis quite representativeof the names in that country. We have preparedpriority lists ofthp.most popUlar a22.- special llidos for LatinAmerica as a wholeplus a separate -priority list for eachof the ten majorSpanish-speaking capital cities in Latin America. These lists appearin pendices IV-1 throughIV-11. Table 2 shows.thedistribution by geo- of the most popular 2,840apellidos in Latin.America graphical location andpriority.For examples columnA shows the number of mostpopular apellidosin each capital city .

1See the cMethodologicalNote." Table 2

popular Spanish PRIORITY LISTS OFAPELLIDOS: The number of list for eachcity1 apellidos in LatinAmerica by priority

PRIORITYLIST

A B Total

2 . Aellidos Cities (25 2Jo

270 492 1,000 1. All cities 11 54 173 ,,_

_., .17 75 Asunción . 3 13 23 3 Bogota 22 58 114 164 151 549 63 153 218 178 620 4, Buenos Aires 8

46. 148 138 202 546 5. Caracas 12 693 31 68 170 194 230 6. La Paz J_ 195 ?-3§ 237 806 70 Lima 40 98 236 302 757 8. Mdjico 11 42_ 166 150 157 149 518 9. Montevideo 12 50

122 158 181 , 555 10. Quito 28 66 151 190 222 668 11. Santiago 29 76

5,787 Totals 1 6 5801,3921,710 ,909

contains thoseapelli 1ListAi representedby column A, most popular in agiven city andrepresents 25% dos which are total list of names of the populationaccounted for in the for thatcity.

, 1 through 11indicate the sectionof The row numbers list Appendix IV inwhich the actual namesin each priority are given.

t -22 needed to account for25% of the population repre entedby its total list. Only 11 apellidos accountfor 25% of the people represented by the totallist of 1,000 apellidosin Latin America 'as a whole. There is a dramatic differencebetween cities in the number ofapellidos included in columnA. For example, in Asunción it wouldbe necessary to learnonly"three Abellidos CFerrer,Gonzdlez and Martinez) to takeinto account 25% of. the populationrepresented by the 75 mostpopular names, while inLima 40 amellidos are neededto cover 25% of the population representedby 806 abellidos. By noting the totals for eachof the five columns we can see.hbv the number ofapellidosfneeded-7to1cOver ea6h-suc- cessive quartile of thepoPulation increasesrapidly...:Lists 4L,'Bp'and '0 each cover25% of t e population-while plus E are required to coverthe remaining29%.' The grand total of 5,787 aDellidosexceeds the actual 2,840.specific apellidos represented beeause thelists overlap from onecity to another: 'The value of.having Setarate priority listsfor:each citTis demonstrated inTable 3.. It shows thepercentage of apellidos on each priority listwhich are .unique to thatcity. By comparing one coluMn withanother for any city weSee that as the poPularitydeereaSes.(mOving from list A 'through E).the percentage'of.unique:apellidos increases. There is only one exception to this ,in:the caseof Lima where 85%of the names on list D ate uniquebut only 47% of those on list E are unique to Lima. Any name was consideredunique top.: city did-nyt-appear-among- the-1,000-raoatpopular..ta2- 111dos for Latin AmariCa as.-4 1149._ It.,is Amportant to_. note that almost a third(31%) of all of the apellidos are unique to a particular city. The last column detonstrates that the710-eities Vary from19% unique apellidos(Asunci6n) to 4% (La Paz). By studying the lists in theAppendicesp.we can determine tb.what extentthe-unique names are of foreignorigin. 23-

Table.1

FREQUENCY OF UNIQUE APELLIDOS: The percentage of Apellidos 1 in each prioritylist which are unique toeach city

1"MMIe PRIORITY LISTSi

A Total 2 Cities

Asunci6n 0% 0% 17% 26% 29% 19%

Bogota 4 7 20 22 42 24

Buenos Aires O 3 12 36 80 30

Caracas 0 2 13 28 48 29

La Paz 3 15 32 35 67 41

Lima 0 8 24 85 47 32

M6jico O 2 7 25 43 26

Montevideo O 6 19 40 48 32 31 Quito 7 17 21 33 44 36 Santiago O 16 22 40 54

Proportion of uniqueapellidos for all cities 31%

MIIMMINP city if it did An apellido isconsidered "unique" to a not appear among the1,000 most popularaol,lidos for all of the capital cities takencollectively.

2This percentage isnot the sum of thepercentage for each of the five lists. Instead it is the weightedpercent- age or thepercent of the totalnumber of apellidos found in the five lists whichdid not appear in theall-Latin-America lists. - 24 -

Each name unique to aparticular city is indicatedby an asterisk. Even though many of theunique and less popular names listed in the Appendices appearto be of Italian,Gorman or French origin, wQ areimpressed by thefrrrclat::.vu homoge- neity. The North American who isaccustomed to telephone directories of large CiVLQSIn the Unitod Statesis struck by naAonal. ethnic) of the relativehomogene.Lty (ljrglAstic, ca-).;:al cities in the apellidos ti(J Latin America. 2::a Yaw ' St, ip:/aLl; and Los Angeles we ff.nd langenurbors foreiffn TI:LrleS yhtch are clearly German, Italian.Poki5.1^.. crid Spk-;.ail;h,with a sprin- kling of Chinese,Japae Toregf.an, rt7a'311i(Aish In contrast the telephone1,reonrfes of Mexieo City,Bogot6, Lima reign names. or BuenosAires haTe a irluch smallerpertion o This smaller proportionof foreign :names flaLatin Ame- rica is due to two br.sicfactn1:s. Exst, a muc:I. larger portion of the U,S,populatton is composed Dffo:reign-born people and of decendantsof foveign born. Fox example, a study 1 by Thayer Ojeda reportedby Gosnellshows that among167,000 names from variousllsts crd ragistors Chile there are only 5% of foreignc),:fnc A much small,:rpcxbion of the population, peThaps1%, is fcreign-bcrn, In ccntrast the current foreign-bornpopulation of the UnitedFItt?.tes is about 5%, fifty years ago it wasabout 12%, Second, the-re See= tobe much less tendencyfor the foreign names to beassimilated into Englishthan into Spanish. In Latin America theforeign names tend to beHispanicised to the point of obscuring theirlinguistic origin For examPle,when we seathe names Ari.E1, ramenco,Maca- za, Maldonado andObron in LatinAmerica,l!ttle would we suspect that these names wereoriginally Harris,lamming, Mackay, Mac Donald, and O'Brien, Others have chargedthe spelling hut

MIII.T.711 1Charles 1% Gosnell, gpanishPersonal :Tames, Washington, D.C. Inter-AmericanBibliographical anu LioraryAssociation, 1938, p. 31. -25- not beyond recognition as in the case of Odonolu for O'Donohue, or Barquer for Barker. Literal translations-also often "Com- pletely obscure the origin of a name as in Diaz, Guillermo, HerrerO and Valle de Flores for Day, Williams, Smith and I Blumenthal. It is interesting to note that in Latin America, despite the much'larger proportion of Indian population than in the United States, Indian names have been almost completely eliminated. Unfortunately, we are unable to provide a separate appendix with the origins and meanings of the most popular am- llidos as.we did for-the nombres because no systematic dictionaries are available which include the most popular apellidos in Latin America. Some incomplete works exist which might interest the serious student such as Tibon's Onomastica Hispa- 2 pDamericanawhich deals with 7,000 of the more than 30,000 ape111.422 in Latin America. ,Once we have an understanding of the anatomy of the nombre pompleto and have become familiar with a fairly large number of nombres and apellidos, we will have patched up a lot of the potential holes in our communication with Latin Americans. The ability to recognize and understand Spanish personal names will bring us to an increasing awareness of our need'to understand how the nombre completo fits into the kinship structure in Latin America.

(Gosnell) p. 31.

2Gutierre Tib6n, OnomAstica Hispanoamericana, Unión Tipogr6fica Editorial Hispano Americano, 1961. -26-

THE NOMBRE COMPLETO INTHE KINSHIP SYSTEM

Illustrative cases of communicationproblems.

.Even:those norteamericanos whohave some previous-knowledge of Spanish names oftenfind that they fail.toact-upon the knowledge in the LatinAmerican setting becatsethey are not in'the habit ofthinking of a nombrecompleta in the context of the kinship system. Below are *several examplesof this type of communicationproblem. Situation 1. Peter, a Peace CorpsTrainee, attended a birthday party at the home of afriend of his Bogotano host family. It was his first party inColombia, and the only person he had metpreviously was Esteban, the sonin his host family. Peter and Esteban went to theparty together and immediately upon arriving Peter wasintroduced to all 23 persons at the party includingCarmenza, the guest of honor,and the hostess., Esteban: "I would like to introduce myfriend." Sra. de Arenas: "How do you do, I am thehostess, la Sra. de Arenas." Peter: "How do you do, I am PedroEastman, thank y u for inviting me to-theparty,"- Sra. de Arenas: "The house is yours. We're glad you could come." (Esteban continues around the circle greetingthose he knows and introducing himself to thosehe does not know, andPeter follows along behind introducinghimself,) Sr. Barco: "How do -yOu do, I'mRamón Barco, and this is my wife." Peter: "How do you do, sir." "How do you do, Seflora Barco." (After the introductions were over Peter wassomewhat confused as to who was who,and in between dances hebegan to ask Este- ban who some of the people werethat he had justmet.) Peter: "Who is la Doha with the blackdress-and pearl necklace?" - Esteban: (Showing surprize) "That is la Seriora Manuela de Roldan, but yau shouldn't sayit that way:" Pet'er: "What do you mean?" Estebara "She is just 'Doha' that'sall:" Peter: (Puzzled) "Oh, O.K." 27

Esteban:. "Why don't you ask somebodyto dance?" A lot of these girls are just dyingto dance." "Good, I like this =Bic very Much." . Peter: (Petergoes across the roam to an attractiveybUng lady and 'as.kblier to dance.) --Peter: "Would you like to dance?" Elvira: (Smiling) "Thank you very much, but no thank you." (Peter is puzzled by the completelyunexpected rebuff and retreats to ask Estebanwhat had gonewrong.) peter: "You said they were dying todalice.-.Bid you see what happened?" Esteban: "Yes, I'm sorry it .happenedbut you should have asked some unmarriedgirl:" _Peter: "Is she married?" Esteban: "Of course!" "You would haveto ask her husband first." Peter: "But when I met her someone saidthat ahe was Dona Elvira Canes-. If they had said_SeAora I would have known she wasparried. I.thopght that Dotia was used forunmarried girls'orold maids. And if she is married:whydoeset she wear a weddingring." Eateban: "She does. She's wearing it now." Peter: "But look, she has no ring of anykind; you can see from here." Esteban: "It's your imagination; you can't seeit from here any better than I can. Don't give me that!' "You should dance with Rosita. See, she's looking at you. There will be no problem." (Peter tries again and asks Rosita to dance,ahe:acceptsiand all goes well.)

Discussion: In this situation Peter was awareof some errors in communicationbut was unware of others. Several cultural dimensions in this situationconiributed to Peter's lack of understanding what was going onabout him. First, it is often difficult for one personbeing introduced to another to hear the namecorrectly even if it is a familiar name because it is customaryfor the introducer to -28 - Then the merely say. "I wouldlike you to meet myfriend." friend must say, "Howdo you do, I'm PeterJones,' as they are people shaking hands. The problem is thatoften both of the being introduced toeach other are speakingsimultaneously, making it difficultfor anyone to hear.Also, the norteameri- not hear cano is often abit tense in thissituation and does things he wouldordinarily. of the In this situationPeter is trying to learn some names afterbeing introduced byasking his friend,Esteban, who knows most ofthe people at theparty. In asking, Peter makes an error usingla Dohawilich Esteban tries to correct, but Peter does not seemto know whatEsteban is trying to do. Peter does not know thatla Doha is notused .like la Sehora Doha is used when speaking about someone. In many circles la just as "the madam"(of a house ofprostitution)- is-used in Esteban'sisttempt to point Englidh. Peter does not understand amfr his error by saying,-PShe'sAust.Doha that's all." to . In thenext-confusionencountered by Peter, he is able *discover lxrt.of hia error. He was thrown off bynot realizing that Doha eould applyto either marriedor_unmarried.women and therefore he must get.hisclue from the de.preceding- the am- 'lido Calles. Peter learned fa:st,'16Ut,the situation-contained another.cultural barrier thathe did not.discoverby experience. He thought that.hiSdisagreement with Esteban over'whether or not Elvira was wearing awedding ring'resultedfrom Esteban's poor eyesight. Estebon assumed thatit was a case of wishful seeing on Peter's part. JeCtually, it was neither. The underlying problan was theconflict of assumptionaregarding where the wedding-ring is worn.Peter expects to see*it onthe left hand while Estebancorrectly expects to SOOit on the right as isthe.custom. It may not seem veryimportant to establishwhether Elvi- ra is married ornot because the onlyquestion is whether she wishes to dance. To Esteban, however,the question goes deeper than this because at a partyit is not consideredcorrect for a married womanto dance with any onebut her husband, relative, close friend, or someone whohas specificallyobtained her - 29 - husband's permission. Many times norteamerieanos become irri- tated when they discover that -sons---ef-the---wives-have to sit out most of the dances while the husbands dance with each of the young unbarried girls. If Elvira had danced with Peter, her only defence.would be that she did not want to insult the foreigner whb was acting out of innocent ignorance, but in ,thila case she did not take a chance on the reaction of her husban4. In this case the North American's not realizing the significance of la Esofia as a' form of indirect address, his lack of appreciation of the importance of whether or not Elvira was married or single, his failure to attach proper significance to the de as a signal of matrimony, and his assumptiori that the wedding ring.is worn on the left hand universally'were all cultural factors contributing to his confusion in the situation.

. Situation 2. Below are some excerpts from an interview with a North American student in which he,gives an account of some of the problems which arose in communicating With the

Colombian members of his horseback riding class. ; (I: Is the interviewer and R: is the student)

. . - 'I: "You were saying that you had some problems getting along with the people in your riding class.'

BL: "Yes, I'm the only grAna in the class' and we do other things together besides taking riding lessons, soI think I'm learnin& more Spanish than riding. T have gotten to know some of them very, well and we have fun together." I: "What sorts of problems came up?"'

113 "Well'.:.-there aren't reallyRimy problems now, but firstl was 'confused as to.who'was who in the

. troup.: Even after 'I had' learned,their'names I had trouble.'NOw I know everyone's. full name with at least one nOmbre and two apellidos."

; II, at confused you at first?" R: guess it was mainly that I didn't know who was -.related to :whb..,arad..how,_ ,You see the group was pretty close and contained twos married..couples, two brothers, a brother-sister pair, and even one pair of novios in addition to six or seven single guys and gals. I was embarrassed once when I mentioned 30 de ama aboutwhat a good riderher to Rosa Romero strange huiTEN was. I though shelooked a little Then later shewanted to know when I said it. Then I where I had ever seenher husbandride. realized I had made amistake in assumingthat So I fell back Oscar DelgadoMaya was herhusband. quickly said,'I mean your onmy-one-up-man-ship and had brother Oscar not yourhusband.' Then I knew I she smiled andtold me thatOscar done it again when I guess was neitherher husband norher brother. taken a leap at aconclusion. Because that I had just they must they have the samelast name Ifigured that of some kind. Since they wereabout ,be relatives other a lot, the same age and weretalking to each husband and wife orbrother they just hadto be either and sister." "Where there anyother times likethat?" picnic "Yes, I rememberthis time weall went on a and we had agreat time. Someone they near Pusa went out knew there had somehorses to ride so we and ate lunchat about 2:30. Some into the wilds took-a lot of people had cameraswith them and pictures. Aurora Padilla,who is the19 "Then the next day family, asked me year-old daughterin my Colombian roll of exposedcolor film toher if 'I would send a What cousin Armandowho had been atthe picnic. : happened was thather cousin gaveher the exposed re-loading her camera roll to carrywhile he was then he forgot toget it back. Then since Aurora for Mexico Citythat afternoon,she was leaving loft. would not have achance to sendit before she glad to do it. She said shewould I" said I would be it write the address,but I told herI already had since I had gottenthe list of thewhole riding class completewith names andaddresses. and "But after shehad left, I lookedat the list discovered that there wretwo Armandosand one whether her Arnaldo onthelist. I wasn't sure Arnaldo or Armando. If it was cousin's name was only one on Arnaldo, I was inluck since there was Then I got thebright idea thatsince the list. Rios I I knew herfull name wasAurora Padilla the one on thelist whose primer could pick out out there apellidos was'Padilla. But as it turned such name onthe list, nor wasthere a was no so I person whosesegundo apellido wasRios was stuck. "I guess they had left afew names off the list or had gotten the apellidosreversed or something. To make matters-worse Christmasvacation was coming up and there were to be no moreriding classes until January 10 and Icouldn't see Aurora before she left. I've never sent the film tothe cousin and it has been over amontil." I: "Were there any names whereeither apellido was either Padilla orRios?" R: "Sure, but that doesn't do anygood unless either the first or the secondapellidos are thesame."

Discussion: Apparently the North Americanstudent had discovered his error in assumingthat Rosa Romero deMaya must 17e related toOscarIalgado, 14..ya because they sharedthe apellido Maya. They might have been related orthey might not. The only thing thatcould bd determined clearly fromthe two nombre completos is that't4ek-aile ntit brother andsister, and that they are not.hUsband--6iid---wife-;"-If they were brotherand sister both apellidos wouldhave- to be-the same usfollowftt- Rosa Romero Maya Oscar Romero Maya

If they were husband and wifethen the wife's apellidode casada which was de Maya wouldhave to be the same asthe husband's first apellido as follows: ReagAlomera de-gaya Oscar Maya Delgado

Although Rosa Romero de Maya andOscar Delgado Maya couldbe neither siblings nor spouses asthe North American guesses, t laite been related in some wayby marriage through Oscar's mother's side of thefamily. For example, Rosa may be married to Oscar'smother's brother, or toOscar's mother's

, brOther's son_ Any two people havingthe same apellido, even though in one person's name itmight be the firstand in the other person's name the second,could be cousins. Tilug, Au- ...... rora PadillaRios could have a cousin'Armandowith any of the following nombre completo: 32 -

Armando Padilla Armando Padilla Armando Rios Armando Rios The student could have taken thefilm to cousin Armando if he had not falsely assumedthat causins must share the same primer apellido or the samesegundo apellido.

A description of the culturalpattern.

The most basic difference betweenthe North American and the Latin American full namesin relation to the kinshipstruc- ture is the fact that the NorthAmerican woman does not retain her maiden name when she marries,but the Latin American woman does. The North American woman keepsonly her given names and surrenders her family name)taking her husband's in its place, thus losing her own identity. In contrast the Latin America womankeeps her maiden name, whidh is her father's primer apellido,and adds her husband's primer apellido prefaced by de asin the following example:

Srta, Dolores Pardo Munoz

marries

Sr. Jorge Gonzalez Vargas

*to become

Sra, Dolores Pardo deGonzAlez

Both in the North AMerican system.and the Latin American system the woman changes her identity morethan does the man upon marriage, but theLatin American woman doesretain the one surname mostimportant to herego.1

1The single woman's primer apellidois mbre important to her than the seguhdo which istwed mainly for formal, legal or official purposes. If on any occasion only-one apellido is used it is always her primerapellido. PARTS OF THE NOMBRE COMPLETO BEFORE AND AFTER MARRIAGE Figure 1 Primer apellido BEFORE S r t a. Mu fioz AFTER S r a. Dolores olores Pardo de Gonzalez 34 As seen 'in the above example, when a Latin American woman marries ahe retainsher primer apellido which is then called her aPellido de soltera; she replaces her segundo a21- 11ido with her husband's primEr ape1142 prefaced by de which is then called herapellido de casada. If the husband dies, the wife's name remains the same except that the simple de is replaced by viuda de (widow of), which may be abbreviated 1 as vda. det The schematic diagram below gives the appropriate Spanish labels ;or the parts of the woman's nombre completo before and after marriage. Sincd the man's name does not change when he marries, the terminolod for the parts of his nombre completo remain the same as for the uhmarried woman. f. 1. A ellidos in'the nuclear family. Although the man does not change any portion of his name upon marriage, the combination of apellidos does change from parents to children. As demonstrated by the diagram in Figure 2, within thenuclear family (parents and children) there are three different combination of .422111122. In this case Jorge Gonzalez Vargas married Eva Pardo Tovar and they had one son and two daughters.

azure 2. Full Names in the Nuclear Family

FATHER MOTHER P7.-To;;;-GonzalezVargas 1 Sra. Eva Pardo de Gonzalez

DAUGHTER Fla GonzalezPardo

SON SON

Luis GonzalezPa;;;1 Rad]. Gonzalez Pardo

Telephone directories and other listings may further shorten this to v. de. - 3 5 - The three different combinations occurring in this nuclear family are Gonzalez Vargas (father), Pardo de Gonzalez (mother), Gonzalez Pardo (children). The one Apellido, Gonzalez, which the father, mother 1 and children have in common is the family name. This model of the nuclear family can be developed intoa model of the extended family as in Figure 3on the next page. 2. Amellidos in the extended family. By studying this figure we can see that, given the apellidos, of the original parents (1 and 2), plus those who marry into the family (3,5, 8, 10, 11 & 20), the rest of the combinations of amellidos are automatically determined according to the rule demonstrated in Figure 2. If we consider the extended family pattern from the point of view of Julio Gomez Gonzalez (13),we see that his grandparents imp. and Eva had two daughters (Ana and Maria) and two sons (Luis and Bala). The daughter (Ana) who married Juan Gomez Diaz is Julio's mother. His aunt Maria and his uncles, Luis and have two children each, provid- ing him with six cousins (Dora 14, Cdsar 15,um16, Manuel 17, Aura 18 and Pedro 19). The system of using two apellidos givesus considerable information about the kinship relations. For example, Julio's six cousins mentioned above all share theone apellido, Gon- zalez, which is his mother's maidenname. This tells us immediately that these six cousinsare all related through his mother rather than through his father. Furthermore, we note that in the case of Dora and Cesar thesurname Gonzalez is the gegundo apellido indicating that theyare children of Ju- lio's mother's sister. The other four cousins have Gonzalez as the primer apellido showing that theyare children of Ju- lio's mother's brother. Julio could also haveany number of cousins related through his father's sisteror father's brother which do not

'Thisis variously called the nombre de (la) familia, by different Latin Americans. FULL NAMS OF PERSONS IN FOUR-GENERATION Figure 3 EXTENDED FAMILY

I.2. EvaJorge Pardo Gonzalez de Gonzalez Vargas MarriedFemaleOffspring 15.14.13. ChsarDoraJulio GarciaGarciaG6mez GonzalezGonzalez 6.5.4.7, JuanMariaCarlosAnaLuis .G6mez GonzalezGonzalez GonzalezGarcia Diaz dedeG6mez Pardo GdmezGarcia Marriedthe family into 18.16.17.19. AuraOlga Manuel Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez OrtegaVega VegaOrtega 11.8.12.10.9. Josh RosaLola Pefla G6mezOrtega Ramos de de Pefia Gonzalez RadlEma VegaGonzalez de Gonzalez Pardo 24.23.22.21.20. FedericoEmiliaEnriqueYolandaAlicia Pefia Soto GonzalezPefia deG6mez G6mezGonzalez Soto - 37 -- show in this chart. In either case they would haveG6mez for one of theirapellidos. If they were children of Julio's father's sister, we know thatG6mez would be their segpndc- feellido but if they were childrenof Julio's father's brother, G6mez wouldbe their primer apellido. In the same manner theapellido indicates whether one's aunt, uncle, grandmother,grandfather, children and grandchil- dren are on the his mother's orhis father's side of the family. Historical origin_of the systemof two apellidos. It has been a century since LucyStone vigorously, but unsuccessfully, campaigned in theUnited States to pursuade women that theyshould retain their own namesafter marriage, instead of losing their personalidentities in their hUsband's names. This custom appears to be in harmonywith the gen- . .. _ eral .spirit of the equalitarianrelationship between husband and-wife, yet it has not been adptod byNorth Americans except in a few rare instances ofupperclass women who retain the famous family name. A few women already well knownin _ . their profession before marriage doretain their maiden name, particularly in connection with their publiclife. Bui in private life they are usually .known as Mrs.So-and-so. In Spain and her colonies for hundredsof years before the time of Lucy Stone, women did notchange their names when they were married. Even in the fourth century womeninsisted on retaining their own namesafter marriage without assuming tho husband's name. In Spain and Latin America today the womanretains her first apellido and replaces her second apellido,with that of her husband prefaced by "de" to indicate,thatshe "belongs to"-the family of the man she marries. This has not always been the custom. Before the Roman conquest of Spain, it is highly probable that only simple nameswere_used,_The_Romans broughtth9ir_System. of mon6men, (given name markingthe individual member of the family) the n6men (indicating the 38 .- gens orclan), coAn6men (indicating thefamily) and the agn6men (denoting some specialfeat, event or circumstance distinguishing thefamily). This Roman system did nottake hold except temporarily in the upper classes. During the Dark Ages, thesimplest form of name was sufficient. Family names were unknown to the Goths who invadedthe peninsula in thefifth century, and Spain dropped theRoman system to take the namesof their new conquerors. During the Moorish invasions(711-1492) the apellido (which is derived from the Latinverb appellare) was used as a cry ofalarm or recognition bythe Christians. Each me- llido was proper to a group, avillage, or a territory whose name it was orwhose patron saint it invoked. Another type of apellido developedduring the middle ages known asthe Patronymic apellido wasnot hereditary as it istoday. For example, GonzaloRodriguez would have a son namedRodrio Gonzglez (Rodrigo the son ofGonzalo) whose son could be named Gustavo Rodriguez sothat no single part ofthe nombre completo was passed from generationto generation to make it possible to trace the line ofdecent"." To add to the confusion, many womensimply retained their full name in marriagewithout adding thehusband's name. This caused problems inestablishing the rights of inheritance and otherresponsibilities of husbands for wives. Only within the last 150 yearshave Spanish women come to follow the custom of takingtheir husband's primer,apellido, while retaining their own. Historically, many attempts weremade to standardize Spanish names. For example, Gregory theGreat, at the close of the 10th century attemptedto put an end to the customof using the names of barbaricheroes by changing what hadbeen

'CharlesF. Gosnell, Spanish Personal Names,Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Bibliographical and LibraryAssociation, A 38 p. 23. -39 - 1 a mere recommendationof the church into a formal command. Another major step was taken at the Council ofTrent (1545- 1563) which decreed the keeping of parish registers, and the inclusion of names of parents and, god-parentswith the entry of the name of the child baptized.Also, early Spanish legislation promulgated by Philip II(1568) required that the Moors in Spain abandon use of their idiom and substiteSpanish names. Nevertheless, many surnames in Spanish are really old Moorish names in new dress only, for example Venegas forBen- BE222 Laws specifically requiring that each person have two am111422 and that the wife drop her segundo amellido totake that of the husband are relatively recent in originand were instituted after the practice had become customary in a portion of the populations of Spain and LatinAmerica.3 Today most of the Latin American countries have formal legislation requiring the naming system in common use today plus local requirements regarding limitations on such things as the number of nombrespermitted. We have seen some examples of typical problems in the communication between North American and Latin Americans which are based upon conflicts inthe concept of the full name and its anatomical structure. We have also seen how the function of the nombre comnleto can be understood only in the context of the kinship structure. Once we clearly understand this pattern and have incorporated it into our own habitsof action, we have made a distinct advance in spontaneous communication with Latin Americans. However, one additional aspect of the naming system still lurks quietly in the shadows. This is the difference between the English and Spanish systems of alphabetizing the nombre completo.

1Eus6beSalverte, History of the Names of Men. Nations, and Places in Their Connection with the Progressof Civiliza- tion, London: Smith, 1864, Vol. I, pp. 164-5. 2Gosnell, Op. Cit., p. 30 3Forexample, the Ley del Registro Civil (June, 1870) specifies that the birth certificate give the nombres and ma- llidos of the parents and of the paternal and maternal grandparents. Enciclopedia Universal IlustradatEuroneo American4, Madrid: Espaha Calpe, S. A,, Vol. 38, p. 1001.

,,,...-i.',,...... 1.05.;.2i,A«,if*FroANA4406004040040-11WWWW041040010immIWOWNIM4 - 40 -

ALPHABETIZATION OF SPANISH PERSONAL NAMES

Illustrative cases of mis-ccomunicALLon The following composite excerptfrom interviews with North American students is sprinkledwith confusion and false conclusions drawn by the North Americantrying to operate in a setting where his ownculturally-determined assumptions regarding the proper way to alphabetizeclash with the Spanish pattern. R: "I had heard how disoroanized thelibraries were here in Latin America and that is certainly truein my own personal experiences. Profesor Castaho gave us this syllabus here at CEUCA and it was muchbetter than any I have seen since in the universityI am now attending. The only trouble was that the beautifulbibliography was useless because youcouldn't find them in the li- btary". I: "Which library was that?" R: "Any of the libraries: You see, in the card catalog here at CEUCA you will find thetitle of all the books in the syllabi for courses and if abook is not in the CEUCA library it tells which of the five or sixlibrar- ies in Bogota has it. But then you go there to get it and it's not there ... not that it is outtemporarily, because they don't let anybody take thebooks out. It's just not in the library. It's bad enough to have to chilse all over the city just to readtwo books and then have to stay in the reading roomat a library to finish because you can't take anythingout of the library. Worse is to run across town to alibrary and then it turns out they never had the book. In one case a book was listed asbeing in three libraries in Bogo- ta, and, since I was really interested in it, Ipounded the pavement frcm one library to the otheronly to discover that none of them had it."

I: "Did you ask the librarian for help in anycase?" R: "No, it is very hard to find anyone tohelp you with the card catalog and besides I reallydidn't need any help. I have used the card catalog many timesbefore and I wasn't trying to find some articlein an off-beat journal but just books which are listedby author." I: "Could it poesibly bo that you are not familiarwith the system of alphabetizing Spanish names?" R: "No, it's not that; because I know it is differentfrom English names. Maybe I gave the wrong idea, like I never found any of those books. That's not true, but it seems that at least ono out of five ofthem were not there in the card catalog. It could be that Pro- S.

fesor Castafto just made amistake, or maybe whoever typed up the syllabusmade errors. Maybe the book was in a particular libraryand was stolen, so theyjust took the card out of thefile."

I: "I see.Have youthought of any Other possible reasons why you couldn'tfind the book?" problem R: "Hum... well, now that-youhave mentioned the of alphabetizing namesf,they might have a cardout of place in the catalog. Speaking of out of place,have you everytried to use a phone bookhere?"

I: "What do,you mean?"

R: "Well, the first thing youlearn is that practically nobo4y you know inBogota who has a telephone canbe found in the telephone book. Believe it or not, they are usuallylisted under some oneelse's name. Of course thishappens in the Statestoo because people move and theydon't take their oldphone numberwith who have them. But I know for a factthat some people lived in the same place and hadthe same telephone number for five years still arenot listed in thedi- rectory."

I: "But this doesn't have anythingto do with alphabetization; does it?" that even in those R: "No, that's right. I started to say rare cases when someoneyou know doeshave a number listed under his own name,it is sometimesnot listed exactly where it should be. One time a bunchof us were gripingabout this in thelounge at CEUCA, so we got the telephone book andtried to figure outthe way they put names in alphabeticalorder. We found that just by looking at thelist on any page you cansee that there are mistakes inalphabetizing. Just for kicks we counted the errorsand it was only onein about 20 but that ispretty bad, particularlyif your name is the onethat's misplaced."

I: glow do you account for this?"

RI "Well, I'm sure that any Colombianknows how Spanish names aressupposedto be alphabetized...but when you use cheap uneducatedlabor for a job likethat thare are bound tobe inaccuracies. I don't imaginethat they feel a little thing likethat is too serious. And they may be right."

Discussion. This type of responseto attempts to uso card catalogs and telephonedirectories was frequently re- peated in interviews and ininformal spontaneousdiscussions 42 - Peace CorpsTrainees. The amongundergraduatestudents and from an objectiveob- emotional tone ofthe reports ranges to a vehementhostility servation, through amild complaint, work of theseColombians." In toward the"slipshed, sloppy clearly relatedto some casesthe tone ofthe response was pattern and inother the individual'sgeneral personality clearly upon theparticular cases itseemed to depend more of the frustratingexperi- sequence,number and seriousness either hadgenerated ences. In most casesthe frustration reinforcement for new negativeimages or hadprovided some negative attitudeswhich alreadyexisted. (in the form of mis- In this casethe mis-communication frustration interpretations ofobservations) and resulting of the systemof is basicallydue to a lackof understanding Ironically, thestudent's alphabetization ofSpanish names. friends are listedin observation that noneof his Colombian they in fact havetelephones the telephonebook even though correct observationhe draws is correct. However, from this he could notfind these another incorrectconclusion as to why names. generally Actually, rentedhouses or apartments are occupant. listed in the nameof the ownerrather than the tele- One reason forthis is that thecharge for changing a for phone listing is veryhigh in comparisonwith the charges of people knownto using the telephone. Consequently, names address are not have had telephonesfor years at the same to keep a personaldirectory listed. This makes it important acquaintances andbusi- for the telephonesof one's friends, nessassociates. that we may Additional circumstancesobscure the fact There are not understand howSpanish names arealphabetized. occasional errors inalphabetization, andthere are different systems used toresolve some of the morecomplex alphabetization is problems. However, the basic systemfor alphabetizing differ- agreed upon by allLatin Americans, andit is clearly The ent from the systemused for pere_seil namesin English. rules given here willexplain about 99% oflistings found in alphabetical card catalogs,telephone directoriesand other 43- lists of personal names. For the more complicatedrefinements seeGoanelltsbook?written for librarians. .

Alapj:ab etizat jai pf SAwish-lull nuts......

Before we can correctlyalphabetize a'full nameit is neeensary to keep:!.n mind the differencesin the English and Spanish.alphabets which might cause USto misplace a simple romL1.2 or any other singleword in an alphabetical-list.'.. Thekje encars usually resultfrom the fact. that. theSpan- ish alphabet has theadditional letters "chs""11,". "rr," and

"fior' The Froblem is that theEnglish-speaking to think of "eh"as two letters, "c" and_"11,1! ratherthan the single ltter "eh' whichfollows "00"We must also learn to autenatically treat "11" in Spanish as asingle letter which follol-z 41" in the alphabet. Similarly, "re is not a "(IOU- ble rb-at an "erre" which follows"r" in the alphabet, and "fi" is a diectinct letter which alwaysfollows "n." Ev.bn though every student ofSpanish knows these differences from the English alphabet at anintellectual level, it is a bit difficult to developthe automatic habit of thinking of then as separate letters. When faced with the practical task of finding a name in adirectory, we uncon- setouray expect to find "Machado"before "Maco."Even if we make no ei;r6r6 "in the use oftheSpanish alphabet, we are still faced with problems in alphabetizingSpanish names. There are two phases to the processof alphabetizing a pombre conmleto. We must first know the appropriateorder for rearranging the parts of the name onthe written line and second the order in which weconsider the, various parts to determine its order in an alphabeticallist. In English these two orders are the same. For example, we rearrange the name Robert Louts Stevensorto read Stevenson, Robert Louis.

tCharles F. Gosnell, gpanish Personal Names:Princi les Goyerning Their Formation and UseWillElalTrEresenteas a Help.for Catalowrs and Bibliornhers, Washington,D.C., Inter- American .6ibliegraphica1 and Library Association,1938. - 4 4 -

And for alphabetizing we considertlw names in the same order, first Stevenson and then Robert and thenLouis. In Spanish this is not the case

1. Re-arranging the parts of the full name on the line. The order for writing the parts of the full name onthe line in an alphabetized list is as follows:

Mon and Unmarried Women Married Women or Widows

1) Primer apellido 1) Apellido de casada 2) Segundo apellido 2) Primer nombre 3) Primer nombre 3) Segundo nombre (if any)

4) Segundo nombre (if any) 4) Apellido de soltera 5) de or viuda de

Following is an example of the application ofthese rules:

Ramiro G6mez Ramda G6mez Rueda, Ramiro Ram6n Addn G6mez Barbosa G6mez Barbosa, Ram6n Addn Ram6n José G6mez Durin G6mez Durdn, Ram6n Jose Saturia Mogoll6n v4de G6mez G6mez, Saturia Mogoll6n v.de Sofia Escobar de G6mez G6mez, Sofia Escobar de Sofia Marina Escobar de GomezG6mez, Sofia Marina Escobar de Sofia Marina Forero de G6mez G6mez, Sofia Marina Forero de

2. Arranging full names in alphabetical order. To determine the order in which the full names appear in an alphabetized list, ono rule applies to the names of men and single women and a different rule to names ofmarried women and widows. The order in which each part of the full name is taken into consideration for alphabetizing is given bellow:

Men and Single Women Married Women and Widows

1) primer apellido 1) apellido de casada 2) primer nombre 2) primer nombre 3) 2.t.cLio_j_,_-lombre (if any) 3) segundo nombre (if any)

4) segundo apellido 4) apellido de soltera - 45 - in The application ofthese two sets of rulesis illustrated al- the preceding list ofre-written names, whichis also in phabetical order. These two sets of rules canbe aubsumed under onemore abstract which will applyto all proper namesin Spanish.. Consider names in this orderfor alphabetizing:

1) Apellido defamilia/ 2) Primer nombre 3) Segundo nombre(if any) 4) The remaining apellido

1 In names likeJose de Recasens Tuset, thede indicates geographical origin anddoes not affect thealphabetical or- written as der. In an alphabeticallist the name would be follows: Recasens Tuset,Jose de.

66, 314 41.tjargalaa. 4.11. 46

EPILOGUE-.

The Nbrth American students weobserved often mis- diagnosed their communicationproblems di having nothingto do--441th names.. They were more likely tocomplain about inefficiency, unreliability, or errorson.-the part ofLatin''' of any cm- Americans. In some cases the. student was unaware . munication snag until laterwhen he was faced with the practical repercussions. Names are intfigutng inLthatthey are most personaland indivtdual, yet their use isgoverned by a culture-widepat- tern. Both a knowledge of some ofthe common individual Spanish names and thepattern governing their -,se are essential for North Americansin face-to-face communicationwith Latin Americans and forthose who use directories,library catalogs and other publicrecords. We have been selective andavoided dealing exhaustively with all aspects a,idrefinements of the naming systemto con- centrate on those dimensionswhich field observation has shown to be important toNorth Americans. If the reader would like todetermine whether he under- stands the implications ofthe Spanish naming systemdescribed here, he may take the self-checktest in Appendix VI. S. 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bershas, Henry N., Puns on proper Mimes in Spanish. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1961.

Hundreds of citations of puns on proper names gleaned fromapanish pmesappoetry and plays, arranged alpha- betically by,proper namo upon which.the pun is.built. Most are quite subtle and require a sophisticated appreciation of the literature for a humorous response.

Boyd-Bowman, Peter, Irdicf_er2))iorzrafico de 4.0,000 Poblado- res Espagoles de,A:i-pricrt.,en 02. Siglo XVI. Bogota: Instituto Caro y Onervo, 1965.

The purpose of this-monograph is to trace the geographical origins of Spanish dialects in Latin America today by tracing 40,000 Spanish residents of the New World to the province of origin in Spain in the 1500's.

. . Enciclogglapniversal Ilustradal.puropeo Americana.Madrid: Espasa Calpe, S.A. Vol 38.

The article on. Nobre (pp. 1000-1002) deals with some of the legal aspeeTs of the Spanish naming system today in Spain with a short history of certain aspects. ;4 -the syStem&

Gosnell, Charles- Prancio, qpanish Personal Names. Washington, DX: Inter-American bibliographical and Library Associ- ation, 1938.

One'of the rare attempts to explain the Spanish naming .system W.th stress on its implications for library cat- aloging.

Hill, E. C., "Spanish Patronymics,"Review His ani ue, vol.68, (Oct. 1926) pp. 161-73.

Focuses on an explanation of the Spanish surnames known as21.-aonniq mei] JAoa,usually ending in "z" and meaning "the son of"

Madwell, Charles, The Romance_g_glanish Surnames.New Orleans: By author, 1967

An analysis of Spanish surnames found in baptismal re- cords in Spain. The 10 most popular surnames are rated according to relative frequency of use. Types of surnames and their historical origin is discussed. -43- Madrid: Souto Feijos,Alfred, ApellidosHispanoameriaanos. Seler, 1957(118p).

Similar toTib6n's Diccionario citedbelow but not so complete.

Tercero, Dorothy M.,paluag All Broadcasters --Personal Union, NamesS anish Style. Bulletin of Pan American Vol 76Jan 1942), Washington.

A popularizedversion of the Spanishsystem of personal names. Its main value is tostimulate interest in the subject.

Nombres Tib6n, Gutierre, DiccionarioEtimol6 ico Com arado de Propios de personl. Mejico: Uni n TipográficaEdito- rial Hispano Americana.

A dictionary of over2800 nombres(Spanish first names). It attempts to givethe followinginformation on each language name: current variations inform and spelling, of origin at thetime it was borrowedinto Spanish, the form of that namecurrently in the languageof origin, and the derivationof the meaning ofthe naMe.

Tib6n, Gutierre,Onomástica Himanoamericana. Mdjico: Uni6n Tipogialiba EditorialHispano Americana,1961 (360p).

This dictionary dealswith 7,000 mellidos(Spanish surnames) in alphabetical order. Some are dealt with very superficially while longhistories are given ofthe origin and use of others. In general each entrydeals with the origin, changes,and meaning of each name. Special historical articles arewritten on a specificapellido. Groups of apellidos are alsodiscussed according to their origin ordevelopmental influences. 4-9

.APPENDIX I -T "e. Listio-Origin,English ECriiialentiina-Meaninis of the 103. Most PopularNpmbres in LatinAmerica11

NAME IN 2 NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING HEBREW 1. Abraham Ab-raham Abraham -"father of the (Abe) multitude"

/ID olPloos amok46.1~:i:~101Orwmilmalm GERMANIC 211thel "of noble birth"

MOINES 0111111111041111. AMIN.

.------GERMANIC- Adolfo Adolf Adolph "noble wolf" (0F4. Adolphus

LATIN 4. Adrign-a Hadrianus Adrian "from gadria, an 4.44Prkt,town -111:central 'Italy"

LATIN "magestic" 5. AgustIn -a ...Augustinus Austin Source: Gutierre TibOn, kipoionaricEtimolggics Com arado de Nombres Proxios de Perspna,'Mexico: Unián Tipogr fica Editorial Hispano Auericana,1965,

1 These 101-basio-nlsebres,with-their variationsi-account for 75% of the persons representedby the most popular 1000 nombres currently used in LatinAmerica.

: 2The nickname is given inparenthesis. If the nickname is used only in-oneLatin-Am-ricaft-ovuntry, this is-atto.in- dicated within the parenthesis. NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING

6, Aida Aida Name invented by Verdi for his Opera "Aida."

7. Alberto A/bert "illustrious (Bert) through nobility"

8, Alejandro GREEK Alexander "defender of men" (Sasha) (Alec, Alex) (Alejo)

9. Alfonso GERMANIC Alphonse "the noble man (Poncho-Chile) Adelfuns ready for combat"

10, Alfredo ANGLO-SAXON Alfred "the shelter of AE lfraed (Al, Fred) nobility"

II. -Alicia Alice Contraction of (Mexico: Licha Adalis. (Chile: Chichi

12, Amelberga GERMANIC "protection" Amalberga

13. Ana HEBREW Hannah "the beneficent" Hannah Anna Anne Ann

14, Angel-a LATIN Angela "messenger" (Eccles.) (Angie) angelus - 1- NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING

15. Anelica LATIN "an gelic al " (Eccles.) Angelicus

16. Anibal PHOENICIAN Hannibal 'Taal is beneficent." Hananbaal

17. Antonino-a LATIN Anthony Name of Roman Antonio-a Antoninus (Tony) gens. Antonius

18. Armando GERMANIC "the army's heroe" Hariman

19. Arturo Arthur (Art)

20. Aura LATIN "blow, breeze, Aura effluvium"

21. Aurora LATIN Aurora "of the morning" (Boda) Aurora Dawn (Downy)

22. Benjamin HEBREW Benjamin "favorite son" (Ben, Benny)

23. Berta GERMANIC Bertha "shine, splendor" (Bert)

24. Blanca GERMANIC Blanche "white, brilliant" (Blancucha) Blank (Blancachita)

"11.1M.11111! A 0,

5 NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING GERMANIC Charles "man, husband, Karl (Chuck) lover"

26, Carlota FRENCH Charlotte Femcnine Charlotte (Char, diminutive of Lottie) Charles.

Psonsefl 27. Carmen Carmen (Carmelita) .MaiMM..=...... teM101Mma 1\Tame of a Roman 28. Cecilio-a ETRUSCAN Cecil Celio-a Cecilia gens. Cecily

29. Claro -a LATIN Clara "illustrous, Clarus Clare brilliant, bright" Claire

30. Concepción LATIN "conception, (Concha, Conceptio generation" Conchita, Chita)

HEBREW Daniel "my judge is Dan -i -El (Dan) God" (Danny)

"beloved" 32. David HEBREW David (Dave, Davie)

Delia GREEK Nickname given to 33, Artemisa (Diana) for having been born in the island of Delos. -53 NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING

34, Dolores LATIN "to experience (Lola, Lolita) Dolor, doleo pain, to suffer" "sorrows," of the Virgin Mary

35. Domingo LATIN Dominick "consecrated to Dominicus Dominic God" (Nick)

36. Eduardo ANGLO-SAXON Edward "the guardian of (Lalo) Eadward (Ed) the property"

37.Elena GREEK Helen "the bright one, Helena the shinning one"

38. Elias HEBREW Elijah "my Lord is Ellis Yahvd" Eliot

GREINC Graphic variante of Hello, "the sun."

40. Elisa, Elsa Short form for Elsa (Elsie) Elizabeth.

41. Elvira GERMANIC "kind spear". (Lira)

Emily

GERMANIC Emma "strength" (Emmy)

r4-4Mwc'ri,Y4W.IWA. 7 - 54 - NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING "ruler of home" 44. Enrique (ta) GERMANIC Henry (Quique) Hainirich Harry (Quica) Hainrich

"resolute, 45. Ernesto GERMANIC Ernest Ernust (Ernie) pertinacious, earnest"

"to wait for 46. Esperanza LATIN Hope (Pelancha-Mex.) spero something fortunate or unfortunate"

"Variation of 47. Ester GREEK Esther (Teche) Ishtar, Babylonia's Venus."

"welborn, from 48: Eugenio-a GREBK Eugene (Gene) a goodrace"

Frederic "prince of peace" 49. Federico GERMANIC Frithureiks Frederick (Fred) (Freddy)

"lover of horses" 50. Felipe GREEK Philip (Pippo) (Phil)

"happy, 51. Fdlix LATIN Felix Felix prosperous"

"he who does 52. Fernando-a GERMANIC Ferdinand Firthunands (Ferdi) anything in order to keep peace" ONO SRI

NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING 530 Filomeno-a Philomena Variante of Filomela.

4111.0.MO,MOMANIWINIIIMOMI 54, Francisco-a OLD ITALIAN Francis (m) Derivative of (Frasquito-a) Prancesco Prances (f) France-Francesco. (Pancho, Paco)

55. Gabriel-a HEBREW Gabriel "God is ry Gabri protector°

,ImIgmer waft eametamm.wramomtewwwro..aaflenS gsmONI SIMS 56. Gloria LATIN Gloria "good reputation" Gloria (Glo)

57. Gonzalo GERMANIC "the genious (Chalo-Chile) Gundis-alv of 3o.mhat" +1.1 58. Guadalupe ARABIC "river of black (Lupe) Uadi al-lub gravel" (Lupita)

59* Guillermo GERMANIC William "he for whom his (Memo) Wilhelm (Bill) will serves as (Will) protection" (Billy) (Willy)

alONNIIM1111001.1111M7111111==IIMIMIIIMINIMI.M.INENIIIMIIIMINEW 60. Gustavo GERMANIC Gustave "the battle's (Tavo) Chustaffus Gustavuswalking stick" Gustav "divine sceptre" (Gus)

61. H4ctor GREEK Hector "he who owns" "the holder, the defender" CIO

NAME IN NAME IL SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING

62. Hugo GERMANIC Hugh "spirit, intelligence, reason, thought, mind"

63. Hiamberto GERMANIC Hubert "the cub's Huniberht splendour" Hunpreht

Known in Rome in 64. Ignacio LATIN Ignatilv (Nacho) modification of the I century Egnatius B.C., then it spread all through the Roman Empire.

65. Isabel HEBREW Elisabeth "consecrated by (Chavela) Elisheba (Lisa?) God's oath" (Beth)

Var. of Jacob, 66. Jaime HEBREW Jacob (Jake) Ya'agob James "the supplanter." (Jim) (Jimmy)

67. Jeslis HEBREW Jesus (Chucho-Mex.) Abreviation for (Jeoho -Chile) YehoshIlah

"related to the 68.Jorge GREEK George (Coque) land's labour"

69. Jo34 HEBREW Joseph "he shall add" (Pepe) Yosef (Joe, Joey) - 57

NAIvIE IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING Diminutive of 70. Josefina Josephine (Josie) Josefa.

71. Jugn-a HEBREW John-Joan wYahvd is Yehohanan (Johnny) beneficent" Yohabab

72. Julio-a LATIN Julius Nickname for Iulius Ascanio.

73. Leonor Leonore An aphaeresis Lenore of Eleonor

"illustrious 74. LUis-a GERMANIC Lewis, Louis (Lucho-a) Hluot (Lou, Louie) warrior"

"the Lord is 75. Manuel HEBREW Manuel (nanolo, Maim) Immanuel with us" Var. of Emmanuel

76. Marco LATIN Marcus Variante of Marcos Marcus Mark Marcos

"creature of the 77. Margarita LATIN Margaret Margarita Marjorie light," "pearl" Rita) hita) Margie) Marge)

78. Mar/a HEBREW Mary

79. Mario LATIN Name of a Marius Raman gens. IMO SAP

NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH ME4NING. Plural of Merced, 80.Mercedes LATIN Mercy Merces which used to mean "mercy, forgiveness."

"God is 81. Miguel HEBREW Michael incomparable" (Milicho- Mi -ka -El (Mike) Chile)

"victorious 82. Nicolds GREEK Nicholas (Nick) among thepeople"

"invulnerable" 83. Olga RUSSIAN Olga form of Scandinavian "Helga"

"the gods' Oscar GERMANIC Oscar 84. spear"

"small" 85: Pablo LATIN Paul Paulus

"rock, stone" 86. Pedro LATIN Peter Petrus (Pete)

"God has healed" 87. Rafael-a HEBREW Raphael (Rafa, Falito)

88. Ramán-a Catalan form (Moncho) of Raimundo Raimundo GERMANIC Raginmund Raymond "the protection (Ray) of the divine" -PI NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING

89. Radl FRENCH Ralph wolf in counsel" Radulf

AMP.MIND

90. Ricardo-a GERMANIC Richard "strong in rule" Richard (Rick, Dick)

91. Roberto GERMANIC Robert "he who shines (Beto) Hruotbert (Bob, Rob, because of his Robbie) fame"

92. Rodolfo GERMANIC Rudolph "famous warrior" Ruodwulf (Ruddy)

93. Rosa LATIN Rose "rose" Rosa

94. Rub& HEBREW Reuben %Look, a sonl" raah-ben (Raub)

95. Salvador-a LATIN A name given to (Chava-Mex.) Jesus as saviour of humanity.

96. Sara HEBREW Sarah "the dominator" Sarah (Sally)

Name of a Roman 97. Sergio LATIN Sergius gens.

A derivative 98. Teresa LATIN Teresa Terasia Theresa from two Mediter- Therasia ranean islands, Teresia one next to Creta, the other one next to Sicilia. MIN 60 MEP

NAME IN NAME IN SPANISH ORIGIN ENGLISH MEANING

99, Tomds ARAMAIC Thomas "Twin" Thama (Tom, Tommy)

100. Yolanda The actual popularity of this name is due to the first daughter of Victor Manuel III, king of Italy.

101. Victor (ia ) LATIN Victor If conqueror" (Toyo, Toya, Victor (Vic) Mexico) APPENDIX II Priorit Lists ofMasculine Nombres for Lap& 1 America ListA2 (N=6)

Carlos Juan Jorge Luis Jose Manuel List B (N=20) Alberto Cesar Guillermo Pedro Alejandro Eduardo Hector Rafael Alfredo Enrique Julio Radl Antonio Ernesto Miguel Ricardo Arturo Francisco Oscar Victor List C (N=41) Abrahdn David Gonzalo Nicads Adolfo Domingo Gustavo Pablo Agustin, Elias Hernando Ram& Alfonso EmiliO Hugo. Roberto Andres Eugenio Humberto Rodolfo Angel Federico IgnaCio Ruben Anibal Felipe Jaime Salvador Armando Felix Jesds Sergio Augusto Fernando .Marco Tomds Benjamin Gabriel Mario Vicente Daniel

1These lists give the 985nombres (500 male and 485fe- male most frequently foundin the telephone booksof the Latin American capital cities ofAsunci6n, Bogotd, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Lima, Mejico, Montevideo,Quito, Santiago and La Paz.

2ListA contains the mostfrequently faund nombres and accounts for 25% of the populationrepresented by ths 500 male names in this Appendix. By adding List B 50% of thispopulation is included. By adding Lists C, D, and B weaccount for 75%, 90% and 100% of this populationrespectivsly. - 62-

List D (N=85) Abel Dario Jacinto Norberto Abelardo Demetrio Jacobo Octavio Omar Adalberto Diego Joaquin Orlando Alcibiades Edgardo Justo Oswaldo Alonso Edmundo Le6n Pascual Amadeo Efraim Leonardo Paulino Amado Eladio Leonidas Rodrigo Arnaldo Esteban Leopoldo Atilio Eusebio Lorenzo Rogelio Roque Aurelio Pablo Luciano Benigno Fausto Marcelo Ruperto Benito Florentino Marcos Salom6n Bernardo Gerardo Mariano Santiago Bolivar Germ& Martn Santos Segundo Camilp Gilberto Mauricio Silvio Cdndido Gregorio Mois4s Sim6n Carmelo- Herm& Narciso Teodoro Celestino Hilario Natalio Thelmo Celso Horacio Nelson Victorio Clemente Isaac N6stor Walter Conptantino Ismael Nicanor List E (N=348) Abd6n Amancio Anselmo Argentino Absal6n. Amaranto Antenor Ariel Addn Ambrosio Antero Aristides 4driand. Amelio Apaloy Arist6bulo Agapito Am6rico Apolinario Arnao Alcides Amdrido Aquiles Arquimedes Aldo, Ananias Aquino Arsenio Alegre Angeles Artadio Artemio AlVar.o Aniceto Argelio Artia Amador Anmeris Argemiro Ascend()

, 63

Atilano Cesdreo Doroteo Fidel Atolo Ciprian Edulfo Fideligno Aureliano Cirilo Mr& Fioravanti Aurelio Ciro Elbano Flaviano Austreberto Claudino Elbio Flavio Avelino Claudio Eldo Florentin Baltazar Clemente Eleuterio Fortunato Bartolo Climaco Eli6cer Franco Bartolom6 Clodomiro Eligio Fulgencio Basilio Cloromiro Eliseo Gabino Belarmino Conrado Elizardo Galo Belisario Constante Elpidio Gast6n Benicio C6simo Emeterio Genaro Bermilio Cosme Emiliano Ger6nimo Bernal:6 Crescenciano Epaminondas Gildardo Bernadino Crescencio Epifanio Gino Bernal Criselio Epimenio Giovanni Bernardino Crispulo Ermel Graciliano Bertolero Cristo Estanislao Gualberto Bienvenido Crist6bal Espiritu Guido Bias Cupertino Estuardo Guilldn Boneterio Dagoberto Euclides Gumersino Bonifacio Dalmiro Eufrasio Heliodoro Boris Damaso Eulogio Heriberto Brasil Damia. Eumelio Herlindo Braulio Danilo Eustaquio Hermdn Bruno Dante Eustorgio Hermenegildo Calixto Dardo Evaristo Herminio Candelario Ddcimo Evelio Herm6genes Casto Delio Exio Higinio Cataldo Delmiro Ezequiel Hildelfonso Cat6n Di6genes Facundo Hip6lito Cayetano Diomedes Faustino Homero Cecelio Dionisio Feliciano Honorato Celiar Donato Fermin Idelfonso Cerafin Doralicio Ferndn Ildelfonso , MEW

_64 UM

Indalecio Marcelino Pacheco Samuel Inocencio Marcial Pastor Santoro Ireneo Marcolfo Patricio Saturio Isaias Margarito Peregrino Saturnino Isidoro Matias Petronio Sala Isidro Max Pio Saverio /talo Maximiano Pldcido Savino Javier Maximiliano Policarpo Sealtiel Jenaro Maximino Pompilio Sebaetidn Jona's Mdximo Presnedo Secundino Josu6 Mudardo Primitivo S4ptimo Julidn Melquiades Primo Serafin Justiniano Merardo Prometeo Serapio Justino Milciades Pr6spero Servio Juvenal Modesto Prudencio Severino Ladislao Napole6n Quinto Siegfredo Laureano Nataniel Raimundo Siervo L4zaro Neftali Ramiro Silvano Leandro Nelso Rangel Silvestre Leocadio Nemesio Refugio Simeón Leoncio Nepomuceno Rdgulo Sindulfo Libardo Nicasio Remberto Sinforiano Libero Nicodemo Remigio Sixto Librado No4 Renato Tadeo Lino Obaldo Rend Tedfilo Lionel Octaviano Reveco Tiberio Lisandro Odelin Reynaldo Tiburcio Loruto Olegario Rigoberto Timoteo Lucas Olimpo Robustiano Tirso Lucinao Olindo Rogerio Tito Lucio Oliverio Rolando Tobias Luciteo Olivio Romdn Toribio Lupercio Orencio Romeo Tristdn Luro Osvaldo R6mulo Tulio Mamerio Ovldio Rotilio Ubaldo Marcel Pacidn Rufino Ulises ,

Ulpeano Velino Virgilio Wenceslao Ulpiano Venancio Virginio Wilfredo Uriel Victoriano Vitelio Wilfrido Valentin Victorino Waldino Zacarias Valerio Vidal -----,rwrimmo.

66 - APPENDIX III PrioritListofFemenin...ka=kIombresor America List Al (N=6) Ana Margarita Blanca Maria Carmen Rosa List B (N=25) Elvira Josefina Mercedes Angela Emilia Juana Olga Beatriz Esther Julia Sara Berta Gloria Leonor Teresa Celia Guadalupe Manuela Victoria Dora Isabel Martha Yolanda Elisa List C (N=56) Adela Cecilia Esperanza Josefa Adelina Clara Eva Laura Adriana Concepcidn Filamena Lidia Aida Consuelo Francisca Lucia Alejandrina Delia Gladys Luisa Amalia Dolores Graciela Luz Amelia Elba Guillermina Lylia Angdlica Elena Helena Magdalena Antonia Ella Herminia Marina Aura Elsa Hilda Maruja Aurora Emma Inds Matilde Carlcta Enriqueta Irma Ndlida

1ListA contains the mostfrequently used names account- ing for 25% of the populationrepresented by the 485female names in thisAppendix. By adding List B50% of this population is represented. By adding Lists C, D,and E we account for 75%, 90% and100% of this populationrespectively. , AMMW

67-

Ofelia Pilar Rosario Virginia Perla Raquel Susana Zoila List D (N=107) Abigail Concha Hortencia Perpetua Ada Corina Ida Petra Adelaila Delfina Irene Piedad Altagracia Dina Jacinta Ramona Amanda Dominga Judit Rebeca Am4rica Edelmira Julieta Regina Amparo Elda Justa Rina Andrea Elida Leonilde Rita Angelina Elodia Leticia Rosalia Antonieta Eloisa Lia Rosalvina Aracely Elpidia Ligia Rosita Asunción Elvia Luella Saturia Benefrida Encarnacián Lucrecia Segunda Candelaria Ernestina Lupe Silvia Cdndida Esmeralda Luzmila Sofia Caridad Estela Mariana Soledad Carlina Estrella Mariluz Trina Carmela Eufemia Modesta Tulia Carola Eugenia Natalia Valentina Carolina Eulalia Natividad Vicenta Catalina Felisa Noemi Victorina Celestina Flavia Nora Vilma Clemencia Flor Norma Vloleta Clementina Florencia Olivia Zita Clemira Genoveva Patricia Zoraida Clorinda Gilda Paula Zulema Clotilde Gregoria Paulina List E (N=291) Adalid Adelina Afifi Agueda Adelfa Adelmira Africa Alba MOP

Albert:1.m Belia Diana Everarda Albina Benedicta Dilia Fabia Alcira Benita Diocelina Fabiola Al Benjamina Dionicia Federica Aleide Bernarda Dioselina Felicia Aleja Bertilda Domitila Felicita Alida Berriel Dorotea Felipa Alina Bianca Eduvigis Fermina Alma Bibiana Elbina Fernanda Almadinora Brigida Eleodora Fidela Asianta Brunilda Eliana Fidelia Amira Buenaventura Elina Fides Analia Carmenza Eliodora Filipa Anatolia Carmifta Elisarda Flora Andreina Casimira Elma Florinda Anita Casta Eloina Francesca Anunciacidn Castula Emelina Francia Araminta Ceferina Enedina Fresia Arancivia Celina Engracia Fula Argina Celinda Enilda Gabriela Arminda Celmira Enma Genma Axmonia Ceyra Ercilia Georgina Arsenia Clelia Erna Gerirudis Ascencián Cleonice Esbelda Germania Asunto Consolaci6n Esilda Ger6nima Atala Cora Esmelia Gilma Atilia Cristina Etelvina Gisela Augusta Cruz Eudocia Gorgonia Aurea Dalia Eudofilia Greta Aurelia Dayse Eufrosina Gudelia Auristela Ddbora Eulina Haydee Austreberta Decelia Eunice Hercilia Avelina Delina Eusebia Hermelinda Ayerza Delma Evarista Hermencia Barbara Demesia Evangelina Heroina Bartolina Desddmona Evelina Ibigail =IP

qt1.04 , Ludovina Nilda Secundina Ilda Luva Nina Selva Ildefonsa Luzmira Nubia Serafina Iliria Lydda Obtulia Servia Ilse. Macrina Odilia Severina Inocencia Mafalda Olimpia Sibel Iraida Magaly Oliva Silvana Isabela Magda Oliveria Silveria Isaias Marcela Orobida Sixta Isaura Marcolina Otilia Socorro Isidora Margot Ovidia Soria Isidra Mariela Pastora Stefany Ismaela Marild Paz Talita Isolina Maristella Pepa Telma Ita Martina Petronila Teodolina Italia Matea Petrona Teodosia Januaria Mavel Pierina Te6fila Jimena Mavila Polonia Tdrfila Joaqu' Melba Porfidia Texia Joseb a Micacia Precila Tita J6vit a Miren Pura Tranquilina Juliana Mireya Rada Trinidad Jure Mirta Rafaela Ubaldina Justina Morayma Rica Uberlinda Landa Musza Rogelia Velia Lea Myriam Romualda Vicentina Lelia Nacina Rosalba Victoriana Leoncia Nadya Rosalina Vula LéOntina Narcisa Rosamel Wenceslada Lesbia Natale Rosana Yaamin Lina Ney Rosaura Zaida Livia Nicolasa Rosenda Zelima Lola Nicolina Roxana Zelmira Lorenza Nidia Rufina Zenaida Ludgarda Nieves Sarandi . -0 ...

APPENDIX IV-1 Priority Llptg og4114idos for Latin America ListA" (N=11) Alvarez Garcia Lopez. Rodriguez Diaz G6mez Martinez Sdnchez Ferndndez Gonzillez P6rez

:Gist B (N=54) Aosta Fuentes Morales Rivas Aguilar Guerrero Moreno Rojas Aguirre Guti4rrez Muhoz Romero Alonso HernAndez Navarro Ruiz Blanco Herrera ,N4fte.n; Silva

Cabrera Jimánoz Ortega . Sosa Campos Leon Ortiz Soto- Castillo Mdrquez Otoro Sudrez Castro Martin Pei% Tories , Cruz Medina Ramirez Vargas Delgado M6ndoz Ramps. Vdsquez' Espinosa Mendoza Reyes Vega Fldrez Miranda Rios Veldsquez . . Franco Molina

1These lists give the1000 apellidos most frequently found in the telephonebooks of Mexi2o City andthe capital cities of theSpanish-speaking countries ofSouth America.

2ListA contains the mostfrequently found apellidos and accounts.for 25% of thepopulation represented by the1000 names in thisAppendix. By adding Y.st. B50% of the populd- tion is included. By adding Lists C, D, andE we account for 75%, 90% and 100% of thispopulation respectively.

3Contrary to custom in someLatin American countries, we have used accents evenwhen the irregular stressfalls on a capitalizedvowel because this is usefulto English speakers learning the correct pronunciationof Proper names. "1" 7)..

List C (N=173) Acevedo Cdrdenas Gallo Olivera Acuaa Carvajal Garrido Ord6ftez Alarc6n Carrasco Gil Osorio Alfonso Carrera Gimdnez Pacheco Alvarado Carrillo Guerra Padilla Andrade Casas Guevara Palacios Arce Castafteda Guzmdn Palma Arias Castellanos Hidalgo Pardo Avill Cohen Hurtado Paredes Ayala Colombo Ibfiez Parodi Barreiro Contreras Ibarra Parra Barrera C6rdoba Iglesias Patiao Barrios Cortds Jaramillo Paz Barros Correa Judrez Peralta BeCerra Costa Lara Pereira Beltrdn Crespo Leiva Pinto Bello Chaves Levy Ponce Benitez Ddvila Linares Prado BermUdez Diez Lorenzo Prieto Bernal Dominguez Lozano Quintana Bianchi Duarte Luna Quintero Bravo Durdn Maldonado Quiroga Bric'efto Echeverria Marin Robles Bruno Escobar Mejia Roca Burgos Estdvez Mendndez Rocha Bustamante Estrada Molinari Romdn Bustos Ferrari Montero Romano Caballero Ferreira Montes Rosas CAceres Ferrer Mora Rossi Calder6n Ferro Muller Rozo Calvo Figueroa Nieto Rubio Camacho Fuente Ochoa Russo Gallardo Ojeda Restrepo Velasco Rey Sandoval Tapia Vera Rinc6n Sanguinetti Toledo Vergara Rivera San Martin Trujillo Vidal Rivero Santos Uribe Vila Saavedra Sarmiento Vald4s Villa Sgenz Segura Valencia Villanueva Salas Sepdlveda Valenzuela Villar Salazar Serrano Valera Villegas Salcedo Sierra Valle Zapata Salgado Solari Varela Salinas List D (N=270) De la Puente AgUero Ballesteros Cardozo De la Torre Aguilera Baquero Carmona Delfino Ahumada Barbieri Caro Del Rio Alba Barraggn Carranza Devoto Alberti Barreto Carrell() Donoso Albornoz Basso Casal Duque Alcdntara Bautista Casanova Elias Alfaro Benavides Castano Enriquez Altamirano Bernasconi Castelli Escalante Allende Betancourt Ceballos Escudero Amaya Bianco Cervantes Esp6sito Angulo Bonilla .Cifuentes Etcheverry Aranda Brito Cisneros Fajardo Aparicio Bueno Conti Falc6n Arana Cadena Cordero Farias Aradjo Camargo Cornejo Ferrando Arellano Campo Coronel Ferraro Arenas Canales Corral Ferreiro Arévalo Cgnepa Cosentino Ferrero Arteaga Capurro Cu4llar Fischer Arroyo Carballo Cuevas Fonseca Avendailo Carbone Chac6n Fontana Bdez Cardona Chiesa Fraga Lede.sma Narvdsz Raffo Preire Lema Navarrete Rangel Frias Lima Navas Reynoso Gaitdn Lombardi Neira Repetto Galdn Losada Nifto Rial Galindo Lugo Noriega Ricci Gdlvez Machado Novoa Rico Gallegos Manrique Ocampo Rinaldi Galli Marifto Oliva Rlo Gamboa Martino Olivares Risso Garay Massa Oliver Riva Garcds Mayer Orellana Roa Garibaldi MazZa Orozco RizzO Garzdn Meldndez Pdez Rojo Gatti Mena Palacio Rolddn Giraldo" Meneses Parada Rano,, ... Godoy Mercadb Pascua Rosa. Granados Merino- Paitor Rosales Greco Mesa Pazos Rueda Guiildn Fver Porras. Sdez \- Heredia Me-za-, Pena Salamanca Hermida Miguez Perdomo Sanabria Herrero Milldn Perrone Santa Maria Hoyos Moncada Pineda Santamaria Huerta Monroy Pino Santilldn Iriarte Montenegro Pintos Santoro Izquierdo Montoya Pifteiro Sanz Jara Mordn Pizarro Segovia Jduregui Moreira Podestd. Seonane Katz Mosquera Posada Serra Lago Moya *Puente Solano Lagos ployano Puig Soler Lamas Mujica Pulido Solis Lanza Muftiz Quesada Soldrzano Latorre Murillo Quevedo Soria Leal Naranjo Quiroz Soriano

',:41V-4.4144 .. 74 . Sotomayor Traverso 7a1lejo Villarreal Souto Ugarte Vdlez Vltale

Taboada Ulloa Venegas Ydilez . Tamayo Urbina Ventura Zabala Tdllez Urrutia Vicente Zambrano Terdn Valderrama Vldela Zamora Toro Vldivla Villalba Zdrate Torre Valdivieso Villalobos Zavala Tovar Valero Villamil Zdiliga List E (N=492) Abad Ampuero Arrieta Barrientos Abarca Anaya Arriola Barriga Abella Anderson Ascanio Barr6n Abreau Angarita Astudillo Barroso Acerd Angeles Avalos Bastidas Aguayo Antelo Avilds Basurto Aguiai. Antlinei Ay116n Bayona Aguila Anzola Baca Bedoya Alayza Aponte Bacigalupi Bejarano Albarracin Arag6n Bahamonde Benvenuto Alcald Aramburd Balarezo Berger Alcalde Arancibia Balbi Bernales Alcdzar Ara6z Ball6n Barrios , Aldana Aradz Banchero Bilbao Alegre Arciniegas Baptista Boada Alegria Arcos Barahona Bobadilla AlémKa Arguedas Barba Bolafts Alexander Arispe Barbosa Bolivar Aliaga Armas Bar6n Borda Almadd' Armendariz Barra Borges Almaraz Artigas Barraza Borjas Almeida Arredondo Barreda Bosch Alvear Arregui Barrenchea Botta Alzamora Arriaga Barrerv Braga TRIM 7.

- AIM Brea Cdspedes Delgadillo Guajardo Briones Cevallos Del Valle Guido Brun Cid De Sousa Haddad Buendia Clavijo Duefias Haro Bustillos Cobos Durand Henriquez Cabello Coello Echevarria Hinojosa Cabezaz Colmenares Eguiguren Hinostroza Cabral Coloma Elizalde Holguin Caicedo Copello Endara Huertas Calcagno Coppola Escalona Illanes Oaldas Corona Espafia Infante Calero Coronado Esparza Calle Corrales Espejo Irigoyen Campero Cossio Esquivel Iturralde Campuzano Costas Byzaguirre Iturriaga Candiam' Cuadra Falconi Izaguirre CansecO Cuadros FarfAn Jaimes Capriles Cuba Farifia Jorddn Carbajal Cubillos Fernandini Kaplan Carbonell Cuello Fierro Klein Carcel6n Cuenca Firpo Laguna Carpio Cuervo Flor Lama arrasquilla Cuesta Font Landa arri6n Cueto Forno Landazuri asado Cueva Galarraga Lanz Casella Galarza Larco Castan6n Curiel Galvdn Larenas Castellano Chamorro Gallego LaRosa Castiglioni Chaparro Gamarra Larrafiaga Castilla Checa GAmez Larrea Cavero Chirinos Gandolfo Lastra Cedeflo DAvalos Garmendia La Torre Celis Daza Gaviria Lavalle Cepeda De Castro Gordillo Lavin Cerda Del Campo Granda Lazarte Cerán Del Castillo Grana Laacano

' WM. 76 Pinilla Lazo Maya Olguin Piaa Leguizam6n Mayorga Olivos Piftero Lemos Mazzint Olmedo Pizano Lemus Medrano Olmos Plata Lerner Melgar Oneto Plaza Leyton Melo Orihuela Poggi Lezama Menacho Oropeza Pombo Liendo Mendieta Orrego Pons Lira Mendiola Ossa Porta Loayza Mendizdval Otdlora Portela Lobo Merizalde Ovalle Portilla Lombardo Michel Oviedo Portillo Lora Mier Pabón Portocarrero Loyola Mijares Pagani Portugal Loza Mogoll6n Paladino Posse Lucas Monasterios Palomino P6stigo Lucero Monge Pantoja Poveda Luque Monsalve Pareja Pozo Llanos MontaMs Paris Preciado Llerena Montafto Patr6n Proafto Llona Montecinos Pam& Puga Macedo Monteverde Pedraza Queirolo Macias Montiel Pedroza Quijano Madrid Moral Peirano Quintaailla Md2aga Moscoso Peldez Quinteros Mancera Mota Penagos Quiftones Mancilla Musso Peflafiel Rada Mantilla Ndpoli Peftalosa Raggio Manzano Nava Peraza Real Marcos Negrete Perea Rebolledo Marrero Noboa Peredo Recalde Marroquin Nogueira Perera Reina Mas Noguera Pesce Rend 6n Mata Obando Piedra Renjifo Matallana Obreg6n Pimentel Revilla Matos Olea Pinedo Reyna Santibaftez Trejo Villamizar

Ricaurte Sarabia - Trigo Villarroel Saucedo Trivifio Villaveces Rivadeneira Schmidt Troncoso Villavicencio Rlvarola Seijas Tudela Villaz6n Riveros Serna Unda Villena Robayo Sevilla Urdaneta Viola Robledo Silberman Ureta Vivanco Rodas Sim& Uriarte Vivas Rodrigo Smith Useche Volpe Ron Sold Vaca Yaez Rosenberg Solar Valverde Ydpez Rossel Sotelo Valladares Zabaleta Rubin Sousa Vallejos Zamorano Ruggiero Tagle Vegas Zamudio Saa Talavera Vela Zayas Sabogal Tavera Velarde Zeballos Sacco Tejada- Verdstegui Zegarra SaldaAa Tello Vórtiz Zelada Sa.1,mon Tenorio Vigil Zenteno SalOmán Tei-razas Vilches Zepeda Salvo Tinajero Vilela Zorrilla Samaniego Tinoco Villafuerte Zuleta Santacruz Tirado Villaemez Zuluaga Santana Tobar illagran Zunino Santander Torrealba Villamarin Zurita 'Santiago TOscano ..-4111P

APPENDIX IV-2 PriorityLiSts of Avellidos forAsunci6n1

ListA2 (N=3) Ferrer Gonzdlez Martinez List B (N=13) Acosta Garcia Perez Ruiz Benitez Gimdnez Ramirez Sosa Duarte L6pez Rodriguez Vera Ferndndez List C (N=23) Arce Cuevas Jimdnez Rojas Ayala Diaz +Masi Samaniego Bedoya Escobar Mendoza Sdnchez Caballero Fromm Moreno Torres Vargas Cdceres I G6mez +Morinigo +Coscia +Gorostiaga Ortiz _ List D (N=19)

Avila +Estigarribia Pefla Veldsquez Bdez Ferreira Pereira Villalba Barrios +Frutos +Saguier +Yegros Campos Le6n Talavera Zayas +Espinola Medina Vallejo

'Theselists give the 75 apellidos mostfrequently found in the telephone directory ofAsuncidn, Paraguay.

2ListA contains the most frequentlyfound apellidos and accounts for 25% of the populationrepresented by the 75 names in this Appendix.By adding List B 50% of thepopulation is included.By adding Lists C, D, and E weaccount for 75%, 90% and 100% of this population respectively. +These names are unique to this city.N=14 - .

-79 -- List E (N=17) Alvarez +Melgarejo Oviedo Silva +Escauriza Mdndez Palacios +Urbieta +Florentin Morales Recalde Vega Gutidrrez Ortega Rivarola +Vierci Jara

, . pro

APPENDIX IV-3LEL2a.,.ty.Listidos_12B2g2A1 ListA2 (N=22) Bernal Gonzdlez Moreno Romero Castro Gutidrrez Perez Ruiz Diaz Herndndez Ramirez Sdnchez +Forero Jimdnez Rodriguez Torres Garcia L6pez Rojas Vargas G6raoz Martinez Idst B (N=58) Acosta Franco Mora Restrepo Alvarez Gaitdn Morales Reyes +Arango Garz6n Muhoz Rine& Beltrdn Giraldo. Nieto Rivera Calder& Guerrero Nino Rozo Camacho Guzmdn Ortiz Rueda Camargo Herrera Osorio Salazar Cdrdenas Jaramillo +Ospina Sarmiento Castaneda Le6n Pardo Silva Castillo +London() Parra Sudrez Cortds Lozano Pena Uribe Delgado Medina +Pinzdn Valencia Durdn Mejia Prieto Vdsquez Escobar M4ndez Quintero Veldsquez FernAndez Mendoza

1These lists give the549 apellidos most frequentlyfound in the telephone directoryof Bogotd, Colombia.

2ListA contains the mostfrequently found apellidos and accounts for25% of the population rupresentedby the 549 names in thisAppendix.By adding List B 50% ofthe population is included. By adding Lists C, D, andE we account for 75%, 90% and100% of this population respectively. +These names are unique tothis city. N=134 -81-

List C (N=114) Acevedo Cubillos Molina Salamanca Amaya Cudllar Moncada Salcedo +Angel Cuervo Monroy +Samper +Ardila Chaves Montoya Sanabria Ar4valo Duarte +Murcia Sandoval Arias Duque Neira Santos Avila +Echoberri Ordaez Segura Baquero +Esguexra +Orjuela Serrano Barrera Espinosa +Pach6n Sierra Barreto Fajardo Palacios Soto Becerra Flórez Patitio TES1lez Benavides Fonseca Pedraza Tovar Bermddez Galindo Pineda +Triana +Bohórquez +Galvis Pinilla Trujillo Bonilla Gaviria Pifteros +Umatia +Botero Gil Posada Valderrama +Buitrago Granados Pulido Valenzuela Cabrera Guevara Ramos +Vanegas Caicedo +Henao Rey Vega Cardona Hoyos Rico +Velandia Carvajal Hurtado Riveros Vdlez Carrillo +Isaza Roa Venegas Casas +Laverde Robayo Vergara Castellanos Maldonado Rocha Villamil Cifuentes Marifio +Rubiano Villamizar Contreras MArquez Rubio Villegas Correa Melo Sabogal Vivas +Corredor Musa Sgenz Zapata Cruz +Molano List D (N=164) Acero Aguilar Aldana Andrade Acuha Aguirre Alonso Angulo +Afanador Alarc6n Alvarado Anzola WO s32

+Arbeldez +Castelblanco Macias Pacheco Arciniegas +Caycedo +Mahecha Padilla Arenas Cepeda +Malag6n Pdez +Aristizdbal Clavijo Manrique Palacio +Ariza C6rdoba Mantilla Paredes Ayala +Correal Martin Peldez Ballesteros Chaan Marin +Peftuela Barboza Chaparro Matallana Peralta Bar& Ddvila +Mateus Perdomo Barragdn Daza +Vatiz Perea Barrero Duefias +Merchdn +Perilla Barriga +Escall6n Merizalde Pinto Bautista +Espinel Milldn Plata Bejarano +Espitia Miranda +Plazas Bello Estrada +Montana Pombo Betancourt FerrO +Montejo Porras Blanco Figueroa Montes Poveda Bolivar +Galeano Mosquera +Prada Borda Gallo Murillo Quijano +Borrero Gamboa Naranjo Quinones Bravo +Garavito Navarrete Quiroga Bricefto +Guarin Navarro +Rialto Bustos Guerra Navas Ricaurte Caballero +Higuera Noguera Rios Cticeres Holguin Novoa Rivas Cadena Huertas Neez Robledo Campos Izquierdo Ochoa Rosas Caho Lara +01arte Saavedra +Can6n Latorre +Olaya Salgado Cardozo Leal Orozco Santamaria Caro Leiva Ortega Sepdlveda Carrasquilla Linares +Orteg6n Solano Carreno +Lombana Otdlora Soler +Carrizosa Luna Otero Tamayo Castaffo Luque Pab6n Toro +Urrea Vallejo Villa ZArate +Urrego Varela Villalobos Zuluaga +Valbuena Velasco Zamudio Y6pez

List E (N=191) Abella Bueno Dolgadillo Lugo +Abello Burgos Echeverria +Lleras +Abenoza Bustamante +Echeverry +Mallarino +Abondano +Cabra +Eslava Mancera +Abril +Cala +Estefan Marroquin +Agudelo Caldas +Fandifto Maya Aguilera Calle Farfin Mayorga Ahumada +Camolo Ferreira Meldndez Alba Campuzano Ferrer Mendieta Albarrac in +Cantor Fuentes Meneses Alborno Carranza +Gacharni +Michelson Alfons Carrasco Gallego Mogoll6n +Alman za +Castiblanco +Gamba +Mojica +Amad Castilla Garc6s Monsalve +Amdzquita Ceballos Gordillo Montail6s Angarita Celis +Herrin +Montealegre Aparicio +Cely Hidalgo Montenegro Aponte Cer6n Ibiftez Montero Arag6n Cdspedes Ibarra Moscoso +Avella +Cristancho +Iregui Moya +Avellana Cuadros Jaimes +Mundvar Avendafto +Cubides Jara +Mutis Cuesta +Lasorna +Narifto Barrios Cuevas +Leallo +Narviez Bastidas +Charry Leguizam6n Noriega Bayona +Chavarro +Lesmos Obando Benitez De Castro +Lizarazo Obreg6n Boada +De Francisco +Lizcano Ocampo +Buenaventura De la Torre +Lobo Guerrero Ojeda Buendia Del Castillo Losada +Olano -84-

+Orduz +Puentes Sosa Valero Ossa +Puerta +Sue:3min +Var6n Ovalle +Puerto +Talero +Vejarano Parada Quevedo +Tarazona Vela Paris Quintana Tavera Vera +Pava Rangel Tobar +Vesga Paz Reina +Tob6n Villalba Pedroza Renjifo Toledo Villamarin Penagos Rivadeneira Trivifto +Villarraga Pefialosa Robl6s +Turriago Villarreal Perpza Roldrin +Ucr6s +Villate Pereira Rom& Ulloa Villaveces +Piedrahita +Roncancio Urdaneta +Wiesner Pizano +Ronderos Urrutia +Wilches Ponce Salas Useche +Wills Posse Santana Vaca Zambrano +Pradilla Serna Vald6s Zamora Preciado Soldrzano 85 APPENDIRIai prioritvLiaLsLA29.11.nosiresdosorB1

List A2 (N=8) Alvarez Garcia L6pez P6rez Fernandez Gonzdlez Martinez Rodriguez

List B (N=63) Aguirre Franco Morales Romero Alfonso Gil Moreno Rossi Alonso Gim6nez Muftoz Ruiz Arias G6mez Navarro Russo Bianchi Guti6rrez Neez Sdnchez Blanco Herndndez Ortiz Sanguinetti Bruno Herrera Otero Santos Cabrera Iglesias Paz Silva Calvo Lorenzo Pereira Sosa Campos +Marino-' +Pereyra Sudrez Castro Marlin:- Prieto Torres Cohen Medina Ramirez Valera Colombo M6ndez Ramos Vdsquez Costa Men6ridez Rey Vega Diaz Miranda Roca Vidal Ferrari Molina Romano List C (N=153) Acosta Aguilar +Ares Barreiro Acufia Aradjo Barbieri Barros

1 These lists give the 620 apellidos most frequently found in the telephone directory of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

2ListA contains the most frequently found apellidos and accounts for 25% of the population represented by the 620 names in this Appendix. By adding List B 50% of the population is included. By adding Lists C, D, and E we account for 75%, 90% and 100% of this population respectively. +These names are unique to this city.N=188 =ID 86

Bello +Feldman Marin Repetto Benitez Ferraro Mdrquez Reyes Bravo Ferreiro Martino Ricci Bustamante +Ferreyra Massa Rios Bustos Ferro Mazza Rivas Cdnepa Figueroa Molinari Rivera Capurro Fldrez Montero Rivero Carballo Fontana Moates Rizzo Carbone Fuentes +Monti Rojas +Carruso Gallardo Mosquera Rolddn Casal Galli Moyano Rubio Casas Gallo Muller Saavedra Castelli Garrido SAenz Castillo Gatti Nieto Salas +Cattdneo +Gentile Oliva San Martin "+Conde +Giordano Olivera Santa Maria Conti Godoy +Orlando Sanz C6rdoba +Goldenberg Ortega Seonane Cort6s Greco Palacio Serra Correa +Grillo Palacios Sierra Cosentino +Grosso Pardo Solari Crespo Guerra Parodi Soler Cruz Guzman Pascual Soto Delfino Hermida Pazos Souto Delgado Herrero Pei% +Spinelli Del Rio Ibez Peralta Taboada +De Luca Jim4nez Perrone Valdds +Demarco Katz Pinto Valle Devoto Lago Pifieiro Ventura +Didguez Ledesma Podestd Vera Diez Le6n Ponce Vicente Dominguez Levy Prado Vila Durdn Lombardi +Pugliese Villa Echeverria Lozano Quintana Espinosa Luna Quiroga Villanueva Esp6sito Maldonado Raffo Villar Est4vez 87

List D (N=218)

AgUero Carranza +Durante Heredia +Aiello Carrasco Elias Ibarra Alberti Carrera Elizalde Iriarte Alegre +Carreras Escobar Jduregui +Amato +Carrizo Escudero +Jorge Andrade +Carro Estrada JuArez +Andrds Casado Etcheverry Kaplan Arce Casanova Farias +Kauffmann +Arena Casella +Farina Klein Arroyo Castaio Farifta +Kohan Avila Castellano +Fazio Lamas Balbi +Catalano +Federico Lanza +Barone +Cavalieri Ferrando +Larocia Barrera +Conte Ferreira Latorre +Basile Contreras Ftrrero +Lauria Basso Coppola Fischer Lavalle BermUdez Cordero +Fontenla Legdizam6n Berna6Cont Coronel +Fortunato Leiva Bianco +Cortese Fraga Lema +Blasco Corral Freire +Lenin Bosch Clineo Frias +Leone Burgos Chiesa +Fridman Lerner +Caamaibp +D'Agostino +Funes Linares Caballero +D'Alessandro Garay +Loiacano Cabral' +D'Amico Garibaldi loMbardo CAceres +D'Angelo +Goldstein +Longo +Calabrese De la Fuente +Gofli Losada Caleagno Del Valle +Grassi tucero Calder& +Della +Grasso +Maggi CampO +De Rosa +Graziano +Mancini Cano +De Simone +Grinberg +Mansilla +Canosa +Donato Guerrero Marcos +Caputo Duarte Guido +Marchese Santiago +Marinni Ocampo +Porto Santoro +Marini Ochoa +Pozzi Schmidt +Marti +Olivieri Puente Segura +Martini Oneto Rial Serrano Mayer. Pacheco Rico Smith +Mazzeo Padilla Rinaldi Sold Mendoza Pdez Rio Soria +Merlo +Pagano Risso Soriano +Messina Paladino Robles +Stella Meyer +Palermo Rocha Torre +Miguel Palma Rojo Toscano Miguez +Palmieri Romdn Traverso Montenegro +Parisi +Romeo +Vaccaro Mora Peirano Rosa Velasco Moran +Pellegrini Rozo Veldsquez Moreira Pena +Rubinstein Videla +Mcrelli +Pepe +Sala Villalba Ndpoli +Perazzo Salazar Villegas +Negri Pintos +Salerno Viola Neira Pifiero Salgado Vitale Nogueira Poggi Salinas Novoa Pons List E (N=178) Carrillo Acevedo +Barbieris +Bernardez +Castello Aguilera +Bareia +Bevilacqua Castiglioni Albornoz +Barral Bilbao Botta +Castifteira Allende +Barrionuevo +Botto Copello +Antonelli Barrios Braga Cornejo Aparicio +Battaglia Brea +Corti Arana Becerra Costas +Arcuri Beltrdn +Calviao Cardozo +Croce Ayala +Benito Cuello +Azar Benvenuto +Carnevale Caro Cuesta 136oz Berger Chaves +Ballester +Berman +Carril 89

+Chiappe +Lafuente +Palazzo Rubin +D'Amato Lagos Paredes Ruggiero +Daneri Lara Parra Sdez +De Angelis Lastra Pastor Salm& +De Gregorio Lemos Patifto +Santamarina De la Torre +Liberman +Pellegrino Santilldn +Dellepiane Lima +Pdrsico Sarmiento +De Maria +Lopardo Pesce +Schneider +De Vita +Lynch +Picasso +Segal +Donadio +Mancuso Pizano Segovia +Bstdban +Marchetti Pizarro Silberman Falc6n +Marinelli Pombo +Simonetti +Falcone Marigao Porta +SIvori +Feijoo +Martinelli Portela +Somoza +Ferrairo +Mauro Puig +Sturla Firpo +Mazzei +Pujol Tapia +Fontan Mazzini Quesada +Tedesco +Forte +Mazzitelli Quinteros Toledo Fuente Mercado Quiroz +Tomds +Furman Milldn +Rabinovich +Tripodi +Gagliardi +Monaco Reggio +Trotta +Gago +Moretti +Raimondi Valenzuela Galdn +Moro +Ratto Vallejo +Galante +Moure Reynoso Vargas Gallego Musso +Rimoldi +Veiga Gandolfo +Nigro Riva Vergara +Gatto Ojeda Rivarola +Vigo +Goldman +Oliveira +Rocco +Villaverde +Grande Oliver Rodrigo Valpla Hidalgo .+Olivero Rosales Ydftez +Insda Ord6flez Rosas Zabala Irigoyen +Padin Rosenberg Zapata +Juan Pagani go-

APPENDIX IV-5Priority Lists ofaellidos forCaracasl ListA2 (N=12) 41varez Garcia HernAndez Perez Diaz Gdmez L6pez Rodriguez Feindndez Gonzdlez Martinez S4richez List B (N=46) Acosta Gutierrez Moreno Rojas Blanco Herrera Navarro Romero Briceflo Jimenez Naez Ruiz Cabrera Le6n Pacheco Salas Castillo Machado Parra Salazar Castro +Mariano Petia Silva Contreras Mdrquez Quintero Sosa Delgado Medina Ramirez SuArez Dominguez Mendez Ramos Torres FlOrez Mendoza Rivas Tovar Fuente Molina Rivero Vasquez Gil Morales List C (N=148) Abreau Andrade Arias Avila Acevedo Aponte +Arismendi Ayala Aguilar +Aranguren Armas Barreto Alfonso Aradjo +Arreaza Barrios Alvarado Aradz Ascanio +Behrens

1Theselists give the 546 apellidosmost frequently founi in the telephonedirectory of Caracas, Venezuela.

2ListA contains the mostfrequently found apellidos and accounts for 25% of thepopulation represented by the546 names in this Appendix. By adding List B50% of the population is included. By adding List C, D, and E weaccount for 75%, 90% and 100% of thispopulation respectively. +These names are unique to thiscity. N=157 91 Bello Ferrer, +Matas Prieto Benitez Figueroa Matos Pulido Bermddez Franco +Mejias Quintana Betancourt +Fuenmayor Miranda Rangel Bolivar Fuentes Montes Reyes Borges Gamboa Mora Rinc6n +Bracho Garrido Mujica Rios Brito Guerra Rivera Bustamante Guerrero Naranjo +Rond6n Calder6n Guevara Navas Rosales Camacho Guill6n Nieto Santamaria Campos Gumein Noguera Serrano Capriles Henriquez Ochoa Soto Cdrdenas Hurtado Ojeda +Sucre Carrillo Ibarra Ortega Toro Casanova Izquierdo Ortiz Torrealba Castellanos +Kassin Osorio +Troconis Cedeno +Landaeta Otero Trujillo Cohen +Lander +Padrán Urbina Colmenares Lara Pdez Urdaneta Cordero +Lares Palacios +Uzcdtegui Correa Leal Pardo Valero Crespo Linares Paredes Vargas Cruz Losada Paz Vegas Chac6n +Lovera Peraza Veldsquez Chaves Lugo Perdomo Vera Ddvila +MalavE5 Pereira Villarroel Escalona Maldonado Pimentel Villegas Escobar Manrique Pinto Yanez Espinosa Marin Plaza Zambrano Estdvez Marrero Ponce Zamdra Ferreira Martin Porras +Zerpa List D (N=138) Aguilera Albornoz Alonso Anzola Aguirre Aical Angulo Arenas +Rever6n Ardvalo Durdn Reyna +Aristequieta Escalante +Mirabal +Roche +Arocha Estrada Monnada Rubio Arteaga Fajardo Monsalve Montenegro Salcedo +Arvelo Falc6n Montero Sanabria Arroyo Faria Sandoval +Atencio +Febre Montiel Santos AvendaRo +Fermin Mordn +Morillo Sanz +Azplirua Fonseca Sarmiento Bdcz Font +Moros Segovia Becerra +Gabald6n Mosquera +Senior Beltrdn Galarraga Mota Sol6rzano Benavides Gdmez Muller +Sotillo +Benedetti Gimdnez Narvdez Tamayo Bonilla +Graterol Olivares Terdn Bravo +Guddez' +Oliro Tinoco +Bruzual Hidalgo Oropeza Toledo Caballero +Huamdn +Orta Padilla Uribe Carballo Iglesias Valdds Cardozo Izaguirre Palacio Palma Valera' Cariaona Jaimes +Vallenilla Carpio Ledesma Parada Paris Varela Carvajal Levy Perera Vega +Carrasque Lorenzo +Pietri Velasco JrCarrasquero Madrid Pineda Vidal +Centeno +Madriz +Viloria C6rdoba +Matheus +Ponte Prado Villalobos Curiel +Matute +Prato Villanueva +Chacin Melóndez +Villasmil Chirinos Meneses +Quincalla Ydpez +De la Rosa Meza' Rada Zuluaga De Sousa +Michelana +Ravelo Duarte Mijares -93 - List E (N=202) Galindo +Limongi Abad Borjas Gadlegos Lobo +Acedo +Boscdn Garmendia Lozano Acufta Bueno +Goncalves +Lupi +Adrian +Bufete +Maduro +Aguerreveie Burgos +Hamann Haro Mantilla Aguiar Bustillo Heredia Manzano +Alamo Chores +Hermoza +Manzo Alarcán +Calcallo Marifto Alcdntara +Calzadilla +Hernando +Heros +Marturet Alemdn +Conejo +Herrada +Mayorca +Alture +Camero +Higa Mega Amaya +Canal& +Higueras Mena Anderson Cano Hinojosa Meyer Angarita +Caraballo Hinostroza +Monagas +Ailez Carbonell Monasterios Aparicio +Car/as +Horna Monteverde +Araque Carrasco +Huambachano +Montilla Arellano Carreilo +Huapaya Huerta Montoya +Arnal Carrera Murillo +Arria +Carrero +Hung Navwrete Arriaga Casado +Irazdbal Iriarte +Nieves +Azuaje +Colimodio +Iribarren Nifto +Bald6 +Coll Noriega Baptista Cuenca +Obadla Barrera Cuervo +Itriago +0matia Barroso Cuevas +Lange Lanz Orddftez +Basalo +De Armas La Rosa Orozco Bastidas De Castro +Larrazdbal +Oslo +Belisario Del Castillo +Osuna +Belloso Diez +Laya +Ovalles +Benaim +Dubuc +Lemoine Liendo Oviedo +Benarioch Duque +Paes +Bendaydn Echeverria +Lilue Patifto +Bigott +Galavis Lima 94

+Pala Rebolledo Salom6n Trejo Pedroza Rend6n +Sanoja +Urbaneja +Penso Renjifo +Santaella +Urbano Peralta Rostrepo Seijas Useche +Purnia Rey +Sequera +Vaamonde Pinedo +Riera Serra Valderrama Pino Roa Sierra Valdivieso Pitia Rolddn +Sierralta +Valecillos +Pihango Romdn +Sifontes Valencia Pifiero Romano +Siso +Valery +Pocaterra Ron +Socorro Valladares +Poleo Rosas +Sojo +Velutini Puig. +Russian Soler +Verde +Pulgar Russo Soriano +Viera Quevedo Saavedra Talavera Villalba +Quijada +Sabala Tirado Villamizar +Rauseo Sdez - 95 1 APPENDIX IV-6Priority Lists of Apellidos for La Paz

List A2 (N=31) Alvarez Gonzdlez Murillo Salinas +Aramayo Gutierrez Pacheco Sanchez Arce Guzmdn Perez Sudrez Calderen Jduregui Quiroga +Torrez Carrasco L6poz Rios Vargas Ferndndez Mendoza Rodriguez Vdsquez Flerez Miranda Rojas Velasco Garcia Morales Salazar

List B (N=68) Aguilar Cortds Loza Pab6n Aguirre Crespo +Machicado Patifto Alarcen Chavez Maldonado Paz Alcdzar Delgado Martinez +Peftaranda Aliaga Durdn Mendez Pinto Andrade Escobar Mercado Rada +Antezana Espinosa Michel Ram/rez Arteaga Gamarra Molina Rivera +Ascarrunz Gemez +Monje Riveros +Ballivian +Handal Montes Rocha Bustillos Jimenez Navarro Romero Camacho Jorddn Ntiftez Ruiz Cdrdenas Lara Olmos Saavedra CastillO Loayza Ortiz +Sanjines

1Theselists give the 693 apellidos most frequently found in the telephone directory of La Paz, Bolivia.

2ListA contains the most frequently found apellidos and accounts for 25% of the population represented by the 693 names in this Appendix. By adding List B 50% of the popu lation is included. By adding Lists C, D, and E we account for 75%, 90% and 100% of this population respectively. +These names are unique to this city. N=286 Soria Terrazas Valdivia Villegas Tapia +Torrico Valle +Viscarra Tejada Valddz Vera Zw2ata

List. (N=170) +Alborta Cardozo Farftin Mendizdval Almaraz Carpio +Ferrufino +Mollinedo Aparicio Carvajal +Fox.tlin Monasterios Arana Castro Franco Monroy +Aranibar +Catacora Fuentes Montano +Arifies +Centellas Galindo Montero +Arze Cdspedes Gallardo Nava Ascanio +Claros +Gisbert +Novillo +Asturizaga +Claure +Guacha +Oblitas Ayala Clavijo Guerra Ocampo +Ayoroa Contreras Guerrero Olivares Ballön Cordero Guilldn +Ormallecha Barragdn C6rdoba Herrera Oviedo Barrientos Cornejo Hinojosa Palacios Barrios Cuba Hurtado +Pando +Bedregal +Cusicanqui Ibaez Pantoja +Belmonte Chac6n +Iturri Paredes Beltrgn Ddvila Laguna Peldez Benavides Daza +Landivar Pella Bernal +Deheza Lanza Pellalosa Bxlbao Delgadillo Larrea Ponce Blanco Diaz +Lavadez Portugal +Blacutt Diez LeOn P6stigo Borda +Eduardo Luna Pozo Bravo +Eguino +Machicao Prado Bueno +Encinas +Mariaca +Prudencio +Burgoa +Ergueta +Meave Quevedo Caballero +Estenssoro Medina Quintanilla Campero Estrada Mbdrano +Requena +Canedo Eyzaguirre Mega +Revollo - 97 -

Reyes Salm 6n +Urquide +Vidaurre Riva Sandoval +Urquiola Villanueva Rivero San Martin Vaca Villar Roca Santacruz +Vacaflor Villarroel +Rocabado Sarmiento +Valda +Virreira Rodas +Siles Valencia Yaez Rossell Silva Valenzuela +Zalles Rubin +Taborga Valverde +Zambrana Sdenz Terdn Vega ZArate +Sagarnaga Trigo Velarde Zavala Salas Trujillo Veldsquez Zeballos Salcedo Ugarte VerAstegui +Zuazo +Salguiero

List D (N=194) +Acha +Baldivieso Cdceres Dueftas Alba Baptista +Cajias Echeverria +Alcoreza Barra Calero +Egula +Aldazosa Barrera +Calvimontes +Elio Alexander Barrero Camargo +Elsner Alfaro Barr6n Campos Endara +Alipaz +Bascop4 Cano Escalante Alvarado Bautista Cardona +Escobari Aranda Bedoya +Careaga +Espada Ara6z Berrios Castaan Espaila +Archondo +Birbuet +Cerruto Ferreira +Ardiles +Block Cisneros +Florilo Arguedas Boada +Coca +Franck Arias +Botello Costa +Freudenthal

Antelo +Bozo - +Criales Godoy Arrieta +Bretel Cuadros +Gonzalves +Asbdn Brun Cudllar +Gotia Avila Burgos Cueto +Granier Ayll6n Cabezas Cuevas +Grumucio +Bacarreza Cabrera Donoso +Helguero -* 95S Heredia Mena Peredo Tamayo Hidalgo Mendieta Pereira +Tejerina Hoyos Meneses Pinedo +Telleria Illanes +Meruvia Pinilla +Tobia Mier Pizarro +Troche +Irahola Montenegro Plata Tudela Iturralde Montesinos Plaza +Uria +Justiniano +Morat6 +Pol Uriarte Landa Moreira Portillo +Urioste

T!a:7Larte Moreno +Quintela +Urquizo

Itzo Moscoso Quiroz Valdivieso Ledezma Muller Ramos Vnrela Levy +Nielsen Revilla +Veintemillas Leyton +Nistahuz Rivas Vdlez Liendo +Nogales Romdn Venegas Lima Noriega +Romecin Vergara Linares +Oporto +Sainz Vidal +Liz:lrraga Ordaez Salamanca Vila Lora Orihuela +Salvatierra Vilela Llanos Oropeza Santibariez Villalba Mdlaga Ortega Santos Villaz6n +Mallea Osorio Sarabia +Weill Mancilla Otero Serrano Zamorano Mantilla +Palenque Sim6n Zegarra Marin +Palza +Soruco Zelada Mdrquez Parada Soto Zorrilla +Mealla Pareja +Subieta Zuleta +Medinacelli PeRafiel Taboada +Zubieta +Meier Peralta List E (N=230) +Abela Alayza Ampuero +Anze +Adler Albarracin Anaya Aponte +Agramot Altamirano Angulo Arancibia +Agudo +Alv6stegui +Antognelli Arellano ON. woe% . .

+Argote +Canelas +Follman +Jemio Arispe Capriles Ferrer +Johnson +Armaza C ona. Figueroa Klein +Axratia +Carretero +Fishzang +Kattan +Arraya +Casablanca Forno +Kawai Arroyo +Casanovas Frias +Keiffer +Ausa +Castahos +Gainsborg +Knaudt +Azoui Castellanos +Gallequillos +Komori +Azurduy +Castrillo Gdmez +Krutzfeldt Basigalupi Cavero +Garnica +Kusher +Balboa +Cernadas +Garvizu Lazcano +Banzer Cervantes +Garr& +Lijer6n +Barbato +Clavel. +Gomio +Lizarazu +Barja Coloma +Gironda Lobo +Bartos +Collao +Gorriti +Lozada Barrenchea +Condori +Gottschalck Lucas Barriga +Coritza +Grissi +Luza +BaSaure Coronel +Gurenberger +Machiavelli +Basc6n +Crispferi +Guarachi +Mac Clean +Batki Cruz Guevara +Manriquez Becerra +Chain +Guisbert +Manzaneda Bejarano +Chumaceros +Gutman +Maratkin Benitez +Dalonce +Harb Martin Bermlidez +Daneley +Henrich +Marzana +Bocangel +Doria +Herbas Menacho Brio +Duch6n Herndndez +Mogro Bustamante +Echalar Holguin Moncada +Bustillo +Echazii +Huet +Monterrey +Caba Elias +Humboldt Montoya Calvo +Elman +Ibargtion +Mourraille Calle Enriquez +Ichaso Moya +Callisperis +Ernest +Inchauste +Mugia +Camberos Espejo Ifiiguez Munoz +Campanini +Esprella +Irusta +Navajas Candia +Est1varis .4-Jahnsen +Navia 100

+Nemer Prieto +Sard6n +Nemtala +Quijarro Saucedo +Vidangos +Nostas +Quint Schmidt +Vildoso +Nothmann Quintana +Schwartzberg Villa Ochoa +Quisbert Silberberg Villalobos +Olaguivel +Quispe Silbermann Villarreal Orellana -+Ramallo +Sluvis Villavicencio +Orplas +Renjel Smith +Wasson Orozco +Reque Sosa +Werner +Oszio +Reynolds +Steg +Wilde +Osterman Rodrigo +Strauss Y6pez +Ostria +Romay +Tardio Zabaleta Padilla +Roneal +Terceros +Zalaquett +Paniagua +Rud6n +Thaine Zamora +2aravicini +Safar Toro +Zbinden +Peinado +Sahonero Torres +Zegada +Pierola +Said +Urdinidea +Zetzsche Pino Santander +Urquieta +Zumardn Portocarrero +Sara Valderrama -101 forLimal APPENDIXI11..7 Priority Lists of Apellidos

List A.2 (N=40) Rojas Alvarado Espinosa Martinez Romero Alvarez Fernindez Miranda Ruiz Benavides Fl6rez Morales Salazar Burgos Garcia Perez Sdnchez Cticeres G6mez Ponce Silva Castillo Gonzdlez Ramirez Torres Castro Gutierrez Reyes Vargas Chdvez Herrera Rios Vdsquez Delgado Le6n Rivera Vega Diaz L6pez Rodriguez List B (N=98) Diez Aguilar +Bazar Carvajal Aguirre Bedoya Carranza Elias Figueroa Alba +Boza Carrillo Franco Aliaga Bravo Castaileda Galvez Andrade Caballero Cebdlloz Guerra Angulo Cabrera C6rdoba Guzmdn. Arana Calder6n Cornejo Herndndez Arce +Camino Correa Hurtado Arias Campos Costa Jimenez Barreto Cdrdenas Ddvila LaRosa Barrios Carpio +Denegri

1These lists alma the 806 apellidos mostfrequently found in the telephonedirectory of Lima,Perd. apellidos and 2ListA Contains themost frequently found accounts for25% of the populationrepresented by the 806 names in thisAppendix. By adding List B50% of the population is included. By adding Lists C, D,and E we account for 75%, 90% and100% of this populationrespectively. +These names are uniqueto this city. N=266 111111P-

- 102

Luna Noriega Rivas Vald4s +Llosa Naez River° Valdivia Maldonado Ortiz Rosas Valle Mancera Pacheco Salas Velarde M6rquez Palacios Salcedo Veldsquez Medina Pardo Salinas Wlez Mej-ra Paredes +Santa Vidal Mendoza Parodi Sarmiento Villanueva +Merin Pastor Solar Zabala Paz Soto Zapata Montoya Peha Sudrez Zavala Moreno Prado Ugarte Zeballos Mulloz Puente Valderrama Zegarra Navarro Ramos List q (N=195) Acevedo Arrieta Borda Checa Acosta Arroyo +Burgo Chirinos +Adrianz6n +AspIllaga +Calmet +Chocano Aguila Ayll6n Calle +Dulanto Alarcón +Ayulo Camacho Durand Alcdntara Baca +Campoddnico Escobar Alfaro +Bacigalupo Canales Escudero +Almenara Balarezo Cdnepa Espejo Altamirano +Barrantes Cano Falcón Alzamora Barreda Capurro Farfdn Aramburd Barrenchea Carrasco Fernandini Aradjo Barrera Carrera +Ferrand Aradz +Bazdn Carri6n +Ferreyros +Arbuld Becerra Cavero +Figari Arellano +Beladnde +Cillóniz Flor Arenas BeltrAn Cisneros Freyre Ardvalo +Bellido Cortez Fuentes Arispe Bernales Cruz Gallo Arteaga Blanco Cuba Gamarra - 103

+Ganoza +Maridtegui +Polo +Suito Garrido Melgar Portocarrero Taboada Gordillo M4ndez Prieto Tapia Granda Molina Queirolo Tejada Graila Montero Quevedo Tello Guerrero Montes Quintana +Tidela Guevara Monteverde Quintero Tirado Guill4n Mora Raffo Toledo Hidalgo Moran +Raygada Tudela Ibarra +Morante +Redtegui +Ugaz Trlesias Mujica +Revoredo Ureta Jara Naranjo Reyna +Valderve Jorddn Neira Rio Valdivieso +Lafranco +Olaechea +Risco Valencia Lamas +01cese Rizo Vallejos +Lanata Olivares Robles +VarcArcel +Laos Olivera Roca Vegas +Larraluire +Orbegozo Rocha Velasco Larrea Ortega Romdn Venegas La Torre Otero Rubio Vera Lazo Palma Sdenz Vergara Leguia Palomino Sanguinetti Vigil Levy Pazos San Martin Villa Linares Peralta Santos Villalobos +Lisdrraga Perea +Saydn +Villardn Loayza +Peschiera Solari Villavicencio Lozano Piedra Solis Villena Llanos +Pinillos Soriano Yaez +Machiavello Pino Sotomayor Zaiga Mdlaga Pinto Sousa

List D (N=236) Abad +Alarco +Amat Aparicio +Abusada AlcAzar Anderson Arciniegas AgUero Alegre Angeles Armas _04 - Gallegos +Maguifia Arredondo Castellano Gamboa +Majluf Arriola Cespedos +Malesta Coelio +Gamero +Gamio +Malpartido Ayala +Colina +Garaicochea Marin Bahamonde Colmenares +Garland +Marquina +Balbuena Coloma +Gastafteta +Marticonera +BarandiarAn +Conroy Gaviria Martin +Barco Coronada Gil +Martdn +Bardales Corrales Godoy +Marzano +Bartra Cossl.o +Grados Massa Barriga Crespo +Guerinorri +Matellini Barr6n Cuadros Ibdfiez Matos +Basombrio Chatl6n +Indocochea Mazzini +Batievsky +Chavarri Iriarte Meldndez +Bazo +Chueca +Jeri Mendiola +Bendecti Devoto +Mendivil Benitez +Deza +Labarthe +La Hoz Mendizdval +Bevavente +Dibos +Lainez Mendndez Bianchi +Echea.par +Lam Meneses +Bonifaz +Echegaray Lama Mesa Bonilla Echeverria +Landman +Milla Briceft .+Ego. Lara +Mispireta Buendia +Eguren Larco +Mogronejo Bueno +Elguerra Landazuri Monge +Cabieses. +Espantoso Lazarte Montenegro +Cabrejo EsParza Lerner +Montore +CAceda Byzaguirre +Liza +Mor6n +Cahuas Fajardo +Loli Moscoso Calvo +Ferradas Moya

. Lora +Callirgos Ferraro +Loredo +Mulanovich Campo Ferreira Lozada Muller Carbone Fonseca Luque +Murgia +Carlfn Fuente Llerena +Muro Carmona Galarza Macedo Narv4ez Caro +Gald6s , Navarrete Carrasquilla Galindo +Maduefio MID

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Terdn +Urtuega +Velaochaga Villarreal +Testino +Vacari +Velazco Villaveces +Tiz6n +Valdeavillano +Venturo +Vinotea +Tola +Valdizdn V(?ristegui +Ydbar +Tori +Valega Vcirtiz Y4pez +Torrej6n Valera +Viacara Zabaleta Tovar Valladares +Vidal& Zambrano Traverso 4-Vallenas Vila Zamora .14Toilluz Varela Vilela Zwaudio Ullca Vela lailafUerte +Zelaya 44rmeneta 108

-Jukuralfrv.8 Priority Lists of Amellidos forMgaioMitiel.

List A2 (114a) Perndndez Gonzalez Martinez Rodriguez Garcia Hernandez Perez Sanchez G6mez L6pez Ramirez

List B (N=42) Aguilar Fuentes Mendoza Rojas Alvarez Espinosa Miranda Romero Castillo +Garza Morales Ruiz Castro Guerrero Moreno Sudrez Cervantes Gutidrrez Navarro Torres Cortds Guzmdn Ortega Vargas Cruz Herrera Ortiz Vasquez Chavez Jim6nez Ramos Vega Diaz Lean Reyes Velasco Dominguez Medina Rivera Velasquez Fláres Mdndez List C (N=166) Acosta Alcantara Andrade Ayala Aguilera Alonso Aranda Ballesteros Aguirre Altamirano Arellano +Baftos Alarc6n Alvarado Arredondo Barragan Alba Anaya Avila Barrera

1Theselists give the 757 apellidos most frequently found in the telephone directory of Mexico City.

2ListA contains the most frequently found apellidos and accounts for 25% of the population represented by the 757 names in this Appendix. By adding List B 50% of the popu lation is included. By adding Lists C, D, and E we account for 75%, 90% and 100% of this population respectively. +These names are unique to this city.N=203 109

Barrios Estrada Nava Saldafta +Becerril Figueroa Nieto Salgado Beltran Franco Noriega Salinas Benitez Fuente Naez Sandoval Bernal Galindo Obreg6n Santos Blanco Galvdn Ochoa Segura Bonilla Gallardo Olivares +Sernin Bravo Gallegos +Olvera Serrano Bustamante +Gardufto Ord6flez Sierra Caballero Gil Orozco Silva Cabrera Guerra +Orvaftamos Solis Calder6n Guevara Pacheco Sosa Campos Hidalgo Padilla Soto Cano Huerta Palacios Tapia Cdrdenas Hurtado Parra Tdllez Carmona Ibarra Patifto +Tlapaleria Carranza +Islas Pena Torre Carrasco JuArez Pineda Trejo Carrillo Lara Ponce Trivifto Casas Lozano Quintana Uribe +Casillas Luna Quiroz Valddz Castafteda Macias Rangel Valencia Castellanos +Magafta Rio Valenzuela Cisneros Maldonado Rios Contreras Marin Rivas Vdlez C6rdoba Mdrquez Rivero Vera Corona Martin Robles Villa Correa Mejia Rocha Villalobos Cuevas Mercado Rolddn Villanueva Ddvila Meza Romo Villarreal Delgado Molina Rosales Diez +Mondrag6n Rosas Villegas Durdn Monroy Rubio Ydftez Enriquez Montafto Salas Zamora Escalante Montes Salazar ZArate Escobar Mora Salcedo Zavala Esquivel Muftoz List D

. (N=236) Abarca Bolatios Chac6n Hinojosa Acero +Borja. D4valos +Hoyo +Aceves Bricefto Delgadillo Hoyos Acuha Bueno +Dorantes Ibaez +Alanez Cadena, Duarte +Iglesia +Alatorre Calvo Duefas Iglesias +Albarrdn Camachb Echeverr/a- Izquierdo Alcald +Camarena El:as Jaramillo Alcdzar Camargo +Elinondo Jorddn +Alcocer Canales +Enniso +Jurado +Amador +Cantd Escalona- +Kuri +Amezcua Carbajal +Escamilla Landa +Anda Cardona +Escobedo +Larios Angeles Cardoso Escudero- Lazarte Angulo Carvajal Esparza Leal Arag6n Carrera +Espino Ledesma Arana +Casimires Estcrvez +Legorreta Aradjo +Caso Ferrer Leyva Arce Cast-8E6n +Fragoso Lemus Arriaga Ceballos Frias Levy Avendafto +Oedillo Fonseca Lezama Avil6s Cerda Galdn +Lim6n +Badillo +Cervera +Galicia Linares Bdez +Colin Galvez Lugo +Balderas Cordero Gambo.a +Llano +Barajas Cornejo Garay +Madrigal Barba +Cortina- +Garibay Mancera Barroso Corral Garrido +Mariseal Basurto Cossio +Godinez Mata Bautista +Covarrubias Granados +Mateos Becerra Crespo +Guadarrama Maya Benavides Cu4llar- Guill4n-- Mel4ndez BermAdez Cueto Haro Mena Betancourt Curiel Heredia Mendizdval 111

Mendndez Paredes Rojo Tello Meneses +Pastrana Roman Ter& Merino Paz Romano Toledo Mijares Pedroza Rosa Tovar Malan Peliez Rueda Trujillo Montero +Peniche Saavedra +Ugalde Montiel Peralta +Stimano Ulloa Montoya Pimentel Santamaria Urbina Moran Pina Santana Valero +Munguia +Pliego Santiago Vallejo +Murguia Portilla +Santoyo Varela Murillo Portillo Sarabia Velarde +Najera Porras Saucedo Venegas Navarrete Prado Sepdlveda Vergara Negrete Puente Serna Vidal Ocnmpo Pulido Sevilla Vilches Ojeda Quezada Solano +Villapando Olguin Quijano Sol6rzano Villar +Ornales Quintero +Sordo +Zaldivar Oropeza Reina Soriano Zamudio Osorio Reynoso Sotomayor Zapata Otero Rend& Sousa Zepeda Palma Rico Tamayo +Zertuehe +Panigua Rine& +Tamez +Zetina Pardo Robledo Tejada Zorrilla List E (N=302) Abad +Alcaraz +Ampudia +Armenta +Aburto Aleman +Ancona Arteaga +Achar Alfaro +Anguiano +Arvizu +Adame Almada +Ant6n +Arzate +Aguado Almaraz Aparicio +Arreola hguila Almeida +Araiza Arrieta +Ahedo Allende Aramburd Arriola Ahumada Amaya Arcos Avaios +Aja +1Amor Armendariz Baca 7, I. - -.1.^.17, ff./7,

-4112

+Baftuelos +Castelazo Gordillo +Lcchuga +Barcena Castilla +Grajales +7Tgar-neta +Barcenas +Castrej6n Guajardo LieeaGa Bar& +Cejudo +Gudilo Lima Barra Celis +Huitr6n +Barranco +Celorio +Guizar Lcrenw Barreda Cer6n Haddad +Loyo Barrientos Ceballos +Harari Ivola +Bejar Cid +Ecomosilla +Beristain Cobos +lid=e1c5n +Llama Bobadilla +Collado 4.4.crrer'!..a +Borballa +Coria +HerlTrfas +Madero +Bret6n Cuesta Hen:Tro 44adrazo +Bribiesca Cueva +Hierro Madrid Briones +Chapa +Huesca J-Magallanes Brito +Chavarrla ±Ibarrola +Maio Buendia +Daniel +Iturbc Hancilla +Buenrostro +Diego +Itifrbide +Manjarrez Burgos Durand Iturriaga Knrique Bustos Echevarria Izaguirre Cabello Elizalde Jafme Hanzano CET.ceres +Espindola +Jaimea Marcos +Cacho +Esponda Jara Hargaf.n +Calva Espaila +Joso +Marla +Calvillo +Esqueda +,11.1r.ao +Marr6n +Calleja Fajardo Laguna Murroquin +Camarillo Falan +1Laguaes Mayer Campero Farias +Lamadrid M?.rma Campo +Faix Lanz -1-MedelLal Campuzano Ferreira +Laris Modrano Canseco Fierro +Lascuarin KnlEar +Caraza Gaitdn Eastra Mendiola +Carral +0ama Lavin W).yer Carretio Gdmez LazoRno Rich31 +Carre6n Games Lazo "4nr Casanova +G6ngora +Lebri.ja +7f.zrahi 113

+Mottezuma +Rosado Unda +Moguel Perea +Saad Uriarte Moncada +Pereda +Saldivar +Urquiza +Montemayor Peredo Sanabria Urrutia Allier +Pichardo San Martin +Valaddz Monterrubio Pino Santamarla Valverde Moral Pinto Santibaftez Valladares Mota Pizarro +Santiesteban +Valles Moya Plata SantillAn Vela Mufliz Posada +San Vicente +Verdusco Narvgez Pozo +Sentles Vertiz Nino Preciado Simeon +Vidales +Novelo Puga +Sovercin Vigil Olea Quevedo +Solana Villagómez Oliver +Quintanar Soria Villagrdn Olivera Quintanilla Sotelo Villamil +Oliveros Quinones Tavera +Villasana Olmos Quiroga +Tawil Villavicencio +Ontoveros Real +Teja Villaz6n Villena +Ordaz +Reballo +Templo Orellana Rebolledo +Tena Vivanco +Viveros +Oseguerra +Rebollo Tenorio Oviedo Revilla Terrazas +Zaga Pdez Rey Tinajero Zambrano Palacio Riquelme Tinoco Zayas Palomino Riva Tirado +Zendejas Pantoja +Riveroll Toro Zenteno Parada Rizo +Trueba +Zermeilo Pastor Roa Ugarte Zdfliga Pair& Roca +Ultramarinos Zurita Pefialosa

7 114

APPENDIX IV-9 Pri.49L_A.itListsof...Aullidos forMontevideol

ListA2 (N=12) Rodriguez Alvarez Fernandez Martinez Varela Castro Gonzalez Pereira Diaz Lápez Perez Vdsquez List B (N=50) Romero Acosta Dominguez Moreira Rossi Aguirre Duran Moreno Ruiz Alonso Ferreira Muftoz Sanchez Barreiro Garcia Naez Silva Bianchi Hernandez Olivera Blanco Iglesias Otero +Silveira Sosa Cabrera Lorenzo Piftyro Suarez Calvo Machado Ramos Torres Cardoso Marquez Rey Vidal Correa Medina Reyes +De Ledn Mendez, Rivas Vila Villar Delgado Moral Rivero +De los Santos Morales List C (N=150) Barrios +Abal +Aguerre Antelo Bello Abella Aguiar Arias Benitez Acevedo +Alves +Arocena Bermddez Acufla Alzamora Barvieri

1These lists give the 518 apellidos mostfrequently found in the telephonedirectory of Montevldeo,Uruguay. apellidos and 2ListA contains themost frequently found accounts for 29% ofthe population representedby the 518 names in thisAppendix. By adding List B50% of the popu lation is included. By adding Lists C, D,and E we account for 79%, 90% and100% of this populationrespectively. +These names are uniqueto this city. N=167 Bonilla Ferreiro Molina +Revello +Bonino Ferrer Molinari Rial Bruno Flárez Montero Rios Camacho Fontana Montes Risso Campos:: Fraga Navarro Rocca +Canc.4a Franco Nieto +Rovira Cdnepa Freire Ortiz Rubio Carballo Fuentes Pacheco Salvo Carbone Galli +Panizza Sanguinetti Carrasco Gallo Pardo San Martin Carrera Garrido Parodi Santos Casal Gatti +Pastorino Sanz Casas Gil Patrcin Saravia Casiaioni +Gioraldo Paz Seonane Castillp Gámez Pazos Serra +Caviglia Guerra Peirano +Sica Colombo. Hermida +Peluffo Sierra +Collazo Herrera Pena +Silvera Costaa Ibarra Perla Solari +Cotelo +Laborde Perdomo Soler Cruz Lamas Perrone Soto +Curbelo Lema Pintos Souto Chiesa. Marifio +Piriz +Tejera De la Puente Martin Podestd Terdn Delfino Mas +Ponce de Leán +Terra Diez +Mato Pons Vaid4s Duarte +Mattos Posse Valverde Echeverria Mazza Prieto +Vallarino Esp4sito Mendoza Puig Vega Est4vez Men4ndez Queirolo Vera Etcheverry Mesa +Rama +Vieira Farifia Migues Ramirez +Vignoli FerTanda Miranda Repetto Zunino Ferraro List D (N=157) Aguilar Calcagno +Garbarino Pascual Alfonzo +Cameo +Genta +Pedemonte +Algorta Cano Grata Peace Almeida +Caorsi +Hughes +Pifterda +Amaro Capurro Irigoyen Pizano +Amores Carbajai Jimdnez Porta Andrade Carbonell Kaplan +Porro Arteaga Casella Lazo Prado Artigas Castelli Lanza +Puppo +Artola Cebal,los. +Lerena Quintana +Baccino +Cib4s Levy Raffo Bacigalupi +Comesaria +Levrero Raggio +Bado Conti Lezama Ricci Balbi CoppOla Linares Rico Barboza +Corbo +Lista Rizzo Barrera CO'r64 Lombardi +Robaina Barreto +Couto'. Lombardo, Rojo Basso +Crosa +Luzardo Romano +Bazzano Martino Rosso +Betancor DeVoto +Mautote Ruggiero Bernasconi :4-Dolddn Miller Saavedra +Berro +Dutra +Misa Sacco +Bonifacio Espinosa +Montaldo Salgado +Bonomi +Facal Mora +Salgueiro Borges +Falco +Moratorio Salom6n Bosch Ferro +Mussio ,Santoro Botta- Fierro +Nin +Sass6n Braga +Figueredo Nogueira +Savio Brito Figueroa +Noya +Scarone +Brum +Fossati Oliver +Sena +Bruzzone +Gadoa +Ottonello Serrano Caballero Caltn Pagani +Servetti Cabezaz +Gallinal Paladino Sim& Cceres Gandolfo Parada +Siri 117

Souza Toledo , Valle +Viaa +Speranza +Torrano Veldsquez Viola +Tabdrez +Tosi Vicente YAftez +Techera Trigo Villalba +Zaffaroni +Tellechea Trujillo Villamil +Zas

List E (N=l49) +Abellanda Brea +Folle Mata Abreau +Britos Font Mayer +Aicardy Brum +Franchi +Mondino +Albano +Buela Garibaldi +Montana Alberti Burgos +Gambetta Montands Almada +Burgueao Garmendia Monteverde +Amestoy Cabral +Giorello Mosquera +Amoroso +Cal Greco Muftiz Antlinez +Canabal Guerrero Musso +Ariz& +Carlebaro Guido Ndpoli Arregui +Carnelli Guti4rrez +Novo Arroyo +Carvalho Herrero Novoa +Badano +Carrara Ibdaez Ojeda +Baldomir +Carrau +Lagomarsino Osorio Banchero Castellanos +Lapido +Pais +Barlocco +Cerviao Larraaaga Paredes +Barreira +Comas Latorre +Pascale +Batista Cosentino Leal Patiao Beltrdn +Crespo Lemos +Patrone +Bellini Cuello +Levy +Pera Berger Del Campo Lima +Pereiro +Berta Del Castillo +Loureiro Perera +Berrutti Del Rio Lucas Pinto Bianco De Sousa +Maeso +Pirez +Bocage +Dodera +Magariaos +Pitamiglio +Borras Echevarria Manriquez +Pizzorno +Borrazds +Etchegaray +Marenco Poggi Bravo Firpo Marrero Portela 118_

+Quartincy Seilas +Trias, +ReguoirA.,. Rosa. -4:Serd 4tUmpIdrrbz +kegualro Rosas +Sienra Urrutia +Ribeiro Sdez +Soca Vargas Ricaurte Santana Solis Villa +Riet +Sapiro Solárzano Villanueva Rinaldi +Scalone Sotelo Vitale +Roig +Scasso_ +Tom6 Zabala Rojas +Secco Travers° Zorrilla +Rolando 119 -

APPENDIX IV-10Priority Lists of Apellidos forq21121

LAst A2 (4=28) Almeida Espinosa Herrera P4rez Alvarez Florez Hidalgo Proafto Andrade Garcia Jaramillo Rodriguez +Burbano G6mez L6pez Salazar Cevallos Gonzdlez Maldonado Sdnchez +Chiriiioga Guerrero MartInez Torres Ddvila Guti4rrez Muftoz +Yepes List B (N=66) Acosta Diaz Le6n +Pazmifio Aguirre Donoso Mena +Pefiaherra Altaic& +Egas Molina Pinto Arias Endara 4-Moncayo Ponce Borjas Enriquez -1-Montalvo Ramis CabeZaz Ferndndez Mora Reyes ealder6n Freyre Morales Rivadeneira Cdrdenas Garcds Moreno Romero Carrera +Guarderas Mosquera Ruiz Castro Guerra Naranjo Salgado C6rdoba +Jdcome Narvdez Serrano Cruz +Jarrin Noboa Silva Chaves Jim4nez Ortiz Sudrez Ddvalos Larrea "Paredes Vallejo De la Torre Lazo Paz +Vasc6nez

1Theselists give the 555 apellidos mostfrequently foundin the telephone directory ofNito, Ecuador.

2ListA contains the most frequentlyfound apellidos and accounts for 25% of the populationrepresented by the 555 names in this Appendix. By adding List B 50% of the popus. lation is included.By adding Lists C, D, and E we account for-75%, 90 and 100% of this population respectively. +These names are unique to this city. N=172 Vdsquez +Villacreses 6Tanez Zambrano Velasco +Viteri List C (N=122) Aguilar Castellanos Herndndez Romdn +Albdn Castillo Iturralde +Rosero +Albuya Cisneros +Izurrieta +Ruales Altamirano +Cotio +Jij6n Rueda Alvarado Contreras Luna Sdenz Aratijo Cornejo +Mancheno Sandoval +Arboleda Coronel Mantilla Santos Arcos Corral Medina Sevilla Arellano Correa Mejia Sosa +ArgUello Crespo +Mera Tamayo Arroyo Cueva Merino Tapia Avila Dalgado +Mao Tobar Aviles +Del Pazo Miranda Troya '-ala Dominguez Montenegro Vaca Baca Duerias Montero Valdivieso Baquero Duque Moscoso Vargas Barriga Durdn Moya Vega Bastidas Echevarria Navas Vela Beltrdn +Eguez Nieto Veldsquez Benitez +Erazo Ntiftez +Veldstegui Bonilla Escobar Ordaez Vergara Bravo +Estrella Ortega +Villacis +Bucheli +Fabara Padilla Villag6mez Bueno Falconi Puente Villalba +Buitr6n Franco Ramirez Villavicencio Bustamante Galarza Recalde +Vinueza Cabrera Gallegos +Ribadeneira Zabala Cadena Garz6n Rivera +Zambudine Camacho +Granja +Robalino Zapata Carrillo Guevara Rojas Zurita Carridon Guzmdn _List D (N=158) +Aguinaga, +Campana +Gord6n +MorejOn Albornoz +Campafia. Granda +Muerragui Alvaar Campuzano 4-Grijalba +Murillo Aradz +Canelos +Guayazam/n Navarro AreTalo Carvajal +Guerri6n Navarrete Armas +Casares Guillen +Oleas Armendariz Castafieda Haro +Orb:: Arteaga Cepeda +Herdoiza Orellana +Arteta Cifuentes Heredia Orozco* Pacheco Astudillo +Coba Hinojosa +Pallares +Autestia Cordero Holguin +Ayora +Cordovez Hurtado Pareja B4ez Cortes Ibarra Parra Bahamonde +Custode Jara +Pasquel Patiio +Banderas ChacOn +J4tiva Pefia Barahona: Cheba +Jervis Barba +Darquea Landazuri. Petafiel Barrag4n Del Castillo Laza +Pe8antez Pino Barreiro +Del Hierro Laamo Portilla4 Barrera Escalante Larenas Pozo +Batallas Escudero Leiva 2rado +Bayas +Espfn +Lizarzaburd Puga Becerra' +Estupirlan Loayza Racines +Benalc4iar Fierro Loza Reinoso +Bermeo Figueroa Llerena Rend6n Betancourt Flor Marin +Rlofrio Boada Fuentes M4rquez Rivas Bolafios +Gabela Maya Robayo Brito Galarraga Meneses Remo Burgos Gallardo Merizalde Pon +Burneo +Gangoneta Mogoll6n Rosales Caicedo Garrido Monge Samaniego Calero +Gavilanes 4Montdfar Santamaria +Calisto Gordillo +Moreano - 122 -

+Verdesoto Segovia Tinajero +Valarezo +Vil1acres Solano Toledo +Vasco +Villamar Soria Toro +Veintinilla V6lez Vivanco Soto Trujillo Vera +Vizcaino Sotomayor lloa Tello Uribe List E (N=181) Manrique Abad +Caftizares +Gdmezjurado Manzano Abarca Carcel6n +Gross +Guam& Mata Acuila +Cartagenova Melo Aguayo Carrasco +Guaha Mendizival Aguilera +Cazar +Guijarro +Mesias Alfaro Cedefto Herrero +Montesdeoca Alzamora Cervantes +Hervas Moral +Amorin Cobo6 +Hidrobo Hinostroza Mon& +Armijos Coello +Icaza +Moreta +Arroba Coloma Muller Balarezo +Constante +Idrobo Illanez +Murgueytio +Balde6n Corrales Irigoyen Neira +Balseca +Costales +Iza +Nicolalde +Barona +Chediak Izquierdo +Nolivos +Basantes Eguiguren Jduregui +Norona Bejarano Estrada Obando Bedolla +Ferri +Kohn Ochoa Bilbao +Fiallos +Landeta Ojeda Briones Fonseca Ledesma Oliva BUendla +Galiano Lozada Olmedo C4ceres Galindo +Lovato Lucero +Ona +Cajiao Galvez +Ontaneda +Calveche Gallo +Lupera +Oquendo Calle Gamboa +Luzurriaga +Ormaza Campos +GAndara Madrid +Ortuho Cano +Gaybor +Mancero Osorio +Cahadas Godoy +Manosalba IMP 123

Otero +Raza Santilldn +Utreras Oviedo +Rea +Saona +Vacas Palacio Real Sarmiento Vald4z Pastor +Revelo +Sarzoza Valverde Pavdn Rios Sierra Valladares Pazos +Ripalda Sold +Vallas Peralta Robles +Suasnavas Valle +Pico Rodas Tejada +Varea Piedra Saa +Terneus +Veloz +Polanco Saavedra +Tip& Villafuerte +P6lit Salcedo +Toapanca Villamarin Porras +Salguero Toscano Villegas +Posso Salinas Troncoso +Villota Poveda +Sampedro +Tufillo +Vivar +Punina Santacruz Unda Vivas Quevedo Santana +Uquillos +Vizueta Quintana Santander Urbina +Yeroni Quintero +Santiana +Urresta Zalga Quiroz - 124 -

APPENDIX IV-ll PriorityLists of ApellidosforSantiapol

ListA2 (N=29) Sepdlveda Alvarez Gdmez Pdrez Silva Bravo Gonzalez Ramirez Soto Castro Gutidrrez Reyes Contreras L6pez Rodriguez Torres Valdds Diaz Martfnez Rojas Valentuela Espinosa Morales Ruiz Vergara Fernandez Muhoz Sanchez Garcia List B (N=76) Moreno Aguirre Corts Hernandez Navarro Ahumada Correa Herrera Ndhez Arancibia Crut Hurtado Olivares +Araena --De-laTuente Infante Orellana +Araya Dominguez Jara Ortiz +Arriagada Donoso Jimdnez Palma +Baeza Echeverrla Lagos Pella Barros Escobar +Larrain Pinto Bustos Figueroa Leán Pizarro Caceres Flárez +Letelier +Poblete Campos Fuentes Lira Prieto Carrasco +Fuenzalida Marin Riquelme Castillo Gallardo Miranda Rivera Cerda Godoy Molina Romero +Concha Guzman Montero

1These lists give the 668 apellidos mostfrequently found in the telephonedirectory of Santiago,Chile. and 2ListA contains the mostfrequently found apellidos accounts for 25% of thepopulation representedby the 668 names in thisAppendix. By adding List B50% of the population is included.By adding Lists C,D, and E we account for 75%, 90% and100% of this populationrespectively. +These names are uniqueto this city. N=240 Rubio Salinas +Undurraga Vdsquez Saaved-ra Tapia Urrutia +Vial Salas Toro +Urzua Vidal Salazar Ugarte Vargas Zaiga List C (N=151) - Acevedo +Cafias Ibaez Moya Acufia Carvajal Ibarra Mujica Aguilera 4-Carvaldo Illanes Muller Alarc6n Carrell() +Inostroza Navarrete +Aldunate Cifuentes Izquierdo Ojeda Alfaro +Claro Jaramillo +Opazo Alonso Cornejo +Jorquera Ortega Alvarado Costa +Labb4 +Ortdzar Andrade +Covarrubias Lara Osorio Arce +Cristi La Torre Ossa Arellano Cuevas Leiva Ovalle Arenas Chdvez +Lobos 41yarvin Arias +De la Maza +Lorca, Pacheco Avendafio Del Campo Maldonado Palacios Barahona Del R/o +Manriquez Parade Barrera Durdn 4-Marchant Paredes Barrientos +Errdzuriz Mardoxies Parra Barrios Eizaguirre Mdrquez +Pavez +Bascufidn Far/as Martin Pino Berrios Ferrer +Maturana Ponce Blanco +Gaete Medina Prado Briones +Gajardo Mena. Quesada Burgos Galvez Mdndez Quintana Bustamante Garces Meneses Quiroz Cabello Garrido Merino Ramos Cabrera +Grez Meza +Retamal Calder& Guerra Montes Rfos Calvo Guerrero Mora Rivas +Calzados Henriquez +Moraga ROmdn Canales Hidalgo Mordn Sdez .126 Villanueva SalgadO Solar! Valdivieso Villarroel Sandoval Sotomayor +Varas Vivanco +Sanhueza Sudrez Varela SanMakin Tagle Velasco Yaez Santa Maria Toledo Venegas +Yrarrazabal Santander Troncoso +Vicuila Zamora +Santelices Ureta Videla Zamora0 Serrano Valdivia Villalobos List D (N=190) Abarca +Balmaceda +Celed6n +Falindes Acosta Barraza Celis Fernandini

Fierro . +Aedo Harriga Cdspedes

, Fischer. Aguilar Beciirra Cid +Alamos +Becker +Cisternas +Fontecilla Albornoz +Benavente Cohen Frias Alcalde Benavides +Contador +Fuentealba Alegrla, Beniteir Cubillob +Gacitda +Alessandrini Bianchi Chac6n +Galleguillos Gamboa Allende' +B6rquez Chaparro +Alliende Brice& +Gana Garay +Amunitegui +Bunster +De la Barra +Anguita Caballero +De la Cerda +Gatica Gil Aranda Cabezaz -+Del Canto +Araaeda +Caf4 Delgado +Hermosilla +Ardnguiz +Camus +Del Solar +Herreros Arteagal Caftdia Del Valle +Hevia +Hormotdbal Arredondo +Canessa Diez Huerta Arroyo Cdtdeas +Droguett Iglesias +Astabilrruaga Carmona Dus:rte Iturriaga +Astorga Caro +Bohenique Aatudilla Carrillo Eguiguren +Jofr4 Avila Casanova +Elgueta Katz +Awad Castafto +Encina +Labarca +Labra Ayli6n +Cataldn Escudero Lama +Az6ca Ceballos Espejo 71,2,

7 IM IMO 127.

Larenas +Munizaga +Ravera +Ubilla .Lavin +Nazar Wpolledo Ulloa +Lecaros Neira +Riesco Urbina Levy +Neumann Roa +Valdebenito Layton Nieto Robles Vaiderrama +Lillo Novoa Rojo Valencia +Lizana Olea Romo Valle Loyola' Olguin Rosales Vallejos +Lyon Oliva Rosenberg Vega +Madariaga Olivos +Rozas Veldsquez Madrid Orrego +Ruz +Veliz +Manzur +Ossaddn Sdehz Vera +Marambio Pardo Santacruz Vilches +Matte Pereira Santibatiez Villegas +Vives +Mella _ Pineda Santos Mendoza +Pinochet- Segovia +Zanartu Zapata +Mery , Pifia' Segura Meyer Plaza Solar +Zarala Milldn Pozo Solis +Zaror Montecinos +Puelma +SOza +Zegeros a Montenegro Quinteros Tobar Zunino +Munita Quiroga List E (N=222) Abad Altamirano Artigas +Baltra +Abarzda Alvear +Arrau +Bafiadoi Abreiu +Amendbar +Arriaza +Baraama. +Abumohor Ampuero Arrieta Barra +Abusleme Angulo +Asenjo +Barria AguayO Avalos Basso AgUero +Aracena +Avaria +Bastias : 4.Agui2.6 +Araos Avilds +Basulto +Alcayaga Ardvalo +Badilla +Beas +Alemparte +Argandofia Bahamonde +Belmar Aliaga +Aristia +Bahamondes Beltrdn +Almarza +Armijo +Balbontin Bello Berger +Del Pedregal +Jerez +Parraggez, Bernales +Del Villar Jorddn Pascual + Besa +Doren Judrez +Pastene +Besoain Duefias +Konapp Pefialosa +Bezanilla +Echavarria +Larrondo Peralta Bobadilla +Espina Lazcano Pimentel Brito Esquivel Leal +Portales + Bruce Estdvez Lemus +Prat +Bruna +Fabres +Luco Puga Bu3no Fajardo Llanos Puig Quevedo + Bulnes +Felid Llona Quintanilla + Busquets Ferrari Maneilla +Cddiz Ferraro +Mendiola +Ravanal + Callejas +Fredes Meldndez +Recabarren Campuzano +Galaz +Menares +Retamales + Cancino Gallegos Mendndez +Reveco Cano +Gandarillas Mesa +Risopatr6n Carbonell +Gdrate +Moller Rivadeneira +Cdrcamo +Garret6n +Monreal Rocha +Casanueva +Gazmuri +Montalva Rosas Casas +Giacamdn +Morandd +Rosende Castafteda +Goycoclea +Morel Rossel +Cavada +Gracia +Morgado Rossi +Caviedes +Grau Moyano Saa Cepeda +Greene +Nagel +Sabat +Cereceda Guajardo Naranjo +Sagredo Certin Guevara +Nazal Salamanca Corona +Gumuchio Negrete Salcedo +Cruzat Haddad +Norambuena +Saldias Cuadra Hinojosa +Olabarria Salvo Chamorro +Honorato Olmedo +San Fuentes +Davis +Humeres +Ordenes Santana +De la Cruz +Ilabaca +Osses +Santis +De la Cuadra Ihiguez Otero Sanz +De la Vega +Jadue +Oyadanel Sarmiento +Del Pino +Jarpa Parodi +Seguel 129

Serra Torrealba Villagran Zambrano Sierra Trujillo +Villal6n Zamudio Sim6n +Urra Villar Zdrate Soler +Veloso +Villaseca Zelada +Tala Ventura Villavicencio Zenteno +Telias +Vicencio +Yarur Zepeda T611ez Vila +Yavar Zulez +Tocornal +Villablanca -130- of Names APPENDIX V AMethodological Note onPriority Lists observations thatthe Americans We discoveredin our field to facil- needed to expandtheir vocabularyof personal names But this seemed itate socialrelations with LatinAmericans. found that there wereover to be a formidabletask when we nombres in current usein 30,000 apellidosand about 3,000 that the onlypractical so- Latin America. It became obvious selected lution was to find alist of thehigh-frequency names from those incurrent use. priority lists, wediscovered In our searchfor existing can befound in Spanish- that althoughlists of Spanish names texts, these English Dictionariesand in sameSpanish language to include the are usuallyonly first names,with no attempt not exeeed300 for surnames. These lists offirst names do research showsthat a list both male andfemale names, yet our those currently of even 500first names doesnot nearly cover 300 or fewernombres used in LatinAmerica. Also, among the America usually listed are manythat are rarelyused in Latin Jenofonte, Nabucodonosor,Sa- such asAx_muimedes, Eustaquio, rand such com- lustio, Sigismundo,Veremundo. On the other which are monly used names as116ctor, Oscar,Radl, and Victor, Latin America, are among the20 most popularmale names in 1 how these lists are omitted. It is neverclearly specified not give equal derived. Also, thesetraditional lists do latest Veldz- weight to thefeminine names. For example, the 102 female nombres. quezDictionary listsla male and only female nom- Yet there is noevidence that there areany fewer bres in use in LatinAmerica today. Such lists areneither representative,comprehensive, On the other hand norsystematically selectedby priority. of names which are there are a fewspecialized dictionaries comprehensive, but theydo not provide anybasis upon which

1 Velázquez de la Cadena(et al) For example, Mariano New New RevisedVel4zgatzlaam&OLALILEMIWIJIlatiolla, York: 1966, pp. 695-696 INN. 131 IMO to select from amongthe thousands of names. Also, although there are dictionariesof nombres which give fairlyadequate 1 coverage, there are no comprehensive dictionariesfor ap.e.. 2 llidos and those thatexistdo not assign any priority for the popularity of namesin Latin America. We had to construct our ownpriority lists selected from the names of over1,700,000 people listed in the telephone directories of 10 national capitalsin Latin America. Re resentativeness of thesample. The population which we want torepresent is (a) the Spanishspeaking people, (b) of the middle class,(c) in urban Latin America. The purpose underlyingthese three criteria is to representthe Latin American a North Americanis most likely to contact di- rectly. The importance of the middle class as achannel of international or cross-culturalcommunication is stated well by John P. Gillin, who says:

"Its members, the intellectualsand professionals, are the articulate people who speak tothe outside world for Latin America, and the outsideworld must speak to Latin American through them. And despite their heterogeneity and other problems the middle groups constitutebeyond doubt the segment of society most in touch with the modernworld, most sus- ceptible to influences for change;and most potent in the intern4l and internationalaffairs of their own nations." In order to represent only theSpanish speaking peoples we eliminated thecapital cities of Brazil, BritishGuiana, French Guiana and Surinam. Also due to the problems

1Forexample, Gutierre Tib6n, DiccionarioEtimo16g122 ComparTio de Nombres Pro ios de Personas,MOico: Uni6n Tipogrtfica Editorial Hispano Americana,1965.

2For example, Alfred Souto Feijoo,Apellidos Hispano- americanos, Madrid: Seler, 1957; andGutfriFnigh, Ono- mástica anoamericana, M6jico: Unión Tipogrifica Ear torial Hispano Americana, 1961. 3John P. Winn, "Some Guidepostsfor Policy," Social Change in Latin America, New York:Harper & Bros., 1960, p.26. -132- of obtaining.telephohe_directories,forCentral ilmerican countries, we were forcedto omit Costa Rica, ElSalvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaraguaand Panama. However, the omission of these six countriesrepresents only about5% of the total population of LatinAmerica and less than10% of the total population in the Spanishspeaking countries. In an attempt to evaluate theextent to which the capital city telephone directoriesrepresent urban middle class Latin Americans we must keep inmind that in Latin America a national capital city contains amuCh larger portion oftha total population of the countrythan in the U. As shown in Table 4, Column A, on the next pagetht: proportion of the total population of the countryfound in the capital city ranges from8% for Quito, to 45% for Montevideo The average portion of the population foundin the capit9.1 cities forthe 10 countries is19% as compared to the U.S. whereonly 0.43% of the country's populationis found in Washington,D.C. In the U.S. capital cities for eachof the states are usually relatively small compared to majorindustrial cities in that same state. For example, New York City has46% of the State's population; but Albany, the capital,has only about 8%, Loa Angeles has about 10% ofCalifornia's population while Sacra- mento, the capital, has about1%. On the contrE'y the 5ff-tin American capital city is almostwithout excepticil the largest city in the country. Since we are interested in theextent to which the urban population of each country isrepresented, we have calculated the figure for the proportion ofthe urban population of each country found in the capital city. This is given in Column T1 of Table 4. As shown by the unweighted averageof this columnr exactly one third of the urbanpopulation of these 10 countries is found in the capital cities. Of course not all of the populationof thc capital cities

is middle class. One of the best singleindf_cators of middle . class status in Latin America is thepossession of a telephone This lontrasts sharply with the UnitedStates whPro rcs-:; of l33 Tahlei

Percentage of each cc try's total population,urban population, and telephonefound in each capital city,plus the proportion of total ban population growthdue to in- migration .

% of % of % of total urbantele- urban pop. pop. phor:-.7 growth t a 1 C C' 1. Asunci6n (Paraguay) 16 45 54 55 68 2. Bogot4 (Colombia) 11 28 52 a 5, Buenos Aires(Ar,-;eritina) 31 50 54 61 71 4. CaracasVenezuela) 19 35 a 5, Lima (P ri) 13 35 45 42 6. Mexico City(Mexico) 8 19 26 Monte ideo(Uruguay) 45 .a 80 a a 8. La Paz(Bolivia) 10 28 81 62 a 9. Qui'o (Ecuador) 8 26 10. Santiago(Chile) 27 44 55 47

Unweighted averages 19% 33% 57% 57%

a/nformation not available

Column A: Both the numerator anddenominator for this percentage were obtainedfrom Norris B. Lyle and Richard A. Calman,(eds.) Statistical Abstract of Latin Americq,University of California atLos Angeles, Latin AmericanCenter, 1965.

Column B: The figures for theproportion of the total pop- lation of each countrywhich is urban upon which these figures werecalculated was obtainedfrom Alexander T. Edelmann,Latin American Government and MliticsHomewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1965, p. 79.

Column C: 2a.sit, Lyle & Calman

Column D: gma.sit. Edelman, p. 81. 7 "" telephones, The fact tha lowersocio-economic class also have in the that thP middleclass in LatinAmerica is concentrated demonstrated in Column Cof large capitalcities is clearly Table 4 which showsthat the proportionof each country's city varies from26% in total telephonesfound in the capital for Mexico, City to 81 in La Paz,Bolivia. On the average found in a theoe ten countries57% of all the telephones are single city. Even if we grant thatthe c;apital citytele) cae popu- middle class in the latien misht contain57% Or more of the the country, we stillncer:t .to make someestimate of whether in- population of thecapital city mightnot be a cultural land (with 2espectto the family nawerepresented) isRtated be frox th.11 rest ofthe country Even though there may considerable economicisolation and lackof communication this does not between the capitaland the outlying areas, which result in the absenceof certain namesin the capital American are prevalentin the smallertowns, because Latin capital cities growmainly by migrationfrom outlying areas. not Although quantitativemeasures ofthis migration are able available of for allLatin Americancountries, we are due to to report thepercentage of urbanpopulation growth This in-migration for fiveof the ten citiesin our sample. in reported inColumn D of Tab.le 4. which our All of theindirect meanuTes ofthe degree to represents the capital city telephonedirectory population Spanish-speaking, middle class,urban population seemto add representative, up to supportthe id.ea that thesample is highly of especially with rPgardto the Anclvsi,on,of the total range currently used names. It might be leasrepresentative with At regard to the preciseorder of popularityof the names. constitute the bestsingle source any ratethese telephone books middle-class of names clf contemporarySpanish-speaking, urban, Latin Americans ?roo?..q.ure.for_peleeti,nq from_tae directorie.s. and for Different methods of se:Lection wereused for nompreq 7:11 the crAse of therippbreil we took asample of - ':-35 1,000 persons at randomfram each of the 10 directories giving a total sample of10,000. For the apellidos we examined every one of the 5,020 pages in the 10 alphabetical directories and recorded every apellicia which occurred more than 10 times per 100,000 names. Therefore, the minimum frequency needed for an apellido to be recorded would depend upon the 1 total number of names appearing in a particular directory. This systemof skimming off the most popular names from each city was necessary to reduce the labor by an estimated 75%. Then a sampling was done of these names which had not been includedbecause they did not meet the minimum frequency critarion. On the basis of this sample it was estimated that the 2,840 most popular apellidos we had selected accounted for aver75%2of the telephone directory population. Approx- imately 2 ,000 additional uellidos. would be required to cover the remaining 25% of the population.

1Theminimum frequencies were as follows: Asuncion (3), Bogota (20), Buenos Aires (95), Caracas (18), La Paz (3), Lima (7), Montevideo (19), Quito (5), Santiago (15) and Mex- ico City (20). 2 This calculation is being ehecked by another method. - 1,6-

APPENDIX VI-1Self-test onSpanish PersonalNamesl

R-51.poqzwoN OF P4RTS OF THE NOMBRE COMPLETO

Indicates the types of nouns in the list below wing the following kay:

F = First names (nombres) S = Surnames (anollidos) N Neither

(1) Abandono Dfaz Navarro (2) Acevedo (22)Enrique Ortega 111.111111111.11711. (3) Adela Felipe Padilla (4) Agustfr 24)Filomena Prado (5) Alejandrina .( 25)Francisca Ram6n (6) Alejandro 26)Franco (46)Radl (7) Angela 27)Garcia Rios (8) Anibal Gonzalo Rodillo (9) Armando ...(29)Guadalupe Rodriguez (10) Aurora ,N .11 Guillermo ...(50)Ruiz (11) Blanca Herrera S4nchez (12) Blanco Ignacio Sergio (13) Bustamante ...(33)Jesds Soto (14) Cersar Josefina Susana (15) Concepci6n Lapa .255)Tap6n (16) (lonsuelo 36)Lara .(56)Torres (17) Cort6s Maruja .(57)Vega (18) Cruz .(33)Mercedes (53)Vicente (19) Dvila .2319)Miranda Yolanda (20) Dia Moreno (60) Zapata

1Thecorrect answers will be follnd in Appendix VI-2. If some of your answers are not correct, yuu should re-read that particular section of this chapter. ONO

(61) GIVE THE APPROPRIATE gPANISHTERM TO DESIGNATE EACH PART OF THE NAME GIVENBELOW

Srta:Tglia Cristina Salcedo Martlir (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(a) (b) (0)

(d) (e) (f)

(62) The appropriate form of direct addressfor the perer named above would be: (Check all that are correct.

(a "Senorita de Martin" (b "Senorita Martin" (c "Senorita da Salcedo" (d) "Senorita Salcedo" (e) "Senorita Maria Cristina Salcedo" (f) "Dona Maria" (g) "Doha Salcedo" (h) "Senorita Salcedo Martin"

DESIGNATE THE APPROPRIATE TERMS FOREACH OF THE PARTS OF THE FULL NAME BELOW BY PLACING THECORRECT LETTER IN EACH BLANK FOR ITEMS (63) THROUGH(66). Maria Cristina Garcia de Fernelndez (a) (b) (c) (d)

(63) primer nombre (64) patronymic apellido (65) apellido de soltera (66) apellido de casada

(67) Which of the following phrases arecorrect?

(a) "Buenos dias, Doha Marfa:" (b) "Soy el Senor V4squez." (c "Cómo est6, Senor Torres?" (d "MuchIsimas gracias, Doha Dominguez:" (e "La seilora de Vargas es bella." (f) "Por supuesto, Don Jorge:" (g) "La Doffs. Isabela es mi tia." AMP' .411111WW

-138 - given (68) Indicate which of thefollowing names in the form are commonlyused for men, women,both, or neither using the followingkey:

M T. men W . women B - both N - neither

(a) Blanca (f) Amparo (k) Marina (b) Maria (g) Estrella (1) Esperanza (c) Jorge (h) Cristo (m) Maria Josd (d) Jesds (i) Eva (n) Josd Maria (e) Angel (j) Adan (o) Rosario (P) Diablo

THE NOMBRE COMPLETOIN THE KINSHIP SYSTEM

(69) If Srta. Ana CabreraLe6n married Sr. Alejandro Otero Mdrquez, what would be the full namesattachei to the following persons.

(a) Wife: pra,

(b) Husband: Sr .1=11111b (c) Son: Juanito (d) Daugh: Elvira

first (70) Which of the followingpairs of persons coy1.3 be cousins? + AnaGarcia Pardo + CdsarG6mez L6pez la:; 2214162211Wardo c Jaime Gonzalez Blanco+ CdsarGdmez L6pez (d Juan Gonzalez Pardo + AlejandroVega Pardo

(71) It two first cousins arenamed Juan Gdmez Pardo and Aaalandro 710.0111ez, thenwhich of the following are true?

(a)juan's fatherand Alejandro's mother arebrother 411111111111. and sister. Juan's fatherand Alejandro's father arebrothers. Juan's motherand Alejandro's mother aresisters. Juan's motherand Alejandro's father aresister and brother, MEP

-139-

ALPHABETIZATION OF FULL NAMES

in any alphabetized list, (72) When a Spanish name is put the order of the parts ofthe full-name must be re-arranged on the line.For example in English the name John PaulJones becomes Jones, John Paul. Rear- range the Spanish namesbelow to be alphabetized.

(a) Alberto Mendoza Marquez (b) Ernesto Emilio Ramirez Otero (c) Maria Cristina Pella León (d) Margarita Soto de Vargas (e) Manuela Eva Ramos de Reyes (f) Ana Molina de Rios y Vega (g) Francisco Ruiz del Bosque

In each of the four groupsof names below re-write the name for alphabetization as you didabove; then indicate the appropriate alphabeticalorder by numbering the namesfrom 1 to 5 in the blanks infront of the names.as.habetize each group of five namessepalmtely.

(73) GrouR.I

(a) José Mario Garcia Gonzalez (b) Alberto Garcia Gonzalez (c) José Garcia Gonzdlez (d) José Victor Garcia Gonzalez (e) José Radl Garcia Bermddez

(74) Group II

(a) Maria Mendoza de Jimdnez (b) Ana Quintero deJiménez (c) Ana Cristina Romano deJiménez (d) Ana Maria Romano deJiménez (e) Ana Elena Vasquez deJiménez -140 -

(75) ,Group III

(a) Anibal Correa Molina (b) Adolfo GdlvezRios Mendoza (0) Alfredo Cortds (d) Benjamin Gallardo Vega (e) Benito DelgadoGuerrero

(76) Group IV

(a) Jose Peflafiel Muftoz (b) Andrds ChAves Fldrez (c) Roberto PenagosMartinez (d) Miguel Cruz Silva Lecin (e) Enrique Espinosa

MEANING OF RANIp5wigs

Below are some commonSpanish apellidoswhich are derived (77) each in the from nambres. Supplythe nombre form of blanks provided.

(a) Alvarez (f) Ferndndez (b) Benitez (g) Gonzdlez (c) Diaz (h) Herndndez (d) Dominguez (i) López (e) Enriquez (j) Rodriguez

for the following (78) Give the most commonSpanish equivalent colors and check thosethat are commonlyused as Span- ish surnames. (a) Black (b) Blue (c) Brown

(d) GoldONIIN60.. (e) Green

(f) Silver WIIP11111MMINIMIMME (g) White (h) Yellow -141 -

APPENDIX VI-2Self-checkinAnswer-sheet on S anish Personal ames

RECOGNITION OF PARTS OF THE NOMBRECOMPLETO

1 : lt g r2. fl ;32. s (41) s (51s

3 F 13 S 23 F 33; 1.3i g R3 3 4 F 14 F (24F 34 F 5 F 15 F (25 F i35 11 M RtN 16 ; 17 6 : (26 S 36 S 46 F (56 S (27 S F 47 S (57 S 187 F 18 S F 38 F 48 N (58 F 91 F 19 S 29 F (39 5 49 S 09 F 10) F 20N 30F (40) S 50 S (60 3

(61) aTftulo d Primer apellido...()Apéllido_paterno bPrimer nombre e Segundo apellido (Apellido materno) e.,Segundo nombre f Nombre completo

(62) Correct forms of address are (b),(d), (e), (f) and (h).

(63) a (64) d (65) c (66) d

(67) Coriect phrases are (a), (b), (0), (e) and (f).

(68) W b B 11311MW M o W d B p N

THE NOMBRE COMPLETO IN THE KINSHIP SYSTEM

(69) aSra. Ana Cabrera de Otero bSr. Alejandro Otero Mdrquez cJuanito Otero Cabrera 1d Elvira Otero Cabrera

(70) The pairs whieh could be first cousins are(a), (b) and (d).

(71) (a) 142 ALPHABETIZATION OP FULLNAMES

(72) Mendoza Mdrquez, Alberto Ramirez Otero, Ernesto Emilio Pella lie6n, Maria Cristina Vargas, Margarita Sotode Royes, Manuela EvaRamos de Rios y Vega, Ane. Molina de Ruiz del Bosque, Francisco

Jose Mario (73) t GarCi (GraT,Alberto c rGarcia Gonzleo,osd d_5Garcia Gonz.41eu,Jos4 Victor e Garcia Bermt:dcz,Josd Radl

(74) a ..5.,. Jimdnez,Maria Mendoza de b 4. Jimdnez,Ana Quintero de c 1 Jimdnez,Ana Cristina Romanode (d..i. Jimdnez,Ana Marfa Romano de (e 2 Jimdnez,Ana Elena Vdsquez de

(75) a 2Correa Molina, Anibal b..4. Gdlvez Rios, Adolfo c 1 Cortds Mendosa, Alfredo d .5. Gallardo Vega,Benjamin ie 3 Delgado Guerrero, Benito

(76) a .1.Pefiafiel Muftoz, Josd b 2 ChOes Fl6rez,Andrds (c.A.Penagos Martinez,Roberto (d/ 1Cruz Silva, Miguel (e) .5. Espinosa Ledn, Enrique

MEANING OF SPANISH NAMES

(77) (a) Alvaro Fernando (b) Benito Gonzalo (c) Diego Hernando (d) Domingo Lope (e) Enrique (j Rodrigo

(78) (c), (f) and .(g) should be checked.