Copyrighted Material 1.1.1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Words and Alternative Basic Units for Linguistic Analysis
Words and alternative basic units for linguistic analysis 1 Words and alternative basic units for linguistic analysis Jens Allwood SCCIIL Interdisciplinary Center, University of Gothenburg A. P. Hendrikse, Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, Pretoria Elisabeth Ahlsén SCCIIL Interdisciplinary Center, University of Gothenburg Abstract The paper deals with words and possible alternative to words as basic units in linguistic theory, especially in interlinguistic comparison and corpus linguistics. A number of ways of defining the word are discussed and related to the analysis of linguistic corpora and to interlinguistic comparisons between corpora of spoken interaction. Problems associated with words as the basic units and alternatives to the traditional notion of word as a basis for corpus analysis and linguistic comparisons are presented and discussed. 1. What is a word? To some extent, there is an unclear view of what counts as a linguistic word, generally, and in different language types. This paper is an attempt to examine various construals of the concept “word”, in order to see how “words” might best be made use of as units of linguistic comparison. Using intuition, we might say that a word is a basic linguistic unit that is constituted by a combination of content (meaning) and expression, where the expression can be phonetic, orthographic or gestural (deaf sign language). On closer examination, however, it turns out that the notion “word” can be analyzed and specified in several different ways. Below we will consider the following three main ways of trying to analyze and define what a word is: (i) Analysis and definitions building on observation and supposed easy discovery (ii) Analysis and definitions building on manipulability (iii) Analysis and definitions building on abstraction 2. -
ON SOME CATEGORIES for DESCRIBING the SEMOLEXEMIC STRUCTURE by Yoshihiko Ikegami
ON SOME CATEGORIES FOR DESCRIBING THE SEMOLEXEMIC STRUCTURE by Yoshihiko Ikegami 1. A lexeme is the minimum unit that carries meaning. Thus a lexeme can be a "word" as well as an affix (i.e., something smaller than a word) or an idiom (i.e,, something larger than a word). 2. A sememe is a unit of meaning that can be realized as a single lexeme. It is defined as a structure constituted by those features having distinctive functions (i.e., serving to distinguish the sememe in question from other semernes that contrast with it).' A question that arises at this point is whether or not one lexeme always corresponds to just one serneme and no more. Three theoretical positions are foreseeable: (I) one which holds that one lexeme always corresponds to just one sememe and no more, (2) one which holds that one lexeme corresponds to an indefinitely large number of sememes, and (3) one which holds that one lexeme corresponds to a certain limited number of sememes. These three positions wiIl be referred to as (1) the "Grundbedeutung" theory, (2) the "use" theory, and (3) the "polysemy" theory, respectively. The Grundbedeutung theory, however attractive in itself, is to be rejected as unrealistic. Suppose a preliminary analysis has revealed that a lexeme seems to be used sometimes in an "abstract" sense and sometimes in a "concrete" sense. In order to posit a Grundbedeutung under such circumstances, it is to be assumed that there is a still higher level at which "abstract" and "concrete" are neutralized-this is certainly a theoretical possibility, but it seems highly unlikely and unrealistic from a psychological point of view. -
Metalanguage and Encoding Scheme Design for Digital Lexicography
MONDILEX: I УШ ИИ а Conceptual Modelling of Networking of '•ШАШЛ ЩЛ Centres for High-Quality Research in Slavic Lexicography and Their Digital Resources L. Stur Institute of Linguistics Slovak Academy of Sciences Metalanguage and Encoding Scheme Design for Digital Lexicography MONDILEX Third Open Workshop Bratislava, Slovakia, 15-16 April, 2009 Proceedings Bratislava 2009 MONDILEX: Conceptual Modelling of Networking of Centres for High- Quality Research in Slavic Lexicography and Their Digital Resources Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Sciences Metalanguage and Encoding Scheme Design for Digital Lexicography Innovative Solutions for Lexical Entry Design in Slavic Lexicography MONDILEX Third Open Workshop Bratislava, Slovakia, 15–16 April, 2009 Proceedings Radovan Garabík (Ed.) The workshop is organized by the project GA 211938 MONDILEX Conceptual Modelling of Networking of Centres for High-Quality Research in Slavic Lexicography and Their Digital Resources supported by EU FP7 programme Capacities – Research Infrastructures Design studies for research infrastructures in all S&T fields Metalanguage and Encoding Scheme Design for Digital Lexicography Bratislava, Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, 2009. The volume contains contributions presented at the Third open workshop “Metalanguage and encoding scheme design for digital lexicography”, held in Bratislava, Slovakia, on 15–16 April 2009. The workshop is organized by the international project GA 211938 MONDILEX Conceptual Modelling of Networking of Centres for High- Quality -
Monosemy and the Dictionary Henri Béjoint
Monosemy and the Dictionary Henri Béjoint I. The Notion of "Monosemy" in Linguistics The notion of "monosemy" is often mentioned by linguists, though not always under that name—Cruse (1986), for example, uses "univocality", Catford (1983:24) discusses the use of terms such as "oligosemy" "eurysemy" and "stenosemy" — but it is hardly ever defined or exemplified. Also, few linguists have tried to evaluate the quantitative importance of monosemy: how many words can be considered monosemous in English and in other languages? When evaluations are attempted, the results are surprisingly divergent, the discrepancies probably being due to the indeterminacy ofthe definition of "monosemy". The situation is all the more surprising as "polysemy" is discussed in every single book about semantics. Lexical polysemy has been considered as an unfortunate imperfection by many linguists in the past (dialectologists, after Gilliéron, and structuralists), but nowadays it is often presented as an indispensable feature of language: without polysemy, language could not cope with the diversity and the variability of the notions to be expressed. If every single "referent" had a different name, the lexical code would impose an extraordinary burden on the memory of the language user (see Hagège 1985:126).1 Whichever attitude is adopted, polysemy is important for the semanticist: indeed, for some, it is "the very object of semantics" (Rey-Debove 1971:256). If monosemy is inseparable from polysemy, it must be an equally fundamental concept. Its study is particularly important in terminology, since it is one of the most often quoted characteristics of the term as opposed to the word, but it is also important in lexicology and lexicography. -
Download Article
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 312 International Conference "Topical Problems of Philology and Didactics: Interdisciplinary Approach in Humanities and Social Sciences" (TPHD 2018) Methods of Identifying Members of Synonymic Row Juliya A. Litvinova Elena A. Maklakova Chair of Foreign Languages Chair of Foreign Languages Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov Technologies named after G.F. Morozov Voronezh, Russia Voronezh, Russia [email protected] Affiliation): dept. name of organization Abstract— This article is devoted to identifying the criteria of analysis, method of field modeling, method of semantic synonymity of lexical items. The existence of different definitions interpretation, method of generalization of dictionary of synonymy, the selection criteria of items in the synonymic row definitions, methods of quantitative, lexicographical, indicate the insufficient study and incoherence of this contextual, psycholinguistic analysis. Data for the study were phenomenon in linguistics. The study of the semantics of lexical 2 lexical items in the Russian language (gorodok, gorodishko) items allows explaining the most accurately and authentically the integration and differentiation of lexical items close in meaning. obtained from the Russian Explanatory Dictionaries (V. I. The description of the meaning structure (sememe) is possible Dahl, D. N. Ushakov, S. I. Ozhegov, A. P. Evgenieva, S. A. through the description of its seme composition. The methods of Kuznetsov, T. F. Efremova), Russian National Corpus seme semasiology (lexicographic, psycholinguistic, contextual) (ruscorpora.ru). allow revealing various components in the sememe structure. -
Online Dictionaries As Emergent Archives of Contemporary Usage and Collaborative Codification
Online Dictionaries as Emergent Archives of Contemporary Usage and Collaborative Codification Colleen Cotter Queen Mary, University of London John Damaso Arizona State University February 2007 Abstract Within the history of modern English lexicography, individual dictionary editors have had ultimate control over the selection, meaning, and illustration of words; extensive collaboration with contributors has been limited. However, Internet technologies that easily permit exchanges between a user and a database have allowed a new type of dictionary online, one that is built by the collaboration of contributing end-users, allowing ordinary users of dictionaries who are not trained lexicographers to engage in dictionary-making. We discuss a popular online slang dictionary called UrbanDictionary.com (UD) to illustrate how lexicographic principles are joined with Web-only communication technologies to provide a context for collaborative engagement and meaning-making; and to note the many characteristics and functions shared with the traditional print dictionary. Significantly, UD captures what most traditional English dictionaries fall short of: recording ephemeral quotidian spoken language and representing popular views of meaning. By relying on the users of language to select and define words for a dictionary, UD, which defines more than 1 million words, has in effect influenced access to and formulation of the lexis. Keywords computer-mediated communication, lexicography, slang, youth language; English Queen Mary’s OPAL #9 Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics 1 Introduction English lexicography stems from a tradition of relatively limited functional collaboration, beginning with Samuel Johnson’s dictionary in 1755, in which editors overseeing numerous contributors held the ultimate authority over the selection, meaning, and illustration of words. -
Wordweb Free Download Latest Version
Wordweb free download latest version WordWeb Free* version. One-click lookup in any almost any Windows program; Hundreds of thousands of definitions and synonyms; The latest international WordWeb Free Licensing · Details · Apps · Add-ons. Free download · Buy Pro · Main WordWeb window. WordWeb free version Supports Windows 10, latest words and improved one-click, see What's New. Download WordWeb for Windows now from Softonic: % safe and virus free. More than downloads this month. Download WordWeb latest version WordWeb free download. Get new version of WordWeb. English dictionary and Thesaurus ✓ Free ✓ Updated ✓ Download now. WordWeb enables you to check spelling, look up dictionary definitions, get synonyms It's free until they start bombarding you with questions about how often you . this product, this submission will be added as an update to your original review. Version adds new words and database updates, plus support for a new. Fast downloads of the latest free software!*** WordWeb By WordWeb Software Older Versions. WordWeb WordWeb is your assisting dictionary and thesaurus that looks up words in almost any program. Choose. WordWeb is a dictionary which allows you to find definitions, synonyms and antonyms of any given word without going online. It includes. WordWeb Free A handy dictionary and thesaurus to install under Version is a major update with these new feature (What's New). Download WordWeb for free. Download now MB The latest version of the program can be downloaded for PCs running Windows. WordWeb Pro is a quick and powerful international English thesaurus and dictionary for Windows WordWeb Free & Safe Download! WordWeb Latest Version! Make your own crossword puzzles, word searches and sudoku. -
Unit 2 Structures Handout.Pdf
2. The definition of a language as a structure of structures 2.1. Phonetics and phonology Relevance for studying language in its natural or primary medium: oral sounds rather than written symbols. Phonic medium: the range of sounds produced by the speech organs insofar as the play a role in language Speech sounds: Individual sounds within that range Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium: The study of the production, transmission, and reception of human sound-making used in speech. e.g. classification of sounds as voiced vs voiceless: /b/ vs /p/ Phonology is the study of the phonic medium not in itself but in relation with language. e.g. application of voice to the explanation of differences within the system of language: housen vs housev usen vs usev 2.1.1. Phonetics It is usually divided into three branches which study the phonic medium from three points of view: Articulatory phonetics: speech sounds according to the way in which they are produced by the speech organs. Acoustic phonetics: speech sounds according to the physical properties of their sound-waves. Auditory phonetics: speech sounds according to their perception and identification. Articulatory phonetics has the longest tradition, and its progress in the 19th century contributed a standardize and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription: the origins of the International Phonetic Alphabet used today and relying on sound symbols and diacritics. It studies production in relation with the vocal tract, i.e., organs such as: lungs trachea or windpipe, containing: larynx vocal folds glottis pharyngeal cavity nose mouth, containing fixed organs: teeth and teeth ridge hard palate pharyngeal wall mobile organs: lips tongue soft palate jaw According to their function and participation, sounds may take several features: Voice: voiced vs voiceless sounds, according to the participation of the vocal folds e.g. -
Different but Not All Opposite: Contributions to Lexical Relationships Teaching in Primary School
INTE - ITICAM - IDEC 2018, Paris-FRANCE VOLUME 1 All Different But Not All Opposite: Contributions To Lexical Relationships Teaching In Primary School Adriana BAPTISTA Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Media Arts and Design inED – Centre for Research and Innovation in Education Portugal [email protected] Celda CHOUPINA Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Education inED – Centre for Research and Innovation in Education Centre of Linguistics of the University of Porto Portugal [email protected] José António COSTA Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Education inED – Centre for Research and Innovation in Education Centre of Linguistics of the University of Porto Portugal [email protected] Joana QUERIDO Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Education Portugal [email protected] Inês OLIVEIRA Polytechnic Institute of Porto – School of Education Centre of Linguistics of the University of Porto Portugal [email protected] Abstract The lexicon allows the expression of particular cosmovisions, which is why there are a wide range of lexical relationships, involving different linguistic particularities (Coseriu, 1991; Teixeira , 2005). We find, however, in teaching context, that these variations are often replaced by dichotomous and decontextualized proposals of lexical organization, presented, for instance, in textbooks and other supporting materials (Baptista et al., 2017). Thus, our paper is structured in two parts. First, we will try to account for the diversity of lexical relations (Choupina, Costa & Baptista, 2013), considering phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic- discursive, cognitive and historical criteria (Lehmann & Martin-Berthet, 2008). Secondly, we present an experimental study that aims at verifying if primary school pupils intuitively organize their mental lexicon in a dichotomous way. -
Semantic Shifts in the Sphere of Evaluative Units
Center for Open Access in Science ▪ Belgrade - SERBIA 3rd International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences http://centerprode.com/conferences/3IeCSHSS.html ISBN (Online) 978-86-81294-02-4 ▪ 2019: 201-210 _________________________________________________________________________ Semantic Shifts in the Sphere of Evaluative Units Tatiana Sallier St. Petersburg State University, RUSSIAN FEDERATION Department of Philology, St. Petersburg Abstract The purpose of the research is to trace some semantic processes occurring in the sphere of evaluative units – lexemes with “good” or “bad” element of meaning. The article is aimed at proving that evaluative units display a semantic shift from more concrete to more abstract meaning. Evaluative lexemes are known to include a denotative (more concrete) seme and an evaluative (abstract) seme. In the process of usage, the denotative seme is suppressed and the lexeme acquires purely evaluative meaning. In the process of “name calling”, “bad” words lose their denotative element and become pure invectives. The denotative seme may not even be known to the speaker. The loss of denotative meaning may occur in the process of word borrowing. Latin “paganus” – a rural dweller – came to mean “pagan” in European languages and the word “поганый” in Russian means just “bad”. Keywords: evaluative, pejorative, semantic shifts, denotative. 1. Introduction The article is aimed at tracing semantic tendencies operating in the sphere of pejorative evaluative lexemes – that is lexemes including an evaluative element of meaning. An evaluative lexeme may be purely evaluative – that is, bear no other meaning except evaluation. Such adjectives as English “good” and “bad” or Russian “хороший”, “плохой” may serve as examples. -
Verbs of 'Preparing Something for Eating by Heating It in a Particular
DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA INGLESA Y ALEMANA Verbs of ‘preparing something for eating by heating it in a particular way’: a lexicological analysis Grado en Estudios Ingleses Fabián García Díaz Tutora: Mª del Carmen Fumero Pérez San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 8 de septiembre de 2015 INDEX 1. Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4 3. Theoretical perspective ........................................................................................................ 6 4. Analysis: verbs of to prepare something for eating by heating it in a particular way: cook, fry and roast. ................................................................................................................... 9 4.1. Corpus selection .............................................................................................................. 9 4.2. Verb selection ................................................................................................................ 11 5. Paradigmatic relations ....................................................................................................... 13 5.1. Semantic components and lexematic analysis ............................................................... 13 5.2. Lexical relations ........................................................................................................... -
Notetab User Manual
NoteTab User Manual Copyright © 1995-2016, FOOKES Holding Ltd, Switzerland NoteTab® Tame Your Text with NoteTab by FOOKES Holding Ltd A leading-edge text and HTML editor. Handle a stack of huge files with ease, format text, use a spell-checker, and perform system-wide searches and multi-line global replacements. Build document templates, convert text to HTML on the fly, and take charge of your code with a bunch of handy HTML tools. Use a power-packed scripting language to create anything from a text macro to a mini-application. Winner of top industry awards since 1998. “NoteTab” and “Fookes” are registered trademarks of Fookes Holding Ltd. All other trademarks and service marks, both marked and not marked, are the property of their respective ow ners. NoteTab® Copyright © 1995-2016, FOOKES Holding Ltd, Switzerland All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the written permission of the publisher. “NoteTab” and “Fookes” are registered trademarks of Fookes Holding Ltd. All other trademarks and service marks, both marked and not marked, are the property of their respective owners. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this document.