Abernethy Forest, 65, 277 Abstraction, 31, 101, 102, 104, 243, 334

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INDEX

Abernethy Forest, 65, 277 anadromous fish abstraction, 31, 101, 102, 104, 243, 334 allis shad, 200 agriculture, 6, 18, 19, 31, 34, 40, 51, 52, ancient woodland, 63–65 53, 55, 57, 58, 61, 66, 68, 102, Anguilla black lizard, 136 117, 130, 152, 165, 209, 270, animal and plant introductions and 273, 286, 340, 344, 350, 355, 380 problems with globalisation, 341 agricultural disease, 60 animal introductions, 78–85 agricultural irrigation, 59 amphibians and reptiles, 83 agricultural intensification, 54–55 bird reintroductions, 82 Common Policy, 57 birds, 80–82 alder (Alnus glutinosa), 270 fish, 83, 109, 244, 309, 382 alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum), 71, 369 insects, 83–84 Alice Holt Forest, 65 mammals, 145–157 alpine bearberry (Arctostaphypos animal reintroductions alpinus), 44 crustaceans, 85 amphibians, 16, 83, 96, 190–193 fish, 83 alien amphibians, 193 molluscs, 85 chytrid fungus, 191 spiders and scorpions, 84–85 increases and declines, 361 annual alpine gentian (Gentiana nivalis), native, 190 44 ranavirus, 191 annual mercury (Mercurialis annua), special concern, 191–192 368 threatened, 191 archaeophytes, 71–72

391

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392 | INDEX

Arctic char, plate 9, 30, 199, 200, 360 ringing, 161–163 Arctic tern, 311, 326 satellite tagging, 162–163 Argyll Forest Park, 65 songs, 164–165, 174–175 art, 7, 93, 97, 261, 316, 324 town and garden birds, 173–174 blackcaps as, 93–94 woodland birds, 168–169 wild species as, 7, 93–94 birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis), 73 Ascension Island frigatebird, 136, 137 bittern (Botaurus stellaris), 135, 177 Ashdown Forest, 65, 149 black grouse, 62, 116, 120, 170, 327 atmosphere of earth, 22 black guillemot, 318 avocet, 135, 180, 359 black tern, 162, 329 blackbird, 7, 166, 174, 175, 349 banded snail (Cepaea nemoralis), 10 blackcap, 89–92, 93, 164, 168, 169, 173, Barkham, Patrick, 325, 386 174, 175, 335, 342 Barbary macaque, 136 survival, 90–92 barn owl, 123, 166, 324, 330 black-headed gull, 172, 182 basil thyme (Clinopodium acinos), 369 blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), 270 bats black-throated diver, 44, 62, 170, 174, in roofs, 154–157 339 beaches wildlife, 316–317 black-winged stilt, 180 bearded tits, 324, 330 Blean Woods, 62, 65 Bechstein’s bat (Myotis bechsteinii), 155 blewits mushroom (Lepista saeva), 297 bee orchid (Ophrys opifera), 368 blue iguana, plate 6 bee-eater, 183 blue tit, 349 beefsteak mushroom (Fistulina hepatica), bluethroat, 328 297 bog sandwort (Minuartia stricta), 325 beetles (Coleoptera), 258 bovine tuberculosis, 60, 150 endangered, 262–263 bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), 369 Belvoir Forest, 66 Brandon Park, 65 birch (Betula pendula), 270 Brandt’s bat (Myotis brandtii), 155 bird’s-eye primrose (Primula farinosa), British Hemiptera list, 250 324 British orchids and their status, 281 bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), brittle bladder-fern (Cystopteris fragilis), 127, 212 325, 369 bird’s-nest orchid (Neottia nidus-avis), 64 BSE, 60, 372 birds, 158 Buddleja davidii, 72, 368 bird song, 174–175 bugs (Hemiptera), 249 farmland birds, 165–168 bumblebees, 232, 363 gathering data, 160–165 attracting garden plants, 233 geolocators, 163 conservation, 236 increases and declines, 358–359 threatened and extinct species, 232 mountain and moorland birds, buntings 169–170 cirl bunting (Emberiza cirlus), 187 ocean, shore and wetland birds, corn bunting (Emberiza calandra), 188 170–173 Lapland bunting (Calcarius population status, 176 lapponicus), 187

INDEX | 393

little bunting (Emberiza pusilla), 188 agricultural land, 273–274 ortolan bunting (Emberiza hortulana), chalk downs and grasslands, 274 187 coasts, 279 reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus), gardens and roadsides, 279–280 188 lowland heath, 277 snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), moorland and mountain, 278–279 187 ponds, marshes and riversides, 275 yellowhammer (Emberiza citronella), scottish pine forest and conifer 187 plantations, 276–277 burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifrage), woodland, 275–276 369 changes in shrubbery flora, 272–273 Burnham Beeches, 65 changes in tree flora, 270–272 burnt-tip orchid (Orchis ustulata), 369 char. See Arctic char butterflies, 206–223 chats and thrushes conservation, 208 black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros), declining species, 215–221 184 downland and scrubland, 214 blackbird (Turdus merula), 185 garden butterflies, 209–211 bluethroat (Luscinia svecica), 184 increases and declines, 360–361 fieldfare (Turdus pilaris), 185 rearing, 207–208 mistle thrush (Turdus viscivorus), 185 scarce migrants, 215 nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos), status of, 222 184 woodland, 212–217 redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), 369 184 buzzards redwing (Turdus iliacus), 185 buzzard (Buteo buteo), 179 ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus), 185 rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus), robin (Erithacus rubecula), 184 179 Song thrush (Turdus philomelos), 185 stonechat (Saxicola torquatus), 185 cabbage tree (Pladaroxylon wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), 185 leucadendron), 136 whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), 185 Caledonian Forest, 62 cherry (Prunus avium), 270 Canada goose, 81, 177 chiffchaff, 45, 162, 173, 174, 272, 335 Cannock Chase, 65 chloroplast, 25, 27 caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris), 368 chough, 76, 172, 318 capercaillie, 62, 82, 116, 120, 170, 277, Chromista, 296 327 cichlid fish carrion crow, 6, 18, 107, 119, 122, 123, evolution of, 19 128, 134, 187, 355, 359 speciation, 19 cattle egret, 42, 43, 82 cirl bunting, 135, 167, 345, 359 Cetti’s warbler, 42, 43, 82, 328, 333, 359 citizen science, 352 chaffinch, 18 climate change, 28–30, 33, 34, 36, 38, chalk milkwort (Polygala calcarea), 369 40, 43, 44, 46, 379 changes in herbaceous flora by habitat, climbing corydalis (Ceratocapnos 273–280 corniculata), 369

394 | INDEX

cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus), 44, 278 crossbill, 18, 62, 136, 137, 327 clouded yellow butterfly, 43, 211, 215, 327 cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix), 129 clubmosses, 289, 292 crows Clun Forest, 66 carrion crow (Corvus corone), 187 cockroaches (Blattodea), 248 chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), collared dove, 82, 169, 174, 175, 183, 186 359 hooded crow (Corvus cornix), colony collapse in honeybees, 237 187 common cottongrass (Eriophorum jackdaw (Corvus monedula), 186 angustifolium), 369 jay (Garrulus glandarius), 186 common cow-wheat (Melampyrum magpie (Pica pica), 186 pratense), 64, 369 raven (Corvus corax), 187 common crane, 135 rook (Corvus frugilegus), 187 common frog cruelty in fishing lifestyle, 16, 18, 83, 189, 190, 191, 379 crustaceans, 267, 367 common meadow-rue (Thalictrum cuckoo, xii, 42, 46, 163, 164, 169, 183, flavum), 369 238, 326, 331, 359, 384 common milkwort (Polygala vulgaris), curlew, 45, 56, 116, 122, 123, 170, 369 173, 174, 180, 181, 315, 316, common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus 329, 343, 345 pipistrellus), 155 curlew sandpiper, 315 common sandpiper, 46, 159 cyanobacteria, 24 common tern, 316, 328 conservation of habitat, 344–345 Danish scurvy-grass (Cochleria danica), continental shelf, 300 369 coot, 180 Dartford warbler, 45, 46, 63, 169, 277, cord-grass (Spartina anglica), 5, 11, 75, 339 291 Darwin’s finches, 19–20 cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), 112, Daubenton’sbat(Myotis daubentonii), 113, 358 155 distribution, 113 David Attenborough, 4 cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo deer stalking, 114–116 sinensis), 112, 177 Derg, Lough, 101 corn bunting, 53, 55, 56, 95, 168 Derwent Forest, 65 corn buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis), dipper, 184 369 dinosaurs corn marigold (Chrysanthemum extinction of, 3 segetum), 369 divers corn spurrey (Spengula arvensis), 369 black-throated diver (Gavia arctica), corncrake, 130, 135, 180 176 crane (Grus grus), 180 great northern diver (Gavia immer), crested tit, 62, 116, 170 176 crickets and grasshoppers red-throated diver (Gavia stellata), declining species, 362 176 increasing species, 362 dormouse, 132, 135, 358, 383

INDEX | 395

doves Edinburgh otters and kingfishers, 329 collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto), egret 183 cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), 177 stock dove (Columba oenas), 183 great white egret, 3, 82 turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), 183 little egret (Egretta garzetta), 177 dragonflies (Odonata), 241–244 eider duck, 321 endangered, 243 English elm (Ulmus procera), 270 resident dragonfly and damselfly enriched soils, 68–69 species, 242 environmental stewardship, 373 dryad’s saddle fungus (Polyporus Environmentally Sensitive Areas, 56 squamosus), 297 Epping Forest, 65 ducks Erwin, Terry, 10 common scoter (Melanitta nigra), 178 estuary wildlife, 314–316 eider (Somateria mollissima), 178 Ettrick Forest, 66 gadwall (Anas strepera), 178 evening primrose. See Oenothera garganey (Anas querquedula), 178 evidence-based conservation science, 353 goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), 178 evolution of goosander (Mergus merganser), 179 life on Earth, 21–27 long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), Neanderthal man, 29 178 new species, 10–11 mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), 178 sex, 15 Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata), 177 extinction, 11 pintail (Anas acuta), 178 events, 12–14 pochard (Aythya ferina), 178 rates (of species), 11–12 red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator), 179 falcon ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), 179 hobby (Falco subbuteo), 179 scaup (Aythya marila), 178 kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), 179 shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), 177 merlin (Falco columbarius), 179 shoveler (Anas clypeata), 178 peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), 179 smew (Mergellus albellus), 179 farmland, 42, 48, 50, 56, 58, 66, 103, teal (Anas crecca), 178 107, 118, 120, 122, 126, 128, 160, tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), 178 165, 166, 167, 168, 174, 192, 208, velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca), 178 221, 245, 333, 343, 344, 346, 354, wigeon (Anas penelope), 177 355 dunlin, 147, 173, 279, 315, 316, 329 herbaceous plants of, 273–284 dunnock, 184 feral pigeons, 87, 172 dwarf gorse (Ulex minor), 129 ferns, 289, 291 dwarf milkwort (Polygala amarella), 325 feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), 368 field mice, 18, 88, 153 early life on Earth, 22–26 field mushrooms (Agaricus campestris), Earth from space image, plate 1 297 earwigs (Dermaptera), 248 field pansy (Viola arvensis), 369 East Bank at Cley, 330 field sports, 106–124 ecosystem services, 351, 352 conservation, 122–124

396 | INDEX

field sports (cont.) burbot, 204–205 fishing, 107–114 dace, 360 gamekeeping, 116–117 European Eel, 360 hunting and deer stalking, 114–116 ferox trout, 200 number of participants, 115 gillaroo trout, 200 shooting, 117–121 grayling, 200, 201, 222, 360, 361 suggested benefit, 124 increases and declines, 360 wildfowling, 121–122 Killarney shad, 199, 360 finches minnow, 360 brambling (Fringilla montifringilla), 187 pike, 360 bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula), 187 pollan, 360 chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), 187 powan, 360 common redpoll (Carduelis flammea), sea lamprey, 360 187 twaite shad, 360 crossbill (Loxia curvirostra), 187 vendace, 360, 385 goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), 187 fishes, marine greenfinch (Carduelis chloris), 187 angel shark, 309 hawfinch (Coccothraustes basking shark, 311 coccothraustes), 187 blenny, 317 lesser redpoll (Carduelis cabaret), 187 blue shark, 311 linnet (Carduelis cannabina), 187 butterfish, 317 parrot crossbill (Loxia cod, 301 pytyopsittacus), 187 conger eel, 302 scarlet rosefinch (Carpodacus goby, 317 erythrinus), 187 haddock, 301, 309 Scottish crossbill (Loxia scotica), 187 hagfish, 309 serin (Serinus serinus), 187 hake, 309 siskin (Carduelis spinus), 187 halibut, 302, 309 twite (Carduelis flavirostris), 187 lesser sandeel, 303 fish stocks, 300–307 mackerel, 301 marine invertebrates, 308 mako shark, 311 native declining species, 199–200 monkfish, 309 non-native species, 202–204 pilchard, 301–302 other fish species, 309 porbeagle shark, 311 overfishing, 300–306 sea lamprey, 309 pilchards, 301 seahorse, 310–311 plankton, 307 skate, 302 rare or uncommon species, 302 smooth hound dogfish, 309 seahorses, 310 spur dog, 309 sharks, 311 sturgeon, 309 whales, 311 tope, 309 fishes, freshwater tuna, 309 allis shad, 360 wolf-fish, 310 Arctic char, plate 9, 30, 199, 200, 360 wrasse, 309 bream, 360 Fleet Forest, 65

INDEX | 397

flies (Diptera), 254 gannet entangled in nylon rope, plate 16, flower-rich meadow, plate 14 garden warbler, 47, 162, 164, 175 flycatchers, garganey, 122 pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), geese 186 barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis), 177 red-breasted flycatcher (Ficedula bean goose (Anser fabalis), 177 parva), 186 Brent goose (Branta bernicla), 177 spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata), Canada goose (Branta canadensis), 186 177 food security, 61 Egyptian goose (Alopochen foot and mouth disease, 60 aegyptiaca), 177 Forest of Avon, 65 greylag goose (Anser anser), 177 Forest of Dean, 65, 147 pink-footed goose (Anser forestry, 51 brachyrhynchus), 177 freshwater fish, 198–205 white-footed goose (Anser albifrons), alien species, 202–204 177 burbot, 204–205 geranium bronze butterfly, 43, 84, 221 cormorant threat, 202 giant puffball (Calvatia giganteum), 297 Killarney shad, 199, 360 gladiolus (Gladiolus illyricus), 129, 277 native species in decline, 199 globe flower (Trollius europaeus), 324 prospering species, 200–202 godwit freshwater jellyfish, 268 bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica), frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae), 369 181 frogs black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), 181 193 goldcrest, 46 American bullfrog (Lithobates golden eagle, 179 catesbeianus (Rana catesbeiana)), golden oriole, 186 193 golden rod (Solidago virgaurea), 369 edible frog (Pelophylax (Rana) goldeneye duck, 62, 121, 170, esculenta), 193 277, 327 European treefrog (Hyla arborea), 193 goldfinch, 19, 166, 173, 346 marsh frog (Pelophylax (Rana) Gondwana, 27 ridibunda), 193 Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus- pool frog (Pelophylax (Rana) henricus), 369 lessonae), 83, 190, 191, 192, 193 goosander, 122, 179, 358 fuchsia (Fuchsia magellanica), 73 Grand Cayman blue iguana, 136 fulmar, 176 grass poly (Lythrum hyssopifolia), 369 fungi, viii, 26, 46, 154, 271, 294, 295, grasses, 289, 290 296, 297, 298, 346, 390 grasshopper warbler, 114 fungicides, 58, 103, 338 grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera), 246 Galapagos finches, 19–20 great bustard, 135 Galloway Forest, 65 great skua, 45, 171, 318, 325 gannet, 177 great tit, 43, 46, 169

398 | INDEX

great white egret, 43, 82 lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus), great yellow bumblebee, plate 12 182 greater burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella little gull (Hydrocoloeus minutus), 182 major), 369 Mediterranean gull (Larus greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus melanocephalus), 182 ferrumequinum), 155 Sabine’s gull (Larus sabini), 182 greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis), yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), 155 182 grebe Gwydir Forest, 66 black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), 176 hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), 309 great crested grebe (Podiceps hairy wood-rush (Luzula pilosa), 64 cristatus), 176 harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), 369 little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), 176 harlequin ladybird, 43, 84, 262 red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena), harrier 176 hen harrier (Circus cyaneus), 179 Slavonian grebe (Podiceps auritus), 176 marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), 179 green sandpiper, 159 Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus), green spleenwort (Asplenium viride), 179 292, 325 harvest mouse, 19, 123 greenfinch, 18, 117, 167, 173 Hastings rarities, 161–162 greenhouse effect, 22, 38–40 Hatfield Forest, 65 greenshank, 44, 181, 315 Hawaiian honeycreepers, grey heron, 16 evolution of, 14 grey partridge, 2, 55, 56, 118, 119, 120, hawk 166, 167, 168, 348, 359 goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), 179 grouse sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), 179 black grouse (Tetrao tetrix), 179 hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna and C. capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), 179 laevigata), 42, 95, 164, 165, 239, ptarmigan (Lagopus muta), 179 256, 270, 272 red grouse (Lagopus lagopus), 179 Hayley Wood, 65 guillemot helxine (Soleirolia soleirolii), 72 black guillemot (Cepphus grille), 183 hen harrier, 116, 122, 170, 324, 328, 354 guillemot (Uria aalge), 183 Henderson petrel (Pterodroma atrata), 136 gulls herb paris (Paris quadrifolia), 64, 270 black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus herbaceous plants ridibundus), 182 coasts, 279 common gull (Larus canus), 182 downland and grassland, 274 glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), farmland, 273–274 182 gardens and roadsides, 279–280 great black-backed gull (Larus lowland heath, 277 marinus), 182 mountain and moorland, 278–279 herring gull (Larus argentatus), 182 ponds and marshes, 275 Iceland gull (Larus glaucoides), 182 woodland, 275–276 kittiwake, 182 herbicide use, 338

INDEX | 399

heron Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), grey heron (Ardea cinerea), 177 368 purple heron (Ardea purpurea), 177 Japanese rose (Rosa rugosa), 73 herring gull, 107, 171, 172, 174, 304, Jefferies, Richard, 4 311, 318 Heslop-Harrison, 280 Kielder Forest, 65 himalayan balsam (Impatiens Killarney fern (Trichomanes speciosum), glandulifera), 75, 369 369 hoary rockrose (Helianthemum canum), Killarney Woods, 66 325 kingfisher, 183 hoary whitlowgrass (Draba incana), 324 kittiwake, 45, 171, 172, 303, 304, 311, holly fern (Polystichum lonchitis), 325 318, 325, 326 honey buzzard, 18, 169, 179 knot, 173, 227, 228, 229, 315, 316, 324, honeycreeper, 14, 19 329, 361 hoopoe, 183 horse-chestnut leaf miner moth lakes (Cameraria ohridella), 42, 271 Bassenthwaite Lake, 101 horsetails (Equisetum), 289, 293 Derwent Water, 101 house martin, 166, 342 Lake Bala, 101 house sparrow, 3, 18, 55, 130, 131, 165, Ullswater, 101 166, 173, 175, 333, 339, 344, Windermere, 101 346, 347 land movements, 27–28 hoverflies lapland bunting, 187, 324 golden hoverfly(Chrysotoxum lapwing, 180 octomaculatum), 364 large blue butterfly, 4, 135 hoverfly(Callicera spinolae and Blera larks fallax), 364 shorelark (Eremophila hoverfly(Sphegina siberica), 364 alpestris), 184 hoverfly(Volucella zonaria), 364 skylark (Alauda arvensis), 184 human population increase, 334 woodlark (Lullula arborea), 184 hummingbird hawk-moth, 43 Lawton Report, 136, 350, 351 Leisler’s bat (Nyctalus leisleri), 155 Ice Ages, 29–30, 52–53 lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus industrial melanism, 5, 11, 229 hipposideros), 155 influenza virus, 60 lesser redpoll, 45 insects lesser sea-spurrey (Spergularia marina), decline, 339 369 plants good for insects, 233–235 lesser spearwort (Ranunculus flammula), intensive farming, 340 369 irrigation, 54, 59, 102, 105, 334 liberty caps (Psilocybe semilanceata), Iron Age, 52 297 ivy-leaved toadflax (Cymbalaria lichens, 289, 290, 294 muralis), 72 lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), 64 jack snipe, 121 lime hawk-moth, 44 jackdaw, 160, 165, 166, 167, 175 linnet, 45

400 | INDEX

litter, 336 marbled moth, 43 litter on seashore strandline, plate 15 Marine Conservation Zones, 306 little auk, 183 marine invertebrates, 307 little egret, 42, 43, 47, 333 cuttlefish (Sepia officionalis), 308 little owl, 80, 81, 183, 359 northern squid (Loligo fortesi), 308 little tern, 316 octopus (Eledone cirrhosa), 308 liverworts, 64, 289, 290, 293, marine seabirds, 12 294, 372 marine species, lizards non-native, 319 common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), pollution, 337 194 marjoram (Origanum vulgare), 368 common wall lizard (Podarcis marsh gentian (Gentiana muralis), 194 pneumonanthe), 129, 277, 369 sand lizard (Lacerta agilis), 194 marsh harrier, 134, 135, 324, 328, 329, slow-worm (Anguis fragilis), 194 331, 345, 359 western green lizard (Lacerta marsh saxifrage (Saxifraga hirculus), 325 bilineata), 194 marsh tit, 168, 169 Lochs marsh violet (Viola palustris), 369 Loch Awe, 101 marsh warbler, 185, 359 Loch Lomond, 9, 101, 205 martins Loch Moran, 101 house martin (Delichon Loch Tay, 101, 149, 199, 201, 265, urbicum), 184 302, 320 sand martin (Riparia riparia), 184 long-eared owls, 331 mat grass (Nardus stricta), 368 long-tailed duck, 122 May blossom. See hawthorn Loughs McCarthy, Michael, xiii, 342, 390 Lough Corrib, 101 meadow pipit, 116, 163, 169 Lough Derg, 101 Mediterranean gull, 329 Lough Erne, 101 Meinertzhagen, 161 Lough Neagh, 101 metallothioneins, 13 Lough Navar Forest, 66 meteorite, 28 lousewort (Pedicularis sylvatica), 369 Migration Watch UK, 94 mistle thrush, 166, 175 magpie, 6, 18, 87, 89, 90, 107, 117, 119, molluscs, 264 120, 122, 123, 128, 174, 186, 355 monkey-flower (Mimulus guttatus), 72 mallard, 121, 173, 178, 359 Monks Wood, 65, 217 mammals, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152, 155, Montagu’s harrier, 53, 328 357, 383 Montserrat oriole (Icterus oteri), 136 bats, 153–157 moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), 180 boar and other introductions, 147–149 Moran, Loch, 101 declining mammals, 150–151 morel fungus (Morchella deer, 146 esculenta), 297 seals, 146 moschatel (Adoxa moschatellina), 64 small mammals, 151–153 moss campion (Silene acaulis), 44 successes, 149–150 mosses, 289, 293

INDEX | 401

moths, 223–230 nightingale, 184, 272, 344, 359, 384 abundance, 225 nightjar, 183 catching moths, 223–225 noctule (Nyctalus noctula), 155 changes in abundance, 228–229 noise and light pollution, 335 conservation, 230 Norfolk Broads, 50, 103, 147, 216 declines, 225–228 Nothofagus (Southern beech), 27 examples of population trends, number of species on earth, 9–10 plate 10 nuthatch, 45, 160, 168, 173, 186, 346, increasing species, 228 359 sugaring for, 224 trapping with light, 224 oak bush cricket, plate 13 mountain avens (Dryas ocean acidification, 36 octopetala), 325 Oenothera (evening primrose), mountain pansy (Viola lutea), 324 biennis, 73 mugwort (Artemesia vulgaris), 369 glazioviana, 73 musk thistle (Carduus nutans), 368 orange balsam (impatiens capensis), 73, 275, 369 Nathusius pipistrelle, 154, 358 orange footman moth, 44 natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri), 155 orchards, 67–68 natterjack toad, 135, 190, 360 orchids, 280–289 natural selection, 31–32 autumn lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes neolithic settlement, 52 spiralis), 283 neophytes, 72–77 bee orchid (Orchis apifera), 286 nesting dotterel, 330 bird’s-nest orchid (Neottia nidus-avis), New Forest, xii, 47, 50, 62, 63, 65, 80, 281 129, 132, 138, 169, 195, 196, bog orchid (Hammarbya paludosa), 218, 226, 230, 247, 249, 256, 283 261, 268, 271, 277, 283, 331, 363 broad-leaved helleborine (Epipactis New Zealand pigmyweed (Crassula helleborine), 282 helmsii), 76, 369 burnt-tip orchid (Neottia (Orchis) New Zealand willowherb (Epilobium ustulata), 285 brunnescens), 73 common spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza newts fuchsia), 285 alpine newt (Mesotriton (Triturus) common twayblade (Neottia (Listera) alpestris), 193 ovate), 281 great crested newt (Triturus cristatus), coralroot orchid (Corallorhiza trifida), 190 283 Italian crested newt (Triturus creeping lady’s-tresses (Goodyera carnifex), 193 repens), 283 palmate newt (Lissotriton (Triturus) dark red helleborine (Epipactis helveticus), 190 atrorubens), 282 smooth newt (Lissotriton (Triturus) dense-flowered orchid (Neotinea vulgaris), 190 maculata), 285 night-flowering catchfly(Silene dune helleborine (Epipactis dunensis), noctiflora), 369 282

402 | INDEX

orchids (cont.) marsh helleborine (Epipactis early marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza palustris), 281 incarnate), 284 marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza early purple orchid (Orchis mascula), praetermissa), 275, 287 284 military orchid (Orchis militaris), 284 early spider orchid (Orchis sphegodes), monkey orchid (Orchis simian), 283 286 musk orchid (Herminium monorchis), fen orchid (Liparis loeselii), 283 283 fly orchid (Ophrys insectifera), 286 narrow-leaved helleborine fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia (Cephalanthera longifolia), 281, conopsea s.l.), 284 285 frog orchid (D.(Coeloglossum) viride), narrow-leaved marsh orchid 285 (Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides), ghost orchid (Epipogium aphyllum), 285 282 narrow-lipped helleborine (Epipactis greater butterfly orchid (Platanthera leptochila), 282 chlorantha), 284 northern marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza green-flowered helleborine (Epipactis purpurella), 285 dunensis), 282 purple orchid (Orchis mascula), 275 green-winged orchid (Anacamptis pyramidal orchid (Anacamptis (Orchis) morio), 286, 369 pyramidalis), 286 heath spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza red helleborine (Cephalanthera rubra), maculata), 285 281 Hebridean marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza small white orchid (Pseudorchis ebudensis), 285 albida), 284 Irish lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes southern marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza romanzoffiana), 283 praetermissa), 285 Irish marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii), occidentalis), 285 275, 287 lady orchid (Orchis purpurea), summer lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes 284 aestivalis), 283 lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium tongue orchids (Serapias spp.), 286 calceolus), 281 violet helleborine (Epipactis lesser butterfly orchid (Platanthera purpurata), 282 bifolia), 284 white helleborine (Cephalanthera lesser twayblade (Neottia (Listera) damasonium), 281 cordata), 281 organic entry level stewardship, 56, Lindisfarne helleborine (Epipactis 57–58, 333, 340 sancta), 282 organic farming, 333, 340 Lizard orchid (Himantoglossum Ornithologia, 160 hircinum), 286 ortolan bunting, 328 loose-flowered orchid (Anacamptis osprey, 179 (Orchis) laxiflora), 286 otter, 135, 357 man orchid (Orchis (Aceras) owls anthropophora), 283 barn owl (Tyto alba), 183

INDEX | 403

eagle owl (Bubo bubo), 183 pink-footed goose, 177, 358 little owl (Athene noctua), 183 pintail, 121 long-eared owl (Asio otus), 183 pipit short-eared owl (Asio flammeus), 183 meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), 184 snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus), 183 rock pipit (Anthus petrosus), 184 tawny owl (Strix aluco), 183 tree pipit (Anthus trivialis), 184 Oxford ragwort (Senecio squalidus), 73 water pipit (Anthus spinoletta), 184 oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere, 24–26 plankton, 307–308 oystercatcher, 180 plover dotterel (Charadrius morinellus), 180 painted lady, 43, 211 golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), 180 pale sedge (Carex pallescens), 64 grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), 180 Pallas’s warbler, 185, 324 little ringed plover (Charadrius Pamber Forest, 65, 212, 213, 326, 327 dubius), 180 Pangaea, 27 ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula), parasitoid wasps, 240 180 partridge pochard, 121, 173, 178, 359 Alectoris rufa, 179 polecat (Mustela putorius), 151 grey partridge (Perdix perdix), 179 population pendulous sedge (Carex pendula), 64, 368 distribution, 94–97 pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), 369 figures, 92 pepper saxifrage (Silaum silaus), 369 regulation, 88–89 peppered moth, 5, 11, 229, 373 praying mantis (Mantodea), 248 peregrine falcon, 135, 359 predatory owls, 18 pesticide use, 338 Protista. See Chromista phalarope ptarmigan, 44, 120, 169, 170, 278, 327, grey phalarope (Phalaropus 339 fulicarius), 182 puffin, 183 red-necked phalarope (Phalaropus purple heron, 82 lobatus), 181 purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea), pheasant, 66, 71, 107, 116, 117, 118, 129, 278 120, 122, 123, 180, 347 purple saxifrage (Saxifraga golden pheasant (Chrysolophus opposotifolia), 369 pictus), 180 purple toadflax (Linaria purpurea), 369 pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), 179 pyramidal orchid (Anacamptis pheasant’s-eye (Adonis annua), 369 pyramidalis), 368 phenology, 42–43 phosphate. See enriched soils quail, 179 photosynthesis, 24 pigeon Rachel Carson, 2, 19, 232 feral pigeon (Columba livia), 183 Rackham, Oliver, xiii, 51, 63, 64, 270, wood pigeon (Columba palumbus), 271, 275, 380, 389 183 rainfall, 14, 37, 41, 59, 64, 100, 101, pine hawk-moth, 44, 228 290. See also water pine marten, 18, 62, 150 ramsons / wild garlic (Allium ursinum), 64

404 | INDEX

Ray, John, 2 Rockingham Forest, 65 rays, 309, 311 rocky shore wildlife, 317–318 razorbill, 183 rook, 117, 166, 174, 256 red grouse, 45, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, roseate tern, 172, 182, 359 136 rose-ringed parakeet, 183 red kite (Milvus milvus), 135, 179, 359 Rothiemurchus Forest, 62, 66, 82, 330 red queen hypothesis, 13 round-leaved cranesbill (Geranium red squirrel, 18, 62, 79, 116, 148, 375 rotundifolium), 369 red valerian (Centranthus ruber), 73, 369 Royal Society for Protection of Birds red-backed shrike, 167, 333 (RSPB), 159 red-eyed damselfly, 43, 242, 243, 365, ruddy duck, 81 367 ruff, 181 red-legged partridge, 118, 120 Rum, 280 redshank rushes (Juncus), 289, 290 redshank (Tringa tetanus), 181 Russian comfrey (Symphytum × spotted redshank (Tringa erythropus), uplandicum), 74 181 rusty-back fern (Asplenium ceterach), redstart, 169, 184 369 red-throated diver, 169, 331 reduced interest in wildlife, 340 saltwater fish reduced rainfall, 59 European Eel, 382 redwing, 44, 170, 173 sand lizard, 3, 4, 135, 194, 360 reed bunting, 45, 168, 334, 346 sand martins, 42 reed warbler, 163, 164, 169, 175, 331 sandpiper reedmace/bulrush (Typha latifolia), 368 common sandpiper (Actitis reflexed saltmarsh grass (Puccinellia hypoleucos), 181 distans), 369 curlew sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea), remote sedge (Carex remota), 64 181 renewable energy, 59 dunlin (Calidris alpine), 181 reptiles, 194–197 green sandpiper (Tringa ochropus), 181 lizards, 195–197 knot (Calidris canutus), 181 snakes, 194–195 little stint (Calidris minuta), 181 terrapin, 196 purple sandpiper (Calidris maritime), rhododendron as a weed, plate 2 181 Ridley, Matt, 13 sanderling (Calidris alba), 181 ring ouzel, 45, 46, 114, 122, 169, 170 Temminck’s stint (Calidris riverflies, 244 temminckii), 181 declining species, 362–363 wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola), 181 increasing species, 362–363 sandwich tern, 172 robberflies Savernake Forest, 65 hornet robberfly(Asilus sawflies, 239 crabroniformis), 364 scaup, 122, 178, 359 Manx robberfly(Machimus cowini), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), 270 364 Scottish wild cat, 330 robin, 7, 166, 169, 175, 240 sea cliff wildlife, 318–319

INDEX | 405

sea fish, 309–310 sixth great extinction, 18–20 seahorse, 310–311 skates, 311 sedge warbler, 164, 175, 244, 290, 331 skua sedges (Carex), 289 great skua (Stercorarius skua), 182 serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus), 155 long-tailed skua (Stercorarius shag, 177 longicaudus), 182 shaggy ink caps (Coprinus comatus), 297 pomarine skua (Stercorarius sharks, 44, 308, 309, 311, 312, 331 pomarinus), 182 shearwater Skye memories, 331 Balearic shearwater (Puffinus skylark, 56, 57, 96, 116, 123, 143, 166, mauretanicus), 176 167, 174, 236, 339 Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris slender speedwell (Veronica filiformis), diomedea), 176 73 great shearwater (Puffinus gravis), 176 small bugloss (Anchusa arvensis), 369 Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), small scabious (Scabiosa columbaria), 176 369 sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata), 64 176 smooth hound dogfish (Mustelus shepherd’s needle (Scandix pectin- mustelus), 309 veneris), 369 smooth snake, 135, 194, 360 Sherwood Forest, 62, 65 snake’s-head fritillary (Fritillaria shifting-baseline syndrome, 343 meleagris), 72, 275 shorelines, 313–322 snakes exploitation, 320 adder (Vipera berus), 194 introduction of non-native species, 319 Aesculapian snake, 196 marine pollution and shoreline grass snake (Natrix natrix), 194 degradation, 337 smooth snake (Coronella austriaca), muddy estuaries, 314 194 rocky shores, 317 snipe, 112, 114, 121, 173, 181, 255, 315, sand and pebble beaches, 316 334, 343 sea cliffs, 318 jack snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus), 181 seals, 319 snipe (Gallinago gallinago), 181 short-eared owl, 122, 170, 326, 328, 330 snouted seahorse (Hippocampus shrikes hippocampus), 310 great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor), snow bunting, 44, 170, 324, 327, 339 186 Snowdon lily (Lloydia serotina), 44, 339 red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), solar panels, 48, 59, 96 186 solitary bees, 238–239 shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), song thrush, 117, 166, 168, 173, 174, 325 175, 236, 335 shrubs, 272–273 songbird decline, 229, 342 Silent Spring, 2 soprano pipistrelle (Pipistrellus Site of Special Scientific Interest, 30, 376 pygmaeus), 154, 155, 157 sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis var. South Georgia pipit (Anthus antarcticus), latifolia), 270 136

406 | INDEX

sparrowhawk, 19, 51, 89, 90, 116, 128, State of Nature Report, 351 166, 167, 174, 179, 359 stick insects (Phasmida), 248 sparrows stinking iris (Iris foetidissima), 369 house sparrow (Passer domesticus), stock dove, 166, 167, 169, 175, 183, 359 187 stone curlew, 135 tree sparrow (Passer montanus), 187 stonechat, 45, 96 Spartina anglica, 5, 11, 75, 378, 381 storm-petrel species gains, 43–44 Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma species losses and declines, 356 leucorhoa), 177 amphibians, 360 storm-petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus), arachnida, 367 176 birds, 358 strapwort (Corrigiola litoralis), 369 butterflies, 360 sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), 309 Coleoptera, 366 swallow(Hirundo rustica), 3, 42, 165, crustaceans, 367 166, 172, 184, 258 dragonflies, 364 swallowtail butterfly, 135 fish, 360 swan Hirundinea, 367 Bewick’s swan (Cygnus columbianus), insects, 361–367 177 leeches, 367 mute swan (Cygnus olor), 177 mammals, 357 whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), 177 mollusca, 367 sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum), 64 plants, 368 swift, 183 reptiles, 359 seashore species, 369 tawny owl, 91, 166, 174 species totals of ‘other plants’, 289 Teesdale sandwort (Minuartia stricta), spiders 30, 325 Daddy-long-legs spider (Pholcus Teesdale violet (Viola rupestris), 324 phalangiodes), 367 Tentsmuir Forest, 66 Great raft spider (Dolomedes terrapin, 196 plantarius), 367 tern Uloborus plumipes, 367 Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea), 183 wasp spider (Argiope bruennichi), 367 black tern (Chlidonias niger), 183 spectacled petrel, plate 5 common tern (Sterna hirundo), 182 spiders and scorpions, 266 Little tern (Sternula albifrons), spindle (Eunonymus europaeus), 270 183 spiny seahorse (Hippocampus Roseate tern (Sterna dougallii), 182 guttulatus), 310 Sandwichtern(Sterna sandvicensis), spoonbill, 43, 177, 329 182 spotted crake, 180 terrestrial land cover, 50 spring gentian (Gentiana verna), 30, 278, The State of Marine Wildlife, 312 324, 328 Thetford Forest, 65 spur dogs (Squalus acanthias), 309 thin-spiked wood-sedge (Carex strigosa), starling, 187 64

INDEX | 407

tits Venus’ looking-glass (Legousia hybrida), bearded tit (Panurus biarmicus), 186 369 blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), 186 vermilion lily beetle, 42 coal tit (Periparus ater), 186 vineyards, 68 crested tit (Lophophanes cristatus), Viola labradorica, 72 186 great tit (Parus major), 186 wagtails long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), 186 grey wagtail (Montacilla cinerea), 184 marsh tit (Poecile palustria), 186 pied wagtail (Montacilla alba), 184 willow tit (Poecile montana), 186 yellow wagtail (Montacilla flava), 184 toads wall barley (Horndeum murinum), 369 common toad (Bufo bufo), 189, 190, Wallace, Ian, 160 191, 192 warbler golden toad, 16, 44, 379 aquatic warbler (Acrocephalus midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans), 193 paludicola), 185 natterjack toad, 102, 133, 190, 191, 192 barred warbler (Sylvia nisoria), 185 top wildlife sites blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), 185 Cape Clear Island, County Cork, 329 Cetti’s warbler (Cettia cettis), 185 Cley and the North Norfolk Coast, chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), 186 324 Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata), 185 Cumbrian Mountains, 325 firecrest (Regulus ignicapilla), 186 Fair Isle, 327 garden warbler (Sylvia borin), 185 Hampshire Butterfly Sites, 326 goldcrest (Regulus regulus), 186 Minsmere, Suffolk, 329 grasshopper warbler (Locustella Portland Bill, Dorset, 328 naevia), 185 Speyside, 327 icterine warbler (Hippolais icterina), Strangford Lough and Wexford Slobs, 185 329 lesser whitethroat (Sylvia curruca), 185 Teesdale, Yorkshire, 324 marsh warbler (Acrocephalus The Burren, County Clare, 328 palustris), 185 tope (Galeorhinus galeus), 309 Pallas’s warbler (Phylloscopus tree pipit, 63, 359 proregulus), 185 tree sparrow, 130, 131, 166, 168 reed warbler (Acrocephalus treecreeper, 186 scirpaceus), 185 trees, 270–272 Savi’s warbler (Locustella Trichogramma wasp, 127 luscinioides), 185 tufted vetch (Vicia cracca), 127 sedge warbler (Acrocephalus tuna (Thunnus thynnus), 309 schoenobaenus), 185 turnstone, 181 whitethroat (Sylvia communis), 185 turtles willow warbler (Phylloscopus Leatherback turtle, 194 trochilus), 186 tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum), 368 wood warbler (Phylloscopus Two-Winged Flies (Diptera), 254 sibilatrix), 185 yellow-browed warbler (Phylloscopus UK and Irish Woodland, 65–66 inornatus), 185

408 | INDEX

warming seas, 45 avocet, 133–134 wasp spider, plate 11 British Territories, 136–137 wasps, 237–240 British zoos, 139 gall wasps, 240 comparative success, 135 parasitoid wasps, 240 Convention on Biological Diversity ruby-tailed wasps, 240 (CBD), 139 water corncrake, 129–130 abstraction, 334 dormouse, 131–132 acidification, 102 endemic birds, reptiles and drought, 59, 104, 105, 335 amphibians, 140 endocrine disruptors (EDs), 104 house sparrow, 130–131 EU Water Framework Directive, 105 International Union for Conservation flooding, 104, 335 of Nature, 139, 226 origin on Earth, 100 Lawton Report, 136 on planet Earth, 23–24 marsh gentian, 129 PESTICIDES, 103–104 smooth snake, 132–133 pollution, 102–103 turtle dove, 128 under the sea, 337 UK international role, 137–139 water in Britain and Ireland, 100 water vole, 134–135 water rail, 180 wild gladiolus, 129 water vole, 135, 358 wood white butterfly, 127 wavy hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), 278, 368 139 waxwing, 184 wildlife friendly farming, 66–67 western green lizard, plate 8 willow tit, 168, 169, 359 whales, 311–312 willow warbler, 45, 117, 164, 174, 175, wheatear, 114 333 whimbrel, 181 wind farms, 59 whinchat, 116, 185, 344, 359 Windsor Great Park and Forest, 65 whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus), 155 wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa), 64 White, Gilbert, 4 wood melick (Melica uniflora), 64 white-tailed eagle, 135, 179, 358 wood millet grass (Milium effusum), 64 whitethroat, 45, 166, 335, 342 wood pigeon, 120, 166, 167, 174, 175 wild onion (Allium vineale), 368 wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), 64 wild rhododendron (Rhododendron wood speedwell (Veronica montana), 64 ponticum), 368 wood spurge (Euphorbia amygdaloides), wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis), 64 64 wildlife, 5, 30, 66, 97, 106, 125, 126, 128, wood warbler, 47, 168, 169, 174, 175, 130, 132, 135, 136, 138, 140, 143, 343, 359 324, 326, 328, 331, 382, 383 wood wasps, 239 awareness, 97 woodcock, 181 extinctions, 3 woodland, 11, 16, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, fishing and wildlife, 111–114 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, species as trophies, 97–98 79, 80, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, wildlife conservation, 125–141 126, 128, 132, 147, 148, 157,

INDEX | 409

160, 164, 168, 169, 208, 211, wren, 184 212, 213, 214, 217, 221, 228, wryneck, 183 230, 240, 241, 270, 271, 272, wych elm (Ulmus glabra), 270 273, 275, 276, 281, 282, 284, wychwood, 65 286, 287, 288, 291, 292, 296, Wykeham Forest, 65 298, 329, 330, 333, 339, 343, 344, 346, 351, 374, 377, 385 yellow corydalis (Pseudofumaria lutea), ancient woodland, 63–64 74, 369 coppiced woodland, 51–52 Yellow Flag (Iris pseudacorus), management, 61–66 368 woodlark, 62, 63, 169, 175, 277 yellow wagtail, 166, 334, 339, woodpeckers 359 great spotted woodpecker yellow-browed warbler, 164, 165 (Dendrocopos major), 184 yellowhammer, 55, 123, 166, 167, 168, green woodpecker (Picus viridis), 184 344 lesser spotted woodpecker yellow-winged darter dragonﬂy, 43 (Dendrocopos minor), 184 worms, ﬂatworms and leeches, 268 zoos, role of, 139, 349, 350