Decentralizing Hydraulic Society Actor Responses to Institutional Arrangements in Vietnam

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Decentralizing Hydraulic Society Actor Responses to Institutional Arrangements in Vietnam Decentralizing hydraulic society Actor responses to institutional arrangements in Vietnam Pham Thi Bich Ngoc Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 577 Department of Water and Environment Studies Linköping University Linköping 2013 Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 577 Within the Falculty of Arts and Science at Linköping University, research and doctoral training is carried out within broad problem areas. Research is organized in interdisciplinary research environments, doctoral studies mainly in research institutes. Together they publish the series Linköping Studies in Arts and Science. This thesis comes from the Department of Water and Environmental Studies at the Tema Institute. Distributed by: Department of Water and Environmental Studies Linköping University SE - 581 83 Linköping Sweden Pham Thi Bich Ngoc Decentralizing hydraulic society - Actor responses to institutional arrangements in Vietnam Cover design by Dao Thi Ngoc Bich Edition 1:1 ISBN 978-91-7519-669-5 ISSN 0282-9800 ©Pham Thi Bich Ngoc Department of Water and Environmental Studies 2013 Printed by LiU – Tryck, Linköping, 2013 ii Abstract Irrigation decentralization has been launched worldwide with high expectations of improved governance, efficiency, and productivity through democratic processes. However, there is widespread recognition that decentralization is, in reality, unlikely to bring about these positive outcomes. Poor implementation is widely blamed for these failures, but the current study argues that this is only partially true. Decentralization is usually treated as a technical way of power transfer that can be evaluated through quantitative indicators. Much attention goes to searching solutions to constraints during implementation while less emphasis is on understanding of contexts, processes and the consequences of institutional changes. The common approach mainly focuses on local water users’ organizations but gives insufficient attention to the cross-level interactions between involved actors, their responses to reforms, and power relationships. This approach answers the question: what should be done, but not: why do constraints/limitations occur and why are such contradictory results obtained? In this way the approach itself diffuses some of the challenges in reality and the root of problems leading to surprise consequences and failures during implementation. In this study, two irrigation systems in Vietnam were selected to examine the emerging decentralization processes, actors’ responses to the institutional changes, as well as the main options, challenges and constraints to decentralization. My ambition is also to further understand why constraints occur and have counter-productive effects. A mixed methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods, and cross-case analysis are applied. The database was built systematically, based on previous experience in this field, and participatory fieldwork. Decentralization is regarded as a power-laden process involving not just local organizations, but also state agencies, local authorities at different levels, state irrigation companies (IDMCs), and farmers. The study describes how institutional arrangements for decentralization have effects on the dynamics and relations of power between actors in multi-level governance, resulting in impacts on autonomy, accountability, participation, and incentives of involved actors. The analysis shows that the legal framework and several well-intended efforts for decentralization have been launched. However, outcomes in terms of power transfer and actors’ performance are not those expected. The current institutional arrangements have created major constraints: (i) imbalanced power relations, (ii) new resource allocation mechanisms creating dependency among actors, (iii) passiveness, vested interest and privilege within state agencies and IDMCs, and (iv) free-riding behavior and distrust among farmers. Prevailing conditions defy policy intentions by finding a new version of a centralized power structure at provincial level, in which power of state agencies and IDMCs are reinforced. Unexpected effects emerge on the autonomy, accountability, participation, and incentives of all involved actors. Decentralization of irrigation systems is a complex process, not merely a technical transfer of power. It is hard to achieve even with policy in place. All the complexities and implications of irrigation need to be thoroughly considered, with the dynamics in society included. Evaluations of decentralization based on production and economic terms are not enough. Impacts of institutional arrangements on power relations between actors, on their incentives, maneuver room in multi-level governance, and ability to comprehend and influence processes, need to be assessed thoroughly. Essential roles remain for central government when irrigation management is decentralized. Key words: accountability, actors, autonomy, incentives, institutional arrangements, irrigation management, participation, power relations, Vietnam. iii Sammanfattning Decentralisering av bevattningsjordbruk har lanserats över hela världen med höga förväntningar på förbättrad styrning, effektivitet och produktivitet genom demokratiska processer. Men det är allmänt erkänt att decentralisering i själva verket knappast är tillräckligt för att åstadkomma dessa positiva resultat. Dåligt genomförande har allmänt fått bära skulden för svårigheterna, men den aktuella studien hävdar att detta bara delvis är sant. Decentralisering behandlas vanligtvis som ett tekniskt sätt för maktöverföring som kan utvärderas genom kvantitativa indikatorer. Mycket uppmärksamhet går då att söka lösningar på begränsningar under genomförandet medan mindre tonvikt ligger på förståelse av sammanhang, processer och konsekvenser av institutionella reformer. Fokus är främst på lokala vattenanvändarnas organisationer så att alltför lite uppmärksamhet riktas till gränsöverskridande samspel mellan berörda aktörer, deras anpassningar till reformer och maktrelationer. Detta tillvägagångssätt svarar på frågan: vad som bör göras, men inte: varför restriktioner/begränsningar uppstår och varför sådana motstridiga resultat uppnås? På så vis skymmer själva tillvägagångssättet några av de utmaningar som i verkligheten utgör grunder för de problem som leder till överraskande konsekvenser och misslyckanden under genomförandet av decentralisering. I denna studie har två bevattningssystem i Vietnam valts ut för att undersöka framväxande decentraliseringsprocesser, aktörernas svar på de institutionella förändringar, liksom de huvudsakliga alternativ, utmaningar och hinder som finns för decentralisering. Min ambition är också att ytterligare förstå varför begränsningar förekommer och har kontraproduktiva effekter. En blandad strategi som kombinerar kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder används för att studera gemensamma drag i fallstudierna. Databasen byggdes systematiskt, utifrån tidigare erfarenheter på detta område, och deltagande fältarbete. Decentralisering betraktas som en maktrelaterad process som involverar inte bara lokala organisationer, men också statliga myndigheter, lokala myndigheter på olika nivåer, statliga bevattningsbolag (IDMCs), och bönder. Studien beskriver hur institutionella arrangemang för decentralisering har effekter på dynamik och maktförhållanden mellan aktörer inom flernivåstyre, något som resulterar i att autonomi, ansvarsutkrävande, deltagande, och incitament för de berörda aktörerna påverkas. Analysen visar att det rättsliga ramverket och flera välmenande insatser för decentralisering har lanserats. Men utfallet, vare sig i termer av maktöverföring eller aktörernas prestationer, är inte de förväntade. De nuvarande institutionella arrangemangen har skapat stora begränsningar: (i) obalanserade maktförhållanden, (ii) nya resursfördelningmekanismer som leder till nya beroendeformer mellan aktörer, (iii) passivitet, egenintresse och privilegier inom statliga myndigheter och IDMCs, och (iv) snålskjutsbeteende (”free-riding”) och misstro bland jordbrukarna. Rådande förhållanden går emot politiska intentioner genom att en ny version av en centraliserad maktstruktur på provinsiell nivå skapas genom att makten hos statliga myndigheter och IDMCs förstärks. Oväntade effekter uppstår då för autonomi, ansvar, delaktighet och incitament för alla inblandade aktörer. Decentralisering av bevattningssystem är en komplex process, inte bara en teknisk överföring av makt. Den är svår att uppnå även med policy på plats. Alla komplikationer och konsekvenser av bevattning för den dynamik som ingår i samhället måste noga övervägas. Utvärderingar av decentralisering som bygger på produktion och ekonomiska termer är inte tillräckligt. Konsekvenser av institutionella arrangemang för maktrelationer mellan aktörer, för deras incitament, manöverutrymme inom ett flernivåstyre, och förmåga att förstå och påverka processer, måste bedömas noggrant. Viktiga roller återstår för staten när bevattningsjordbruk decentraliseras. Nyckelord: aktörer, ansvar, delaktighet, decentralisering, incitament, institutionella arrangemang, konstbevattning, maktrelationer, självständighet, Vietnam. iv Acknowledgements First of all, I gratefully acknowledge the funding support from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam and its Agricultural Science and Technology project (AST). I also thank my employers in Vietnam; the Vietnam Academy for Water Resources and its Centre for Participatory Irrigation Management for providing me support during
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