Firenze University Press Aisthesis www.fupress.com/aisthesis

Developing Digital Technology at the Husserl Archives. A Report Citation: E. Caminada (2020) Develop- ing Digital Technology at the Hus- serl Archives. A Report. Aisthesis 13(2): 79-86. doi: 10.13128/Aisthesis-12161 Emanuele Caminada

Copyright: © 2020 E. Caminada. This is curator of digitalHusserl an open access, peer-reviewed article KU Leuven, Husserl-Archives (Belgium) published by Firenze University Press [email protected] (http://www.fupress.com/aisthesis) and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Abstract. After a brief introduction to the history of the Husserl Archives I focus on which permits unrestricted use, distri- the methodological specificities in studying Husserl’s work on the basis of his manu- bution, and reproduction in any medi- scripts and of his archives. In a second step I expound on the effects that the current um, provided the original author and shift from an analogous to a hybrid analogous and digital archives is producing in the source are credited. self-understanding of the practices of our institution. Particularly, developing digital technology means that the Husserl Archives are entering a new phase in respect to Data Availability Statement: All rel- evant data are within the paper and its how archival and editorial impulses will affect the presentation of Husserl’s writings. Supporting Information files. Finally, I offer some perspectives about how the planned virtual platform («digital- Husserl»), which will give direct access to his manuscripts, is designed to promote a Competing Interests: The authors new understanding of Husserl’s specific process of philosophical writing, of his unique have declared that no competing inter- wording of thoughts1. ests exist. Keywords. Archives, digital edition, phenomenology, Husserl.

I am really grateful to speak at this university where people at the right time had the right instinct, support, the courage and the generosity to provide safe-harbor for the archives of one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th-century [...] I for the first time had the privilege of visiting this archive and it is very moving. Jürgen Habermas (public lecture Democracy, Solidarity and the Europe- an Union, held in Leuven on April 26, 2013, after visiting the Husserl Archives)

1 I would like to thank the entire team of the digitalHusserl: the direc- tor of the Husserl Archives and promotor of digitalHusserl, Julia Jansen, the co-promotor Fred Truyen, the senior editor Thomas Vongehr, our innova- tion manager Roxanne Wyns and business consultant Michiel De Clerck from LIBIS, as well as the head archivist of the KU Leuven Archives, Marc Nelissen.

Aisthesis. Pratiche, linguaggi e saperi dell'estetico 13(2): 79-86, 2020 ISSN 2035-8466 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/Aisthesis-12161 80 Emanuele Caminada

1. SHORT INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE 1938 it has made available manuscripts and their HISTORY OF THE ARCHIVES transcriptions for every interested international researcher. In this respect, the Belgian Franciscan, The Husserl Archives was established in 1938 philosopher and founder of the Husserl Archives, at KU Leuven with the purpose of preserving Pater Herman Leo Van Breda, was proud of keep- and publishing the writings of the German phi- ing an open-door policy: it has always been the losopher , whose 40.000 pages case that scholars were given full access upon of manuscripts were saved from Nazi , request. and whose phenomenological thinking is wide- Umberto Eco, fascinated by the history of the ly acknowledged as one of the most significant Husserl Archives (as a student he attended Enzo philosophical endeavours of the 20th-century. Paci’s phenomenological seminars in Milan), con- Since it was founded, the Husserl Archives has fessed in 2007 during his last visit to the Husserl supervised the transcription and edition of more Archives that he dreamed to write a novel on its than 50 volumes of Husserl’s writings. In the so history. Former visiting scholar Bruce Bégout just far eight decades of its existence, the Husserl published such a novel: Le sauvatage (2019) nar- Archives published not only Husserl’s writings, rates the rescue of the Husserl Archives and spec- but also several auxiliary tools for historical and ulates about a Gestapo agent who malgré lui would theoretical research in phenomenology as well have been commissioned to arrest Van Breda, the as more than 230 volumes of scholarly work in manuscript smuggler, who was trying to take away phenomenology in the book series “Phaenome- from German control the illegible – and there- nologica”. fore highly suspicious – writings of a non-Aryan Geographically situated between Germa- philosopher. As we know from the details of his ny and France, the Husserl Archives in Leuven biography (Horsten [2018]), he brought the manu- (Belgium), acquired a pivotal role in the Euro- scripts to Leuven against the more prudent advice pean philosophical dialogue already in the 1940s, of his supervisors, who were concerned about the when Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Alfred Schütz, financial sustainability of Van Breda’s vision of Aron Gurwitsch, Paul Ricoeur, Emanuel Levinas, founding an international research center in Phe- Jacques Derrida, and many others came to the nomenology. Nevertheless, in part no doubt won Archives as young visiting scholars and profited over by the diplomacy and charm of the young from the study of Husserl’s texts. More recent- Franciscan, they endorsed his efforts and support- ly, internationally renowned scholars, such as ed his projects. Anthony Steinbock and Dan Zahavi (to name a As a crowning of his endeavours, we can con- few), have done extensive research here. Further- sider the grant that Van Breda Van Breda was able more, the Archives are also a small philosophical to obtain from the UNESCO. After intensive net- attraction for scholars and students from vari- working during the war, in 1949 he prepared an ous academic disciplines as well as the interested application to the UNESCO with support letters public. Recently, Charles Taylor, Jürgen Haber- by reknowned philosophers such as Jean Wahl, mas, and Carlo Ginzburg paid a visit to the Hus- Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Emmanuel Lévinas, Hel- serl Archives. Although we are aware of the risks muth Plessner, Paul Ricoeur, Alfred Schütz and of “heritagization”, we are very glad to welcome Frederic J. J. Buytendijk. In contrast with Nazi ide- guests in the Husserlkamer, a small, representa- ology, they stressed Husserl’s relevance for a global tive seminar room where we exhibit Husserl’s humanism, and for Germany’s re-education and philosophical library, a small picture gallery, and democratization. The application’s success enabled his private desk. However, the core mission of the the begin of the Husserliana and put phenomenol- Archives is the preservation and advancement of ogy at the center of post-war intellectual life. Husserl’s philosophical project and ideas. Since Developing Digital Technology at the Husserl Archives. A Report 81

2. ON HUSSERL´S WORDING OF THOUGHTS Husserl, and this form of writing served as an experimental laboratory of his phenomenological Considering the specificities of Husserl’s work- research. Therefore, the relevance of the archival ing method on the basis of his manuscripts and practice for the making and for the assessment of archives, one quickly realizes that his Husserl’s philosophy cannot be overstated: it is an cannot be studied without taking into account his integral part of his way of thinking. research manuscripts or, as one of the most prom- He wrote on loose leaf papers which he col- inent editors of Husserl’s manuscripts, Rudolf lected in folders and often moved and reassem- Boehm, called them, his «research reports or pro- bled from folders, to folders, assigning them page tocols» (Forschungsaufzeichnungen). The handling numbers, sometimes cryptic signatures and often of Husserl’s own manuscript pages is essential for adding new page numbers and new signatures. gaining insights into his philosophical style, in The Husserl Archives in Leuven preserves the respect to method, content, and medium of his original manuscripts in the order that Van Breda philosophy. and his assistants found them when he moved the The phenomenological method is devoted to Archives from Freiburg to Leuven in 1938. After the careful description of the differentiating struc- 1933, it was Husserl himself who, with the help of tures of the acts as well as objects of experience his personal assistants, prepared his own archives with the help of so-called «phenomenological having as a model the Brentano Archives that reductions» and thought experiments. This experi- his old friend Masaryk founded, and desperately mental character of phenomenological reflection dreaming of an international research center dedi- is visible in Husserl’s prolific writings: continuous cated to the philosophical project of phenomenol- attempts to record his mental experiments, con- ogy (Luft 2004). ducted, proofed, and varied repeatedly in order However, despite of its name and explicit mis- to get ever clearer insights into both invariant and sion, the focus of the Husserl Archives lay more variable structures of experience. Husserl report- on editing Husserl’s writings than on, strictly ed his experiments with a particular fast writ- speaking, “archiving” them. The manuscripts were ing script, called Gabelsberger shorthand, which usually handled carefully, but were considered was at the time of his youth a common German more as research tools rather than as precious his- shorthand system for about 4 millions writers. The torical documents. From a philosophical perspec- same or similar systems were employed also by tive, their value consists in their ideal content, and other scholars (e.g., Stumpf, Wundt, Schrödinger, their keepers and users at the Husserl Archives Gödel and Schmitt, to name a few). Due to this were (and still are) trained philosophers, not long out-dated script of Husserl’s writings, the archivists. Hence, priority was given to editing and main task of the Husserl Archives was, and still is, publishing Husserl’s “plain text,” with a stress on the transcription of these texts into Latin charac- his intended meaning. Furthermore, the editors’ ters in order to make them accessible to a wider own philosophical interests have often reached community of scholars. beyond Husserl’s research program. For instance, The combination of these characteristics in the aforementioned Rudolf Boehm was lead- content and medium distinguish the and ing the edition of the Husserliana as Van Breda’s the materiality of Husserl’s writing. In fact, this closest collaborator2 while he also worked on the unique combination reflects the style and form French translation of the first part of Heidegger’s of his thinking and shows that Husserl’s phenom- and Time (Heidegger [1927]) and on the enological philosophy is primarily a project of research that did not have finished publications as its main vehicle of communication and visibil- 2 Boehm edited volumes VII, VIII and X of the Hus- ity. Writing recorded the practice of thinking for serliana series (Husserl [1923-1924a]; Husserl [1923- 1924b]; Husserl [1893-1917]). 82 Emanuele Caminada

German translation of Merleau-Ponty’s Phenom- new digital technologies have been having a signifi- enology of perception (Merleau-Ponty [1945]). Karl cant impact on our workflow. More than ten years Schuhmann was working on the transcription of after their creation, those JPEG images are now the several manuscripts and on the collection of Hus- focus of our attention, while we are ingesting them serl’s biographical chronicle (Schumann [1977]; in IIIF-compliant format in the long-term reposito- Husserl [1994]) while he also published exten- ry system of our university. Keeping to the spirit of sively on the critical role of other, at that time Van Breda’s original open-door policy, the Husserl mostly ignored members of the phenomenological Archives is now planning and gradually implement- movement (Schumann [1973]; Reinach [1989]) as ing a digital platform that will provide virtual access well as on Hobbes’ political philosophy (Hobbes to Husserl’s writings. In the following, I will not [1655a]; Hobbes [1655b]; Hobbes [1651]). delve into the theoretical and technical issues related to such an endeavour from a technical and editorial perspective. Instead, I will focus on the impact that 3. HOW GOING DIGITAL IS AFFECTING THE this implementation is having to the changing archi- WORKFLOW OF THE HUSSERL ARCHIVES val and editorial tasks at the Husserl Archives. Generally, we can distinguish, in the history In 2020 we can now finally say that the Hus- of the Husserl Archives, three different phases of serl Archives is entering the 21st Century and thinking and practicing the relation between archi- catching up on the pace of the advancement of val and editorial tasks: 1. The years of collabora- scholarly editing in the Digital Humanities. In this tion between Husserl and his personal assistants respect it is important to note that it was not sole- Edith Stein, Ludwig Landgrebe, and Eugen Fink ly the introduction of new technology that marked (1916-1938); 2. the decades devoted primarily to the beginning of the ongoing shift from an analo- the edition of the print version of the Husserliana gous to a hybrid analogous and digital archives, (1950-ongoing); and finally, 3. the horizon that we but rather a change of mind-set in conceiving can imagine now for the decades to come thanks of the work-flow of archival and editorial prac- to the upcoming launch of the digitalHusserl. tices. What Patrick Sahle has said of digitization In their close collaboration with Husserl, clearly holds here: «the current transformation of his assistants Stein, Landgrebe and Fink tran- media is not so much a transformation of media, scribed, compiled, and re-arranged texts for Hus- but rather a process of transmedialisation» (Sahle serl according to clear assignments. Their editorial [2013]: 161; see Dillen [2019]). For many decades suggestions were then, in a second step, proofread the Husserl Archives basically kept doing the same and re-arranged by Husserl, and often re-assigned transcription and editorial work while gradually to his assistants for further revisions. Some of adopting new technologies: computers replaced these collaborations ended in publications dur- type-writers, but the tasks largely remained the ing Husserl’s lifetime (e.g. Zur Phänomenologie des same, and the workflow did not change dramati- inneren Zeitbewußtseins3) or post-humous (e.g. cally. In 2007 a first digitization project was car- Stein drafted the corpus of Ideas II4, Landgrebe ried on: in a big effort, JPEG scans of all the origi- Experience and Judgement5). Because of their nal manuscripts were created and saved both on CD-roms and on the KU Leuven server as well 3 as printed in high-quality facsimile, which were Published by in 1928 without stored and kept for research and conservation mentionining Edith Stein’s editorial work in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, critically purposes at the Husserl Archives in the same way re-edited in 1966 by Rudolph Boehm. as micro-fiches were created in the fifties. 4 Published by Marly Biemel in 1952 as Husserliana It was only when the Husserl Archives, after IV and V. some initial hesitation, chose to go digital, that 5 Published by Ludwig Landgrebe in 1939, now avail- able as Husserl (1976). Developing Digital Technology at the Husserl Archives. A Report 83 unclear authorship, these posthumous works have voidable degree of philosophical interpretation often been critically assessed by scholars and thus that is needed in the editorial process. Accord- in fact manifest different grades of fidelity to Hus- ingly, until the nineties, a sharp line was kept serl’s intention according both to the actual condi- between archival tasks and edition work, between tion of the collaboration and on the temperament praxis of transcribing and of editing. Starting from of his assistants. 2001, the Archives opted for the edition of a new A second phase began when the Husserl series of texts without a critical apparatus, the Archives agreed in the fifties on a set of transcrip- Husserliana Materialien, in order to finally publish tion and edition guidelines, according to which texts that were already accessible to researchers transcribers and editors were mainly devoted to in the Husserl Archives and highly valued by the the publication of already clear circumscribed scholar community but that were too demanding texts and to the production of the largest possi- from a philological, editorial, and financial point ble number of transcriptions. Note that, the Hus- of view for a critical edition. serl Archives in Leuven had in the fifties and six- Currently, with the planning of the digital- ties neither the competence nor the recognized Husserl (i.e., the platform that will provide access authority to dare a critical edition. Starting from to Husserl’s texts), archival and editorial practic- the seventies, the Husserl Archives began to edit es become even more entangled than they were also research manuscripts, the publication of before. It is therefore not exaggerated to see in this which had not been planned by Husserl himself shift from the analogue to the digital workflow the and thus received particular editorial intention delineation of a new phase in the methodological by the respective editors instead. These later edi- self-understanding of the archival and editorial tions faced the additional task of the assessment practices of the Husserl Archives. of the philosophical quality and nature of the The digitalHusserl project was planned in texts, which, according to the editorial guidelines, 2015 to accomplish the transition of the Hus- should be collected in groups of “main” texts and serl Archives into the age of Digital Humanities. “lesser” appendices. Regardless of these difficul- The vision behind this project is to make avail- ties and thanks to the enormous effort that had able Husserl’s writings – the original stenograph gone into producing transcriptions, this was also manuscripts (40.000 pages) and corresponding the time when editors were able to decide to make transcriptions in an online and open access digi- available texts on topics that were not yet covered tal environment that facilitates collaboration and by the published volumes and that were highly discussion on Husserl’s work. The overall goals of controversial in phenomenological debates. To the project is to preserve, organise, and present name one for all: the problem of intersubjectivity, the total archive of Husserl, including his personal i.e., the question of how we are able to relate to and unique philosophic research library of books other human and how our sociality co-con- and off-prints, correspondence and photographic stitutes our subjectivity. The three volumes of the material. Husserliana on intersubjectivity edited by Iso Kern The long-term goal is to make available the in the seventies (Hua XIII-XV) changed complete- following tripartite architecture: ly the picture we had on Husserl’s philosophy and, more radically, paved the way for new phenom- • The Digital Archive: Transcriptions and steno- enological research in phenomenology of sociality graphic manuscripts side by side (two panel (Kjosavik, Beyer [2019]). presentation) organised in a fully searchable The protocols for transcription and editions database. fixed in the sixties by Iso Kern and Rudolf Boehm • The Library: Dynamic bibliographical and bio- reflect the methodological reflections of the team graphical database with access to Husserl’s dig- of transcribers and editors in respect to the una- itised philosophical research library. 84 Emanuele Caminada

• The Translation Room: platform to support on the original manuscript is indeed possible or, translation and transcriptions of Husserl’s if not, what alternative options are available. It work into different languages, with establish- is plausible to imagine that, once we will have a ments of lexicons for comparative translation good corpus of reliable digital and encoded tran- studies in phenomenology thanks to a dynam- scription it will be possible to experiment forms ic annotation environment. of OCR recognition for Husserl’s most recurrent stenographs in analogy with existent tools for the The unique character of this project resides recognition of Chinese characters. in its disaggregated archival format. Rather than However, we do not expect a big impact from the linear and highly edited print format of Hus- the crowdsourcing tools for the digital transcrip- serl’s writings, the digitalHusserl is planned to pre- tion of the originals. It is more realistic to expect serve, organize, and present to the scholar com- collaborations from scholars in the improvement munity Husserl’s writings in non-linear manifold of digital transcription of not-yet textually digi- of searchable texts: scholars will be able to develop tized transcriptions or – more interesting from an their own research strategies, each thus creating a academic point of view – in the sharing and dis- virtual edition of Husserl’s writings. cussion of translations. These different levels of Since Husserl wrote in a special form of ste- possible collaboration will be mirrored in different nography, the simultaneous availability of the users profiles that will be developed in the near transcriptions in a digital and searchable form future. is crucial to fulfil this open access commitment. Honestly, the concrete work on the implemen- Therefore, the archival impetus of offering a com- tation of the first modules of this project make plete as possible textual documentary basis of us aware of the enormous amount of work that transcription is from the very beginning entangled would be needed to realize – even partially – the with the interpretation of the stenographs. For vision of a such a total Archives. At this stage we these reason it is not possible to offer a transcrip- are more humbly concentrating on three intercon- tion neutral from the editorial choices of the tran- nected levels: the ingest of the images of the origi- scriber (note that, from a technical point of view, nal manuscripts in the long repository, the setting this excludes the possibility to work with stand-off of a collection management system through a rela- markup). tional ontology based on the open source software Thus, the ambition to offer (at least exem- Collective Access, and the realization of a public plarily) diplomatic transcriptions of the original webpage to provide access to a first material pilot manuscript in a accountable and amendable man- project that offers the first digital born edition ner, can in principle help also non-expert readers of an unpublished lecture by Husserl (Einleitung of Gabelsberger shorthand to follow the originals in die Phänomenologie, 1912 edited by Thomas by means of reading the transcription side by side. Vongehr) that will be published also in printed In a further step, it will be possible to offer some version in the Husserliana Materialien series. tutorials and help-tools to learn and improve the The preparation of this platform over the last reading of Husserl’s shorthand. If this becomes four years has forced us to rethink at the same possible, by involving an international commu- time both archival and editorial practices. We are nity of researchers in this process, the knowledge now in the very challenging phase in which the on how to read Husserl’s original manuscripts can protocols that were established in the sixties must be secured for future generations and will contrib- be enhanced and partially amended. I will give ute to the progressive understanding of Husserl’s two examples for this: first, the new digital archi- thinking. tecture will make possible multiple readings, by Further research will decide whether some means of rearranging the pages of the manuscript sort of automated matching of the OCR results according to different orders (what we call “manu- Developing Digital Technology at the Husserl Archives. A Report 85 script collection”). As we saw before, this way of Hobbes, T., 1655b: De corpore. Elemente der Phi- reading, which is not possible in a linear printed losophie. Erste Abteilung: Der Körper, ed. by K. edition, actually approximates more faithfully the Schuhmann, Meiner, Hamburg, 1999. way in which Husserl himself wrote, read and Horsten, T., 2018: De pater en de filosoof: De red- organized his thoughts. Second, a diplomatic edi- ding van het Husserl-archief, vrijdag, Antwer- tion of Husserl’s manuscript was unthinkable in pen, german translation in preparation for print form. This will become possible by means Kiepenheuer & Witsch/Galiani, Berlin. of a TEI-encoding of the transcriptions. In a dip- Husserl, E., 1913 [Hua IV]: Ideen zu einer reinen lomatic transcription both archival and editorial Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Phi- impulses converge and interlock; it aims at provid- losophie. Zweites Buch: Phänomenologische ing a faithful documentation of the original while Untersuchungen zur Konstitution, ed. by M. it also makes transparent the various editorial Biemel, Nijhof, Den Haag, 1952. decisions (Dillen 2019). Furthermore, information Husserl, E., 1913 [Hua V]: Ideen zur einer reinen that in a printed critical edition (due to its linear- Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Phi- ity) can be only provided in a text critical appara- losophie. Drittes Buch: Die Phänomenologie tus at the end of the respective book, can in a dip- und die Fundamente der Wissenschaften, ed. by lomatic transcription be shown on screen within M. Biemel, Nijhof, Den Haag, 1952. the text, and thus used with much more efficacy. Husserl, E., 1923-1924a [Hua VII]: Erste Philoso- Philosophers usually tend to focus on the con- phie (1923-1924). Erster Teil: Kritische Ideenge- tent, not on the medium of their thoughts. This schichte, ed. by R. Boehm, Nijhof, Den Haag, tendency can make these editorial advancement 1956. seem, at first glance, superficial. However, what Husserl, E., 1923-1924b [Hua VIII]: Erste Phi- we have been learning is that the print medium losophie (1923-1924). Zweiter Teil: Theorie der in fact distracted the readers from the way Hus- phänomenologischen Reduktion, ed. by R. Boe- serl actually performed his phenomenological hm, Nijhof, Den Haag, 1959. research. We have taken on the task of making Husserl, E., 1893-1917 [Hua X]: Zur Phänomenol- public available, in the near future, the wording of ogie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins (1893-1917), Husserl’s thoughts and working method as he put ed. by R. Boehm, Nijhof, Den Haag, 1966. them on paper. Husserl, E., 1905-1920 [Hua XIII]: Zur Phänome- nologie der Intersubjektivität. Texte aus dem Nachlass. Erster Teil. 1905-1920, ed. by I. Kern, REFERENCES Nijhof, Den Haag, 1973. Husserl, E., 1921-1928 [Hua XIV]: Zur Phänome- Bégout, B., 2018: Le sauvatage, Fayard, Paris. nologie der Intersubjektivität. Texte aus dem Dillen, W., 2019: On edited archives and archived Nachlass. Zweiter Teil. 1921-1928, ed. by I. editions, “International Journal of Digital Kern, Nijhof, Den Haag, 1973. Humanities” 1, pp. 263-277. Husserl, E., 1929-1935 [Hua XV]: Zur Phänome- Heidegger, M., 1927: L’Être et le Temps, transl. by nologie der Intersubjektivität. Texte aus dem R. Boehm, A. de Waelhens, Gallimard, Paris, Nachlass. Dritter Teil. 1929-1935, ed. by I. 1964. Kern, Nijhof, Den Haag, 1973. Hobbes, T., 1651: Leviathan: a critical edition, ed. Husserl, E., 1976: Erfahrung und Urteil: Unter- by K. Schuhmann, J. Rogers, T. Continuum, suchungen zur Genealogie der Logik, Meiner, Bristol, 2004. Hamburg. Hobbes, T., 1655a: De Corpore. Elementorum Husserl, E., 1994: Briefwechsel, 10 voll., ed. by Philosophiæ Sectio Prima, ed. by K. Schuh- K. Schumann, with E. Schuhmann, Kluwer, mann, M. Pécharman, Vrin, Paris, 1999. Dordrecht. 86 Emanuele Caminada

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