DOCSLIB.ORG

Masaryk University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Masaryk University , MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature The Red Scare: The Fear of Communism in American Society of 1919-1920 Diploma Thesis Brno 2021 Supervisor: Author: Michael George, M.A. Bc. Michaela Klosová Declaration I proclaim that I have assembled this diploma thesis by myself and that I used only sources cited in the bibliography. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. V Brně 19.4. 2021 Bc. Michaela Klosová .............................. Acknowledgement I would like to thank to my supervisor Michael George, M. A. for his kind guidance, encouragement, valuable advice, time and helpful remarks. Annotation The aim of this diploma thesis is to present the period of the First Red Scare of 1919- 1920 to the reader and provide a deeper insight into the selected events that triggered the fears of Bolshevism within the United States, as well as, to present the fight against these fears and a subsequent development of the Red Scare. The first chapter deals with the historical background that generated the fears of Bolshevism within the United States. The second chapter deals with three sets of revolutionary threats that formed and supported fears of Bolshevism, such as the wave of strikes, racial rioting; and impact of the radical movement. The third chapter concentrates on the fight against the alien radicals by governmental representatives. The fourth chapter focuses on the causes that led to the fall of the Red Scare. Key Words Bolshevism, Fear, Communism, Palmer Raids, Red Scare Anotace Cílem této diplomové práce je představit čtenáři období Red Scare – „Obav z komunismu“, které probíhalo v roce 1919-1920 na území Spojených států amerických. Práce si klade za cíl představit toto období a poskytnout ucelený vhled na vybrané události, které vedly k obavám ze šíření komunismu. Tato práce si také klade za cíl přestavit boj vládních činitelů proti vlivu komunismu a jeho následný vývoj. První kapitola se zabývá historickými souvislostmi, které vedly k obavám z komunismu. Druhá kapitola se zaměřuje na tři druhy revolučních hrozeb, které vedly k obavám z komunistického spiknutí – tedy k období stávek, rasových nepokojů a vlivu radikálního hnutí. Třetí kapitola se soustředí na boj vládních činitelů s radikály. Poslední kapitola se soustředí na příčiny, které vedly k útlumu obav z komunismu, stejně jako se soustředí na kritiku. Klíčová slova Bolševismus, obavy, Komunismus, Palmer Raids, Red Scare The List of Content Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 7 1. The Path to the First Red Scare .................................................................................... 9 1.1. The Great War patriotism .................................................................................. 9 1.2. The Russian Revolution – Fighting the Bolsheviks ......................................... 13 1.3. The Post War Crisis ........................................................................................... 15 2. The Revolutionary Threats in the United States ......................................................... 18 2.1. The Post-war Strikes Wave ............................................................................... 18 2.1.1. The Revolutionary Threat of the Seattle General Strike ........................ 20 2.2. The Fear of the Racial Rioting of 1919 ............................................................ 23 2.2.1. The Racial Riots and the impact of Bolshevism ....................................... 23 2.3. The Fear of Radical Movement ........................................................................ 25 2.3.1. The Industrial Workers of the World ....................................................... 26 2.3.2. The Socialist Party of America .................................................................. 28 2.3.3. The Anarchism ............................................................................................ 29 3. Fighting the Bolshevism in the USA .......................................................................... 34 3.1. The Overman Committee .................................................................................. 36 3.2. The Lusk Committee of New York .................................................................. 38 3.2.1. The Soviet Bureau Raid ............................................................................. 40 3.2.2. The Rand School Raid ................................................................................ 41 3.2.3. The November Raids .................................................................................. 44 3.3. The Radical Division of Justice Department ................................................... 45 3.3.1. Palmer Raids ............................................................................................... 46 4. Evaluating the First Red Scare .................................................................................... 56 4.1. The Fall of the Red Scare .................................................................................. 56 4.1.1. The Exclusion of the Socialists ................................................................... 56 4.1.2. The Criticism of the Palmer Raids ............................................................ 58 4.2. Downsizing the radical threats after the Red Scare ....................................... 65 4.2.1. The Decline of Strikes ................................................................................. 65 4.2.2. The Racial Riots of 1919 and its aftermath .............................................. 67 4.2.3. The Downfall of the Radical Movement ............................................... 69 4.3. Outcomes of the Red Scare ............................................................................... 70 4.3.1 The Call for the Peace-time Sedition Laws ............................................... 70 4.3.2. The Lusk Laws ............................................................................................ 73 4.3.3. The Civil liberties movement ..................................................................... 76 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 77 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 79 Introduction The phenomenon of the Red Scare emerged out of two main events; the Great War and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. It was an unparalleled period of time that experienced an enormous wave of strikes, high inflation, a set of racial riots targeting Afro-Americans, emergence of the New Negro who resisted a white mob oppression, a series of bomb attacks that targeted Governmental representatives and business leaders. The existing social order seemed to be collapsing. The American establishment seemed to be threatened by Bolshevik agitators. As a result, the fears of Bolshevism emerged and transformed into the resistance against immigrants, radicals, Bolsheviks and another non-conformist. The Red Scare was put on political agenda. Since the topic of the First Red Scare is not often the part of the school curriculum, it deserves further research; and may serve as a supplementary material for teachers or students. Therefore, this diploma thesis aims to present the period of the First Red Scare of 1919-1920 to the reader and provide a deeper insight into the selected events that triggered the fears of Bolshevism within the United States, as well as, to present the fight of governmental representatives against these fears and a subsequent development of the Red Scare. The methodology used to compile the thesis was to study of the primary and secondary sources related with the radicalism, anarchism and threat of Bolshevism. This diploma theses consists of four chapters. The first chapter deals with the historical background and identifies the roots that generated the fears of Bolshevism within the United States. The second chapter deals with the revolutionary threats that formed and supported fears of Bolshevism; such as the wave of strikes, racial rioting; or an impact of the radical movement. The third chapter concentrates on the fight against the alien radicals that were considered as conveyors of Bolshevism within the United States. It provides the steps taken by authorities against alleged Bolsheviks. It also provides the narratives of investigation of seditious activities and consequent raids that targeted alien radicals. The fourth chapter focuses on the causes that led to the fall of the Red Scare, as well as, on the causes of resistance against raiding, illegal practices and a wave of criticism. It also discusses the necessity for legislation that would prevent the radical activity, such as the immigration law, or peace-time sedition laws. 1. The Path to the First Red Scare The phenomenon of the Red Scare of 1919-1920 in the United States of America was a period of political repression and intolerance directed against radicals, Bolsheviks, immigrants and any "anti-American" individuals
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Palmer Primary Source Analysis
    Palmer’s Case Against “Red” 1920 ! Primary Source Analysis Image Analysis Point of View Writing Prompt Copyright Stephanie’s History Store Brief Background! In 1919 and 1920, Attorney General Palmer led a crusade against Americans believed to be “leftist,” “anarchists,” and threats to the general safety of democratic America. His plan was to arrest and deport those threats to America. The Department of Labor thwarted many of Palmer’s deportations attempt because deportation was under its jurisdiction and the Department objected to Palmer’s methods. These Palmer Raids were one aspect of the Red Scare, the fear of, and reaction to, political radicals in America. With the Russian Revolution making !news, for many people this Red Scare became more of a reality. A fear was that the Russian Revolution would bleed into America via Russian immigrants and other immigrants sympathetic to the Russian cause. People were targeted by Palmer both fairly and unfairly. A person could denounce his or her neighbor and proof of radical activities was not necessary for the arrest to happen. Below is a speech given by Palmer regarding his crusade against “Red.” In two years hundreds of individuals were deported, multiple thousands were arrested, and more than a few were unfortunately innocent of being !anarchists, communists, or leftists. Attorney General Palmer’s Case! Against the “Reds,” 1920 In this brief review of the work which the Department of Justice has undertaken, to tear out the radical seeds that have entangled American ideas in their poisonous theories, I desire not merely to explain what the real menace of communism is, but also to tell how we have been compelled to clean up the country almost unaided by !any virile legislation.
    [Show full text]
  • When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
    WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context.
    [Show full text]
  • The Triumph and Anguish of the Russian Revolution: Bessie Beatty's
    The Triumph and Anguish of the Russian Revolution: Bessie Beatty’s Forgotten Chronicle Lyubov Ginzburg … only time will be able to attribute both the political and the social revolution their true values. Bessie Beatty, the Bulletin, 25 September 1917 The centennial of the Russian Revolution celebrated two and a half years ago has been marked by a pronounced revival of interest in its origins and impact upon modern history all over the globe. The occasion presented an opportunity to revisit the unprecedented social and political upheaval that convulsed the country in 1917, defined the world order for much of the twentieth century, and continues to reverberate in Russian national and international politics to this day. Along with countless newly revealed primary sources which have gradually found their way into the public domain, this event has been encrusted with novel meanings spawned within a growing number of discourses previously excluded from his- torical scrutiny. An example of such a disparity would be an unfortunate slight to gendered narratives in the understanding and interpretation of one of the most controversial social experiments in human history. In spite of the fact that, as with their male counterparts, foreign female correspondents became chroniclers, witnesses, and, in some instances, participants in the thrilling social drama, there have been few references to their representation of the Revolution(s) in its histori- ography.1 Meanwhile, compelled to understanding Russia, while informing com- 1 Although disproportionally less than their men-authored counterparts, women’s narratives have previously sparked some occasional interest among historians and scholars of journalism and women studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Times of Emma Goldman: a Curriculum for Middle and High School Students
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 356 998 SO 023 057 AUTHOR Falk, Candace; And Others TITLE The Life and Times of Emma Goldman: A Curriculum for Middle and High School Students. Primary Historical Documents on: Immigration, Freedom of Expression, Women's Rights, Anti-Militarism, Art and Literature of Social Change. INSTITUTION California Univ., Berkeley. Emma Goldman Papers Project.; Los Angeles Educational Partnership, CA.; New Directions Curriculum Developers, Berkeley, CA. REPORT NO ISBN-0-9635443-0-6 PUB DATE 92 NOTE 139p.; Materials reproduced from other sources will not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMEmma Goldman Papers Project, University of California, 2372 Ellsworth Street, Berkeley, CA 94720 ($13, plus $3 shipping). PCB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Females; Feminism; Freedom of Speech; Higher Education; High Schools; Hig ,School Students; *Humanities Instruction; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Labor; Middle Schools; Primary Sources; *Social Studies; *United States History; Units of Study IDENTIFIERS *Goldman (Emma); Middle School Students ABSTRACT The documents in this curriculum unit are drawn from the massive archive collected by the Emma Goldman Papers Project at the University of California (Berkeley). They are linked to the standard social studies and humanities curriculum themes of art and literature, First Amendment rights, labor, progressive politics, and Red Scare, the rise of industrialization, immigration, women's rights, World War I, and
    [Show full text]
  • S688p6 1920.Pdf
    -- A Political Guide for the Workers Socialist Party Campaign Book 1920 Prebared by the Department of Labor Research, Rand School of Social Science A. L. Trachtenberg, Director Published by The Socialist Party of the United States 220 South Ashland Boulevard CHICAGO, ILL. 1920 CoPYnIoAT 1940 BY Tm SOCIALIST PARTY OF TAE UNITED STATES CHICAGO, ILL. Printed in the U. S. A. 7 FOREWORD %F This little book is the joint work of a number of con- tributors, which has been compiled under the general editorship of Alexander Trachtenberg, Director of the Department of Labor Resewch of the Rand School of Social Science, and James Oneal, member of the National Executive Committee of the Socialist party. Benjamin Glassberg of the Rand School also rendered valuable assistance in the editorial work. Among the contributors to the volume are Morris Hill- quit, David P. Berenberg, Evans Clark, Roger Baldwin, Solon DeLeon , Lewis Gannett, Benjamin Glassberg, Bertha Hale White, William Morris Feigenbaum, Alex- ander Trachtenberg, James Oneal and Irwin St. John Tucker. The book il the result of a request made by the Na- tional Executive Committee that the Research Depart- ment of the Rand School of Social Science co-operate in the preparation of material for it. The editorial committee believes that the book marks an advance over the bulky campaign books that have been prepared in the past, in that the material is much less in quantity, it is presented in a more popular style, statistics have been reduced to a minimum, while the information will prove of service to party speakers and editors and at the same time serve as a propaganda book among the workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Investigations Into Propaganda Activities (1919–1941): the Tacit Collusion Between U.S. Politicians and the Press1
    ARTÍCULOS Historia y comunicación social ISSN: 1137-0734 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/hics.65273 Legislative Investigations into Propaganda Activities (1919–1941): The Tacit Collusion Between U.S. Politicians and the Press1 Dario Migliucci2 Recibido el: 2 de agosto de 2019 / Aceptado: 29 de junio de 2020 Abstract. The present work analyzes the complex relationship that was established during the interwar period between the American press and the legislative committees which investigated the propaganda activities of subversive movements and large private corporations during those years. The investigation is the result of the examination of journalistic sources and documentary evidence recently collected from various US federal and state archives. The main hypothesis is that the struggle against propaganda by both the press and the legislative committees became a new form of manipulation of public opinion, enabling politicians and reporters to exploit people’s aversion to the new persuasion techniques in order to satisfy their own personal interests and ideological purposes. Keywords: Journalism; American Press; Legislative Investigations; Propaganda; United States. [es] Investigaciones legislativas sobre propaganda (1919–1941): la colusión tácita entre los políticos estadounidenses y la prensa Resumen. El presente trabajo analiza la compleja relación que se estableció durante el periodo de entreguerras entre la prensa estadounidense y los comités legislativos que estaban investigando las actividades de propaganda. La investigación es el resultado del examen de fuentes periodísticas y evidencias documentales que han sido recientemente recopiladas en varios archivos federales y estatales de los Estados Unidos. La hipótesis principal es que la lucha contra la propaganda por parte de la prensa y de los comités legislativos se convirtió en una nueva forma de manipulación de la opinión pública, permitiendo a políticos y periodistas de explotar la aversión popular hacia las nuevas técnicas de persuasión con el fin de satisfacer sus intereses personales e ideológicos.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigrants and Counterterrorism Policy: a Comparative Study of the United States and Britain
    IMMIGRANTS AND COUNTERTERRORISM POLICY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN A dissertation presented by David Michael Smith to The Department of Political Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Northeastern University Boston, MA April 2013 1 IMMIGRANTS AND COUNTERTERRORISM POLICY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN by David Michael Smith ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities of Northeastern University April 2013 2 Abstract This project examines the political mechanisms through which foreign nationals are perceived as security threats and, as a consequence, disproportionately targeted by counterterrorism policies. Evidence suggests that domestic security strategies that unduly discriminate against non-citizens or national minorities are counterproductive; such strategies lead to a loss of state legitimacy, they complicate the gathering of intelligence, and they serve as a potential source of radicalization. At the same time, discriminatory counterterrorism policies represent a significant break from liberal democratic ideals by legitimizing unfair treatment of targeted groups. If discriminatory counterterrorism policies are counterproductive and undemocratic, why do policymakers support such strategies in the first place? By what means do these types of policies and related administrative measures gain traction in the political system? How do these measures operate in practice, and what accounts for variations in their implementation over time? To answer these questions, a policy process model is used that distinguishes between the problem definition and agenda setting, policy formulation and legitimation, and policy implementation phases of policymaking.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Workingmen's Association, Sometimes Called The
    Speer: History of the Union of Russian Workers [April 8, 1919] 1 The Russian Workingmen’s Association, sometimes called the Union of Russian Workers (What It Is and How It Operates). [A Bureau of Investigation Internal Report] April 8, 1919 by Edgar B. Speer Report prepared in he Pittsburgh Office of the Bureau of Investigation. Document in DoJ/BoI Investigative Files, NARA M-1085, reel. 926, file 325570. At Pittsburgh, Pa. included some of the Russian Anarchists. There was trouble among the members of this organization and From the 6th to the 9th of January, 1919, the a Russian Anarchist by the name of William Shatov, 2nd Convention of the Russian Colonies was held in sometimes called Shatoff, who now occupies a promi- New York City. One hundred twenty-three delegates nent position in the Lenin Government in Russia; participated in the convention and they represented another Russian by the name of A. Rode, who is still 33,975 Russians, according to the Soviet of Working- living in the United States; a man by the name of men’s Deputies of the US and Canada Weekly. The inde- Dieproski; a Finnish Anarchist by the name of Peter- pendent element was represented by 60 delegates; son, who it is understood is still living in the United Union of Russian Workers, 49; Socialists, 9; Indus- States under the name of Peters; and several others. trial Workers of the World, 2; and Anarchists, 3. Dur- These met and formed a Russian Anarchist Group. ing the convention, Peter Bianki, who represented the The Group was in existence about 6 months when it Union of Russian Workers of the United States and began the publication of a monthly paper called Golos Canada and the Anarchists, declared from the con- Truda (Voice of Labor).
    [Show full text]
  • Crime Fantasies
    Alabama Law Scholarly Commons Articles Faculty Scholarship 2019 Crime Fantasies John Felipe Acevedo University of Alabama - School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.ua.edu/fac_articles Recommended Citation John F. Acevedo, Crime Fantasies, 46 Am. J. Crim. L. 193 (2019). Available at: https://scholarship.law.ua.edu/fac_articles/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Alabama Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of Alabama Law Scholarly Commons. Article CRIME FANTASIES John Felipe Acevedo* I. Introduction .................................. ....... 194 II. Witch-Hunts ......................................... 198 A. Quaker-Hunting in Colonial Massachusetts Bay ......................... 199 B. The First Red Scare......................... ....... 204 C. The Second Red Scare ..................... ......... 209 D. Distinguishing Witch-hunts from Race Targeting . .......... 211 III. Crime Panics ............................................ 215 A. Salem...................................... ..... 216 B. Satanic Panic ......................................... 222 C. The Mueller Investigation ............................ 225 D. Crime Panics and Race ....................... 229 IV. Lessons from Crime Fantasies............................ 234 A. Preventing Witch-Hunts...... .................. 235 B. Mitigating Crime Panics ........................ ..... 237 V. Conclusion ..................................
    [Show full text]
  • ITALIANS in the UNITED STATES DURING WORLD WAR II Mary
    LAW, SECURITY, AND ETHNIC PROFILING: ITALIANS IN THE UNITED STATES DURING WORLD WAR II Mary Elizabeth Basile Chopas A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2013 Approved by: Wayne E. Lee Richard H. Kohn Eric L. Muller Zaragosa Vargas Heather Williams ©2013 Mary Elizabeth Basile Chopas ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Mary Elizabeth Basile Chopas: Law, Security, and Ethnic Profiling: Italians in the United States During World War II (under the direction of Wayne E. Lee) The story of internment and other restrictions during World War II is about how the U.S. government categorized persons within the United States from belligerent nations based on citizenship and race and thereby made assumptions about their loyalty and the national security risk that they presented. This dissertation examines how agencies of the federal government interacted to create and enact various restrictions on close to 700,000 Italian aliens residing in the United States, including internment for certain individuals, and how and why those policies changed during the course of the war. Against the backdrop of wartime emergency, federal decision makers created policies of ethnic-based criteria in response to national security fears, but an analysis of the political maturity of Italian Americans and their assimilation into American society by World War II helps explain their community’s ability to avoid mass evacuation and internment. Based on the internment case files for 343 individuals, this dissertation provides the first social profile of the Italian civilian internees and explains the apparent basis for the government’s identification of certain aliens as “dangerous,” such as predilections for loyalty to Italy and Fascist beliefs, as opposed to the respectful demeanor and appreciation of American democracy characterizing potentially good citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature
    i “Any Minute Now the World’s Overflowing Its Border”: Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature by Anna Elena Torres A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Joint Doctor of Philosophy with the Graduate Theological Union in Jewish Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender and Sexuality in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Chana Kronfeld, Chair Professor Naomi Seidman Professor Nathaniel Deutsch Professor Juana María Rodríguez Summer 2016 ii “Any Minute Now the World’s Overflowing Its Border”: Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature Copyright © 2016 by Anna Elena Torres 1 Abstract “Any Minute Now the World’s Overflowing Its Border”: Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature by Anna Elena Torres Joint Doctor of Philosophy with the Graduate Theological Union in Jewish Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender and Sexuality University of California, Berkeley Professor Chana Kronfeld, Chair “Any Minute Now the World’s Overflowing Its Border”: Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature examines the intertwined worlds of Yiddish modernist writing and anarchist politics and culture. Bringing together original historical research on the radical press and close readings of Yiddish avant-garde poetry by Moyshe-Leyb Halpern, Peretz Markish, Yankev Glatshteyn, and others, I show that the development of anarchist modernism was both a transnational literary trend and a complex worldview. My research draws from hitherto unread material in international archives to document the world of the Yiddish anarchist press and assess the scope of its literary influence. The dissertation’s theoretical framework is informed by diaspora studies, gender studies, and translation theory, to which I introduce anarchist diasporism as a new term.
    [Show full text]
  • For Liberty, Bread, and Love: Annie Buller, Beckie Buhay, and the Forging of Communist Militant Femininity in Canada, 1918 - 1939
    FOR LIBERTY, BREAD, AND LOVE: ANNIE BULLER, BECKIE BUHAY, AND THE FORGING OF COMMUNIST MILITANT FEMININITY IN CANADA, 1918 - 1939 by Anne Frances Toews B.A., University of the Fraser Valley, 2005 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of History © Anne Frances Toews, 2009 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-59775-0 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-59775-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse.
    [Show full text]