JlltW ~ork ~rtbunt l}botograpbtc ~tstorp of tf)_t ~reat War mlttNttolotk atribunt Photographic History of the Great War A CONTEMPORARY RECORD OF EPOCH-MAKING EVENTS FROM OFFICIAL SOURCES, DIPLOMATIC CORRESPO:-.r­ DE:-.rCE, MILITARY ORDERS and PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHfBlTS (SEE THE INSIDE BACK COVER FOR A PULL DESCRIPTION OP THIS WORK) EDITOR-IN-CHIEF FRANCIS TREYELYAN .MILLER, LITT.D., LL.D. Editor-in-chief of the ten volume "Pholograph.ic History of the Civil War," l''ounder of "The Jo11rnal of American History" ASSOCIATE EDITORS ADVISORY BOARD OF 1\'ULITARY EGBERT GILLISS·· HANDY AUTHORITIES Founder of The Search-Light Library Major-General A. W. Greely, U.S. A. Major .John Bigelow, U. S. A. WALTER R. BICKFORD Captain A. L. Conger, U. S. A. Formerl.IJ of Editorial Board of the "Photographic Rear-Admi~al Austin M. Knight, U. S. N. Hi8tory of the Ciuil War" and "The Journal of Re:tr-Ad ·niral Brnrlley A. Fisk.-. (). S. N. Amerir.an History." Rear-Admiral Coluy :\1. Cliester, U. S. N. SPECIAL INVESTIGATORS HERBERT GEORGE WINTBRSGILL GABRIEL SCHLESINGER,. B. S., M". A. The Venerable College of St. Thomas De Urbe at Rome Columbia University " Dulwich College, England La/~ of London Standard SYMPOSIU~ O,F CONTEMPORARY OPINIONS BY AMERICAN HISTORIANS Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, LL.D., Litt.D., Dr. Lyman P. Powell, LL.D., D.D. Ph.D. Preaident of Hobart and William Smith College1 President of Col1lmbia Un·iveraity Dr. George C. Chase, LL.D., D.D. Dr. John Grier Hibben, LL.D., Ph.D. Pre.•ident of Bates College President of Princeton Univer.'tity Dr. Flavel S. Luther, LL.D., Ph.D. Dr. Wllllam H. P. Faunce, LL.D., D.D. President of 1'n"nit11 ('allege Pre.'tid.ent of Brown Unir,eraity Dr. Guy Potter Benton, LL.D., D.D. Dr. WUllam D~Witt Hyde, LL.D., D.D., S.T.D. President of University of Vermo11t President of Bo1cdoin College Dr. Albert A. Murphree, LL.D. Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, LL.D., LJtt.D., Ph.D. Pre.vidtnl of U ni1•e'rsity of Plorida Professor of Gor:ernment in Harvard · UniMrsity Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, LL.D., D.D. Dr. Charles W. Eliot, LL.D., Ph.D. Pruident of Unioer.vity of Pittab~trgh President Emeritu.:t of Harrard University J. C. Futrall, M. A. Dr. Arthur Twining Hadley, LL.D., Ph.D. Preaident of Uniflersity of Arkansa1 Pruidrot of Yale U niversit.IJ Dr. Clyde A. Duniway, Ph.D. PrPsidenl of U~tiver.vity of Wyo·ming Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, LL.D.,Lilt.D.,Ph.D. President of University of California Dr. James W. Cain, LL.D. Pre.vident of Washi11glon College Dr. Charles R. Van Hise, LL.D., Ph.D. Dr. Mary E. Woolley, LL.D. President of Uninersity of w,:scot~ain Pr~.•ident of Jfounl Hol!JOke Go/lege Dr. G. Stanley Hall, LL.D., Ph.D. Dr. Thomas Fell, LL.D., Ph.D. Pre~tident of Clark University Prnident of St . ./olzn'.v College Dr. Charles Franklin Thwing, I.L.D.; D.D. Dr. William Milligan Sloane, LL.D., Ph.D. Pre~tidwl of We.vtern Reserve University Professor in Col~tmbia University Dr. Joseph Swain, LL.D. Dr. Irving Fisher, Ph.D. Pre.vident of Swarthmore College Profe. .•.vor of Pol-itiral· f:ronomrJ, Yale Univeraity Dr. Elmer Ellsworth Brown, LL.D., Ph.D. Dr. Brander Matthews, LL.D., Litt.D. Chancellor of New York University ------Professor of Literature in Columbia Univeraity OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS AND PROCLAMATIONS BY THE GOVERNMENTS The contents of this work are based on official documents issued by the governments, including the diplomatic papers, and conferences with the Ambassadors of the belligerent Powers Published Weekly by The Tribune Association at No. 154 Nassau St., N. Y. Subscription Price- Ten Cents a copy; $1.25 a Quarter; $5.00 a Year.

P hot ographs and te.ct copynght, 1914., by Tribune Association. Application for entry at post office of New York as second cl ass matter. Photograph from collection of Paul Thompson. FIRST BOMBARDMENT OF THE GREAT WAR-Photograph showing the ruins of a private home in Belgrade, destroyed by the first shots of the Great War exchanged between Austrian and Serviau troops on July 29, 1914, the day following Austria's declaration of war. The shells that wrought this ru·in came from across the river Save.

(20::!) Photograph by Lamp, of Rome, Italy-collection of International News Se1vice. DEI!'E 'DERS OJ~ THE SERVIAN NATIO:\IAL CAPITAL-Photograph taken on the outskirts of ~ish in Servia, the tem­ porary capital of King Peter's kingdom, to which he and his court, as well as government officials, fled two hours after diplomatic relations were severed between Austria and Servia. on July 25, 1914. Here is shown a. Servian encampment. (204) ECTICUT LIBRARY

EMBATTLED CITY WITH GLORIOUS LINEAGE-Nish, once the Servian capital, has !tad a turbulent history. On the edge of the city stood for many years the famous "Tower of Skulls," consisting o( heads of Servians killed by Turks in the revolution of 1809. Nish was the birthplace of Constantine the Great, and celebrated among Romans.

(2Qij) FIRST FRENCH BATTLEGROUND IN THE GREAT WAH-Photograph showing French siege guns captured at Longwy, "France, where the advance of the German Army of the Moselle met the French Army on August 2, 1914, in the first struggle for supremacy. This marked the beginning of the most sanguinary battles in military history.

•I

Photographs from collection of Paul Thompson. "IRON GATE OF FRANCE," LONGWY-Photograph showing the destroyed fortifications guarding Longwy, which King Louis XIV. called the "iron gate of France." Lying on the Luxemburg frontier, it became the objective of the German invasion after their occupation of Luxemburg. Longwy had fallen into Prussian hands three times before. (206) Contemporary Judgment by American Historians

Condemnation of the war-fanatics who sow the seed and are reaping the han·est of international hate. Abhorrence of autocracy everywhere; but mosl intC'nse abhorrence of it where culture and enlightenment make it mo. t of an anachronism. Pity for the millions of artisans and peasants who are driven like cattle to slaughter; for their widows, parents and orphans left in desolation; and for the physical, mental and moral deterioration of the contending nations. Ad­ miration for the soldiers of all nations who freely put country before life; and for the statesmen of whatever nations have looked beyond their own immediate ad­ ,·antage to the ultimate effect of their action on humanity. Determination to establish courts and treaties which shall brand the nation that rushes into war "·ithout appeal to the judgment of di interested parties as an outlaw among I1ations, :md an enemy of the human race. Hope that the perfection of the machinery of murder will make men revolt from the cruelty of using it. Trust that increasing international brotherhood in industry, trade, art, society and religion will speedily eradicate the brutal instincts on which the war-fever feeds. These are the senti­ ments with which Americans contemplate the horror of this needless, u eles ~ , "·icked, wanton war. WILLIA:Vl De\VITT HYDE, LL.D., D.D., S.T.D., President of Bowdoin College (Maine).

Incredulity, horror, despair, have been the dominant emotions the last month. It seemed incredible that civilization should revert to barbarism for the method of settling its differences-that the difficulty between Austria and Servia, entirely possible of adjustment by arbitration, should be the occasion for a great war. The incredible happened, and horror and despair followed. The sense of horror deepens as the war becomes a terrible reality, but despair is giving way to the conviction that good must come, eventually, even out of this world-wide disaster. It is not unreasonable to hope, and to believe, that this will be the last great war of this so-called cit"':h'zed world. The awful waste, economic and human; the pulling down of the fabric, material, social, intellectual and moral, that civilization has built up by the slow work of generations; the setting back of the progress of the world, will be apparent as never before, and even ruthless ambition, greed and race hatred "'ill be held in check by the keener realization of the tremendous loss involved. And a new force must be reckoned with, also, as never before. This is· not a people's war; the people have had little or nothing to do with its making. In­ dustries paralyzed and destroyed, homes wrecked, thousands upon thousands of lives sac1ificed-and to what end? That is the question that will unite humanity and win untold multitudes to the cause of international peace. This is not a people's war; neither is it a women's war. Women have had little to do with the making of wars;-they have had much to suffer from the wars that have been made. The old argument that women should have no voice in government, because they could not bear arms to defend it, will give place to the new argument that they should have a voice, because their united voices will be for peace. It is not of slight significance that women representing all the warring nations can march side by side in a great peace parade. It is rather symbolic of the attitude of women on this great question, an augury of a happier future. MARY E. WOOLLEY, LL.D., President of Mount Holyoke College (Massachusetts).

(207) I

Photograph from collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright, 1914. FIRST BELGIAN RESISTANCE TO THE GERMAN INVADERS-Photograph showing the destroyed bridge over the river Meuse at Vise, Belgium, which the Belgians wrecked to halt the advance of the right tlank of the German Army of the Meuse on August 4, 1914. The Germans were forced to construct pontoon bridl!es over which to send their soldiers.

Photograph from coUection of Edwin Levick. FIRST SHOTS IN THE BELGIAN INV AS! ON-Photograph showing the ruins of a church wrecked in the bombardment of Vise. Lying near the Holland and German frontiers, Vise, a town of about 3,000 inhabitants, was one of the first towns attacked. By its stubborn resistance it proved a stumbling block in the pathway of the German invaders.

(208) Photograph from collection of Paul Thompson--copyright by Newspaper Illustration, Ltd., Londoa. VICTORS OF THE l•'IRST CLASH IN BELGIUl\I-PlJOlograph taken shortly after capture of Vise, showing German troops resting after their arduous duties of conquest. The comparatively slight resistance met at Vise gave many of these soldiers their baptism of fire. They were soon to partake in battles beside which Vise was a me~e skirmish.

Photograph by Sport & General. Loudon--copyright, International News Service. TRAMPLED UNDEH THE HEEL OF THE I~VADElt -Photograph showing dcvastatio11 left by the Germ«n army of occupation after it had swept on ward through Vise deeper into the heart of Belgium. Here was heard tb.l' first thunderous roar of Emperor William"s artillery and lhc ominous tread of thousands of men march.ing in conquest. (209) Photograph from collection of American Press Association. Copyright. 1914. I~VASION OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE-Immediately after the outbreak of war between France and Germany the French troops rushed to the conquest of the "lost provinces," Alsace and Lorraine, capturing Vic, a frontier town, on August 7, 1914. !his photograph shows .French soldiers resting after a rapid march against the German legions.

Photograph from collection of International News Service. DEFENDERS OF ALSACE-LORRAINE-The French line of campaign into German territory led through steep passes and towering heights of the Vosgt•s Mountains, where the Germans had erected powerful batteries of artillery. Owing to tls ruggednt•ss, it was difficult ground for artillery. Here is shown German soldiers "negotaating" a hill.

(210) CHAPTER VII The Siege of Liege-and the Advance of th.e Armies of Invasion

REAT events, when set in motion by human decision, instantly generate their own power and rapidly accelerate their own momentum. It is seldom, after they have attained a certain velocity, that human hand can stay them, until, at least, they have reached their maximum and are about to recede. This con­ G dition exists in war as it does in all other affairs. With the armies in action on the European battlegrounds, the first guns fired, and the battle-lines closing on the first campaigns of invas.ion; with German armies standing at the door to Belgium and France, and moving on toward Russia; _with French armies on their invasion of Alsace-Lorraine; with the Austrian armies invading Servia; and the Russian armies in motion against Austria and Germany-it was not probable that the tide could be swept back without creating a catastrophe equally as ruinous as military invasions. There was but one hope-and that was in America. If, through any miraculous power, the hand of the United States could reach out and stay the flood of armies, it would have been a victory far greater than all the conquests of war-far greater in truth than any human event that civilization had yet recorded. On August 5th-as the German troops were knocking at the entrance to Liege-Presi­ dent Wilson made a formal offer of his good offices toward bringing about a settlement of the war in Europe. This offer was made simultaneously to Austria, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. The text of his cablegram was as follows:

As official head of one of the Powers signatory to The Hague Convention, I feel it to be my privilege and my duty, under Article 8 of that convention, to say to you in a spirit of most earnest friendship that I should welcome an opportunity to act in the interest of European peace, either now or at any other time that might be thought more suitable, as an occasion to serve you and all concerned in a way that would afford me lasting cause for gratitude and happiness. WOODROW WILSON.

It may be recorded that the President's offer was in each case courteously declined. The .. dogs of war were unleashed; the cannon trembled; and the detonations shook the social structure of the earth. While the armies were moving on to the battlegrounds, the fleets of the various warring nations were putting out to sea. The maritime supremacy of Great Britain had been · an accepted fact since Trafalgar, over a century earlier. To France fell the task of policing the 1\fediterranean, while her ally, Great Britain, guarded the North Sea. Russia entered the Great War with her naval forces still crippled by the Japanese debacle. Their allies-Bel­ gium, Servia, and Montenegro--had no navy. Germany was coming forth as a sea power for the first time in her history, and could claim for her navy the second place among the world's armadas. Austria, with her small coast line, was the weakest of the Great Powers on the sea. The various governments preserved the strictest secrecy as to the movements of their fleets. But it was reasonably certain that they were stationed as follows: The British home fleet was in the North Sea, watching the German fleet, which was sheltering near the Kiel

(211) Photograph from colleclion of International N ews Scrvtce. FIHST CLASH OF HUSSIA:-.r AND GER:VIA:-.r CAVALRY-Photograph of the Czar's horse soldiers weaving their way through a mountain fastness. Soon after Germany's declaration of war on August 1, 1914, a large fot-ee of Russian cavalry suddenly swooped down upon a German patrol at Soldau on the East .Prussian frontier. They were repulsed.

!... holograph fmm collection of International :-..:iew::1 Service. 'Copyright, HH4. REFUGEES !<'ROM PRUSSIA~ EMBATTLED CITIES-Photograph showing homeless victims driven from tb.eir outly­ ing homes by tb.t.> ruthless hand of war. They are seeking asylum under the German flag. Fartb.er nortb.ward the Kaiser's warships had practically razed the Russian ports of Libau, Sveaborg and Revel on August 5, 6, 7, 1914. (212) THE PHOTOG.RAPHIC , HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR

Canal. The French ll<~cl wns gu£~rdiug t]l(' .:\h•dilerranean. and also the Adriatic. where the Austrian fleet wns stationed: while the greater part of the Russian fleet remained in th<· Baltie. The op<'rations around Liege nmy held the attention of the world. On August 5th, th(' German advance guards penetrated along the entire Belgian frontier, and 80,000 men wer<' massed before Liege. which nurnher was soon increased to 120,000. The forts held out dog­ gedly. pouring a dead!~· fire onto the besiegers. A daring raid into the city was made by a German cavalry patrol, whom the populace mistook for British troops and greeted with shouts of "Yivent les Anglais! ,. Their intention was to capture the commander of the forces, but they were quickly repulsed. The Germans believed that there would be no re­ sistance. that their troops 'vould march through Belgium to the conquest of .Franc<'. and occup~ · Pf!ris before the Allies could marshal their forces in defense- a brilliant and daring campmgn. The story of the remarkable outcome of this bold stroke in military strategy will now he told lm·gel~· in thr words of eye-witnesses and militar~· authoritie~. Th<' first of these witnesses is a British war correspondent. lie says: "On Tuesday night (August .J.th) the German soldiers, impatient at the delay. crept past the forts in tow::~rd the town. As they were moving quietly across the open spaee. a great searchlight sudden]~· played on them, <'Overing them with a blaze of light, and the gun,.., of the forts opened a tremendous fusillad(:'. The Germans, dazzled by the light, not knowing wh<'re to go. unabl<' to resist, moved almost blindl~r about in the shambles of death. There was nowhere to hid<~ , no escape from the pitiless, unceasing hail of shrapnel. It is said that not a single man of this hold pal'ty returned to the German lines. The few not killed were taken prisoner:-. ''On \Yednesday, August 5th, the Germans opened a violent attack against the Barchon fort. The ever-growing cannonading gradually extended to the forts of Fleron, Embourg, and Boncalles. The artillery practice was very good, but the shells used were far too light to have much effect on the steel cupolas and concrete-supported sides of the forts. During the afternoon the German infantry advanced and attempted to storm the forts. They came on in close order, endeavoring by sheer weight of numbers to carry all before them. But rush and daring are of very little use against men armed with modern guns behind the walls of a well-equipped fort. The Belgian heavy guns and howitzers seemed to fill the heavens with .. bursting shells. As the German troops got closer, machine guns played on them. Still they pushed on. They made for the wide openings behveen the forts-openings in which were intrenchments held by Belgian infantry. At the critical moment, when the German soldiers, or those left of them. paused and reeled under the awful punishment they were receiving from the guns, the Belgian infantry, at the word of command, leaped out, bayonet in hand, and gave them a taste of cold steel. The German line broke, and was thrown back a considerable distance in great confusion." Another eye-witness (from the London Times) gives this account: "The bombardment of Liege commenced in the early morning-a dull and hot morning-of August 5th, the ad­ vance of the artillery having been covered-as is always the case in a German movement­ by masses of cavalry, and it was continued without cessation until the 8th. The Germans atta-cked along a very wide front, stretching north to the smoking ruins of Vise close to the Dutch frontier, and on the south a considerable distance below Liege; but the artillery em­ ployed was not heavy enough. The big siege guns had not arrived, and the forts had the (213) Photograph fru.D'l Collr!ction of International News Servtce. Copyright. 1914. FALL OF THE BELGIAN CITY OF LIEGE-Photograph taken shortly after the capture of Liege by the Germans on August 7, 1914, showing the ruined homes around a square in the center of the city. The Belgian garrison withdrew rrom the city; then the German troops rushed in between the blazing forts that still held out against the bombardment.

(214) "STUMBLING HLO.C.K" OF THE GERMAN INVASIO:\-It was reported that the German General Staff eXJJedeJ ea'.' conquest or B«:>lgium, and a rapid march into the vitals of France. Contrary to th,•ir reported belief. Licg<· hdd out with heroic stubbornness, causing the disarrangement of the Kaiser's plans and enabling the .French to coacenlralt:.

(215 ! DAWX OF A ~EW EPOCH IN DEFENSIVE WARFARE-Photograph showing graphically the tremendous havoc wrought by German siege guns at the bombardment of Liege. Liege's forts were considered almost impregnable, being coneealed turret-shaped steel and concrete forts, shaped like an inverted saucer, lying almost flusb with the ground.

Photographs from collection of Paul Tbompsoo. CO~QUEROR OF THE BELGIAN "GIBRALTAR '-Photograph of the German General von Emmich, commander oC the force that battered Liege to pieces, and his staff officers, which was taken in the captured city after the German occupa­ tion. He wears on his breast the "Order of ~[erit" and the Iron Cross of the first and second class. (216) THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR best of the preliminary duel. "Then the amazing thing happened. It was as though the German generals, knowing nothing of war, had just read in some book how Napoleon won victories by the sudden, un­ expected use of solid masses of men and had said to themselves, 'Good. No one will expect the sudden application of masses of men in a case like this: so we will apply them.' The result almost moved even the busy Belgians in the trenches to pity. 'It was death in haystacks,' said one of them afterward, trying to describe the effect of the combined field-gun, machine­ gun, and rifle fire upon the masses of men. Another eye-witness stated that the average height of the ridges of German dead was one and one-half yards. Many corpses are required to reach that level. It was the visible result of a form of military enterprise which a civilian who had dined too well might conceive. "As the day wore on the battle became more fierce, for the simple reason that the suc­ cessive waves of Germans jammed each other on, until before one of the forts a great host of men succeeded in gaining a footing on the near slopes, where the great guns could not be de­ pressed to reach them. For a brief space they seemed to think that they were on the threshold of victory, and rushed forward~ only to discover-what, surely, their officers should have known all along-that the machine guns were waiting for them. Further back their comrades had been killed: here they were massacred." On the following day (August 6th), the Germans succeeded in temporarily silencing the forts, and, passing between them, ente1·ed the city. Their movements were facilitated by the fact that the twelve forts are so situated as to be invisible to each other. There was fierce :fighting in the streets, and the forts opened fire again. On August 7th, the Germans requested an armistice in order to bury their dead and care for their wounded; but this was refused. They had already lost !25,000 men and twenty-seven guns. Trains filled with wounded soldiers and fugitive civilians arrived at Brussels. The Bel­ gians, though greatly outnumbered, had fought for fifty hours without rest. The heavy casualties of the Germans were attributed to the close formation in which they fought. General Leman, the Belgian commandant at Liege, was making a heroic resistance that will be forever memorable; but he wished to spare the devastation of his fair city, and ac­ cordingly offered no opposition to the Germans .when they entered it on August 7th. The Belgian soldiers retired to the forts, and prepared to continue their resistance. The German commander, General von Emmich, assured the burgomaster that the inhabitants had nothing to fear, and could go about their daily tasks as usual. The news of the surrender of Liege caused great elation in Berlin. It was the first sen­ sational success in the Great War. But von Emmich was too good a strategist to rest on his laurels. He realized that it was essential to the German plans to take the forts, which still held out stubbornly. His grim purpose was revealed by the furious cannonade directed con­ tinuously against the forts. The huge 16.4 in. siege guns of the Germans formed one of the surprises of the Great War; and it is interesting to record how they were moved. For its hauling each gun required no fewer than thirteen traction engines, each gun being in four parts, each of ·which was drawn by three engines, the extra engine going in .front to test the road, and being requisitioned in steep ascents. Such were the mighty engines of war now engaged in bat~ring down the defenses of Liege. Truly did Burke say: "From the earliest dawnings of policy to this day, the invention of men has been sharpening and improving the mystery of murder." The following gr·aphic account from an e~r e-witness of the bombardment of Liege (a (217) Photograph from eoUectionotUnderwood & Underwood. Copyright. 1914. CELEBRATING THEIR FIRST GREAT VICTORY-Photograph showing a group of German soldiers, who had helped to capture Liege, bivouacked in the baH room of a beautiful chateau. It was a merry night fur the Kaiset·'s soldiers, who are here set>n passing the time before "taps" in card play. They evidently have taken comr,lete possession.

(218) DOMICILED IN THE ENEMY'S PALACE8-Liege suffered severely through the misfortunes of war. Rut as a partial recompense, and iti recognition o{ the Belgians' gallantry, President Poincare, while telegraphing his congratulations, announced that France had conferred the Legion of Honor upon the city for its brave defense.

(219) Photocraph from collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright. 1914. BATTLE-SCARRED BELGIAN CAVALRYMEN-Photograph taken near Liege, showing a group of King Albert's dragoons with their bullet torn standards, which they carried through the engagement at Haelen on August 12, 1914, a few days after the fall of the Liege forts. First repulsing the Germans, these soldiers were forced to retreat.

Photograph from collection o£ Paul Thompson. HONORING THE GERMAN HERO OF LIEGE-Photograph showing German soldiers deqorating the grave of their fallen comrade by order of Kaiser William. The hero, a private, was the first to plant a flag on a Liege fort, and lost his life as a result. The Kaiser is reported as ordering that his grave "be ever kept green."

(220) THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE GREAT \VAR

Belgian officer who was among the defenders of the city) takes the reader onto the battle­ ground: "As line after line of the German infantry advanced, we simply mowed them down. It was terribly easy, Monsieur, and I turned to a brother officer of mine more than once and said, 'Voila! They are coming on again, in a dense, dose formation! They must be mad!' They made no attempt at deploying, but came on, line after line, almost shoulder to shoulder, until, as we shot them down, the fallen were heaped one on top of the other, in an awrful barricade of dead and wounded men that threatened to mask our guns and cause us trouble. I thought of ~apoleon's saying-if he said it, Monsieur; ~nd I doubt it, for he had no care of human life: 'C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas Ia guerre!' No, it was slaughter--just slaughter! So high became. the barricade of the dead and wounded that we did not know whetlrer to fire through it or to go out and clear openings with our hands. 'Ve would have liked to extricate some of the wounded from the dead, but we dared not. A stiff wind carried away the smoke of the guns quickly, and we could see some of the wounded men trying to release them.seh·es from their terrible position. I will confess I crossed myself, and could have wished that the smoke had remained! But, would you believe it, this veritable wall of dead and dying actually enabled these wonderful Germans to creep closer, and actually charge up the glacis! Of course, they got no further than half-way, for our ~Iaxims and rifles swept them back. Of course, we had our own losses, but they were slight compared with the carnage inflicted upon our enemies .. , The scenes at Liege will long fill the pages of history. A Dutch correspondent, who was there during the siege, gives the following sketch of the life of the city: "War," he says, •'flings aside all the common estimates of human life. What was barbarous yesterday passes without comment to-day. Take, as an example, the Restaurant du Ph are, where I sit writing. It is half a cafe, half hospital. Around me are German officers eating and drinking. At the other end of the room, behind a thin veil of palms, lie the wounded-! see them as I look up from my paper. Yet no one takes any notice of this terrible combination. Only the people outside show any interest, as they gather to study the list of the wounded which is displayed there. True, it is a small list,, but a restaurant where cafe life goes on as usunl is no place for \Vounded. There is a far longer list on the other side of the road on the shop windows of the Bon ::VIarche, which is full of wounded." The realization of such a siege, with all its horror and carnage, baffles the imagination. The desperate defenders were crushed under the huge fragments of masonry dislodged by the awful fir~hoked by the poisonous smoke emitted by bursting shells-rained on from soaring Zeppelins on high. Flesh and blood could not hope to hold out long under such con­ ditions. The defenders of Li?-ge had covered themselves with glory, but all in vain. One by one the mighty forts crumbled under the devastating German fire. One fort was blown up by the defenders themseh·es to save surrender. It is a German officer who gives the following description of the final scenes: "General Leman's defense of J,iege combined all that is noble, all that is tragic. .As long as possible he inspected the forts daily to see everything was in order. By a piece of fa1ling masonry, dislodged· by our guns, both General Leman's legs were crushed. Undaunted he visited the forts in an automobile. Fort Chaudfontaine was destroyed by a German shell dropping in the ~1agazine. In the strong Fort Loncin General Leman decided to hold his ground or die. When the end was inevitable, the Belgians disabled the last three guns and e:x1>loded the supply of shells kept by the guns in readiness. Before this General I~eman destroyed all plans, maps, and papers relating to the defenses. The food supplies were also destroyed.

(221) Photograph from collection of International News Service. Copyright. 1914. HAELEN CHURCH AFTER THE BATTLE-Photograph showing the damaged tower and roo£ of the village churd,, which suffered when the Belgian and German outposts clashed in battle on August 12, 1914. The little village wao practically destroyed in the Belgians' struggle to cheek the German advance which had Brussels as its objective. (222) THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE GREAT \VAR

With· about 100 men General Leman attempted to retire to another fort, but we had cut off their retreat. By this time our heaviest guns were in position, and a well-placed shell tore through the cracked and battered masonry and exploded in the main magazine. With a thunderous c·rash the mighty walls of the fort fell. Pieces of stone and concrete twenty-five cubic centimeters in size were hurled into the air. ·when the dust and fumes passed away, we stormed the forl across ground literally strewn with the bodies of the troops who had gone out to storm the fort and never returned. All the men in the fort were wounded, and most were unconscious. A corporal with one arm shattered valiantly tried to drive us back by firing his rifle. Buried in the debris and pinned beneath a massive beam was General Leman. 'Respectez le general, il est mort,' said an aide-de-camp. "With gentleness and care, which showed they respected the man who had resisted them so valiantly and stubbornly, our infantry released the general's wounded form and carried l1im away. \Ve thought him dead, but he recovered consciousness, and, looking round, said, 'It is as it is. The men fought valiantly.' And then, tmning to us, added, 'Put in your despatches that I was unconscious.' '\Ve brought him to our commander, General von Emmich, and the two generals saluted. We tried to speak words of comfort, but he was silent- he is known as the silent general. 'I was unconscious. Be sure and put that in your despatches.' More he would . not say. Extending his hand, our commander said, 'General, you have gallantly and nobly held your forts.' General Leman replied, 'I thank you. Our troops have lived up to their reputations.' \Vith a smile he added, · '\Var is not like maneuvers '-a reference to the fact that General von Emmich was recently with General Leman during the Belgian maneuvers. Then, unbuckling his S\Yord, General Leman ten­ dered it to General von Emmich. '~o,' replied the German commander, with a bow; 'keep your sword. To have crossed swords with you has been an honor,' and the fire in General Leman's eye was dimmed by a tear." Thus fell the ancient city of Liege, after the most memorable siege in its history. Not without reason did the President of the French Republic bestow on it the rare distinction of the Legion of Honor. If Lucan's dictum is true, "The conqueror is not so much pleased by entering into open gates, as by forcing his way," General von Emmich must have experienced great satisfaction on this occasion. The words from the pen of General Leman form an interesting exhibit in this court of hist~rical evidence. In a letter written in captivity to his royal master, King Albert, the brave commander says: "That I did not lose my life in that catastrophe is due to the fact that my escort, composed of Commandant Collard, a sub-officer of infantry, who has un­ doubtedly perished, the gendarme Thevenin, and my two. orderlies, Vanden Bossche and Jos Lecocq, drew me from a position of danger, where I was being asphyxiated by gas from the exploded powder. I was carried into a trench, where a German captain named Gruson gave me a drink, after which I was made prisoner, and taken to Liege in an ambulance. I am convinced that the honor of our arms has been sustained. I have not surrendered either the fortress or the forts. Deign, Sire, to pardon any defects in this letter. I am physically shattered by the explosion of Loncin. In Germany, whither I" am proceeding, my thoughts wiJI be, as they have ever been, of Belgium and the· King. I would willingly have given my life the better to serve them, but death was denied me." Tributes to the heroic defenders of Liege were paid in the British Parliament by the Prime :\Iinister and others. Mr. Asquith, standing before that august body, exclaimed: "The defense of Liege (cheers) will always be the theme of one of the most inspiring chapters in

(223) Pbot.oerapb £rom collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyrlaht, 1914, WAR"S TOLL IN THE FIELDS OF TIAELEl\ Photograph tuken shortly after the struggle for possession of the villag<' had ceased. Th<' fighting for("!"S W!"re mnd,. "I' of !"nvalry, infantry anrl arlillNy of about l'qunl ~trl'ngth . Prominent in the 12-hour struggle werC' lhf' "GuidC'•." thl' ("rlwk (•f~vnlry rorp• nf Kin~.t \llwrt ·, armv. whn w!"r<' organir.Prl hy King L<'opnld 1., on rPrngnitinn of Jl,.]qimn n• a kin.!!dnm ON OUTPOST WITII B.ELGIANS-Photograph showing how patrols guard the main battle line, finding shelter beneath hay huts. SAC.RIFICED TO PROTECT BRUSSELS- Photograph showing a bridge at Huy, Belgium, which was wrecked to check the advance on Brussels.

Photograpb.s frorn colle<.·tion of International News Service. Copyright, 1914-. .BURNING OF TIRLEMONT-Photograph showing Belgian artillery falling DESTRUCTION AT TO~GRES- Photograph showing German soldiers back from Tirlcmont, which is shrouded in background in smokt'. guarding a railroad bridge I.Jiown up by Belgians on retreat. Photograph by Farringdon. London--<:opyrigh.t. International News Service. BREASTWORKS OF STRAW AT DIEST-Photograph showing Belgian infantry soldiers taking shelter behind stacks of straw near Diest, in Belgium, to contest the right of way wtth the German army that was marching on Brussels after the capture of Liege. Photograph taken while the German advance was less than a mile distant.

(226) THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR the annals of liberty. The Belgians have won for themselves the immortal glory which be­ longs to a people who prefer freedom to ease, to security, even to life itself. 'Ye are proud of their alliance and their friendship." (Cheers.) :\Ir. Bonar Law, the Leader of the Opposi­ tion, then arose. ·• Belgium has deserved well of the world,,. he said with emotion. "She has added another to the long list of great deeds which have been done by the heroic patriotism of small nations .. , Similar sentiments were e:\-pressed by the Irish leader, 1lr. John Red­ mond, and by the leaders in the House of Lords. The Belgian resistance offered at Liege brought the following tribute from 11. Joseph Reinach, of the French Chamber of Deputies, and principal secretary of Gambetta in 1881- 188~: ''There is to-day no more glorious town in history than Liege. Its forts have already stopped the forward march of the invaders. The more than three days' advantage of their deliberate aggression given to the Germans in mobilization is lost. It is not only to the mass of the Belgian Army that the heroic defenders of Liege have given time to complete mobiliza­ tion and concentration, but also to the French Army, to our ~ortheastern troops, massed hehveen Lille and l\lontmedy, and to the British Expeditionary Force. The consequences of the resistance of Liege, which has caused the admiration of the civilized world and manifest surprise to the German Army, are not, even from a purely military point of view, facts of trivial importance. Even on the battlefield it is not only the big battalions that count. It was not a sentimental philosopher, but the most hard-headed of soldiers, the very genius of war, ~apoleon, who said: 'In war morale and opinion are more than half of the business.'" Thus the German Army won its first signal success in Belgium in its first step in the cam­ paign against Paris-at terrific cost, stoutly resisted, but firm in its determination. The French were now hurrying to the defense of their northern neighbor. On August 7th, the French army entered Belgium and advanced into the country. France had already concentrated .t-00,000 men on the German frontier. The beautiful city of Nancy, seat of one of the chief French universities, purposely left unfortified, was the chief center of these operations. Gayly and jubilantiy, as if going to some festive parade, the French troops passed through, shout­ ing, ".\Berlin!" and singing the "l\1arseillaise." :\Ieanwhile, volunteers by the thousand were flocking lo the colors in London. The banks were reopening, and it was announced that the Bank of England had received on foreign accounts $28,000,000 in gold, and would shortly reduce its rate to 5 per cent. The Govern­ ment took over all the available silver supplies for currency purposes. The German hanks in London were closed. The gray old city was the scene of a remarkable demonstration on the afternoon of .-\.ugust 7th. A party consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament and of others prominent in the political and social world assembled before the Italian Em­ bassy, waYing a huge Italian flag and cheering for Italy. Thousands of passers-by joined in the cheering, which increased tenfold when the Italian Ambassador, :\Iarquis di Francavilla, accompanied by the .Marchioness, appeared on the balcony. But the Ambassador had no word of encouragement for the demonstrators. He could only say that Italy had declared her neutrality and would adhere to it. In the meantime, the German Government was mak­ ing every effort to induce Italy to abandon neutrality; but all in vain. ·what was Italy to do? 'Vould the descendants of magnificent old Rome join Germany and Austria under the Triple Alliance-or would they remain neutral? Popular demon­ strations in Rome and elsewhere showed plainly where the sympathies of the Italian people lay. The French Embassy in Rome and the French Consulates in other Italian cities were daily receiving offers from Italians who wished to serve under the French colors--offers

(227) Photograph from collection of Edwin Levick. FRE:\CH RU:;I-1 TO THE UKFE~SE OF NA:\IUR-Photograph taken on the outskirts of Namur, Belgium, showing Belgian guards removing a barricade, which was placed to check raiding German Uhlans, to permit the passage of French reinforcements. When this photograph was taken the German siege guns were already battering away at the forts. (228 ) GATEWAY TO THE INVASION OF FRANCE-Because of its strategic position at the junction of two river valleys lead­ ing through Belgium, Namur was strongly fortified with what was supposed to be almost impregnable fortresses. When the German artillery loosed its fearful missiles against them, they unexpectedly crumbled to ruins.

(229) ..

Photograph trom co11ection of International News Service. Copyright, H.H4 . RESTING BEFORE THE BATTLE AT NAMUR-Photograph taken at Namur showing Belgian artillery and artillerists on the eve of lhe bombardment. lt is a eurious coin.,idcncc that the artillery of the Bcl~anR and the Germans wc:rc mostly made by the same cannon manufacture•·s. the Fred•·ieh Krupp wo•·ks' in Ge•·many.

which perforce were gratefully declined. l\'Iacaulay asserts that "when men are compelled to fight in self-defense, they must hate and avenge." 1\'iay it be said for the French Government at this trying time that it did not act on this principle with regard to the Germans under their jurisdiction. On the contrary, they treated them with every consideration. Those leaving Paris were judiciously separated from other foreigners, when registering at the police stations, and the trains conveying them away departed from obscure stations, in order to avoid the crowds. ''Vealthy Germans ' returning from vacations reported that they had received no ill-treatment anywhere. Church and State forgot their feud in the national crisis. On August 6th, the· forty­ fourth anniversary of the celebrated chr.rge of the French cuirassiers at Reichshofen was celebrated in the Madeleine by a solemn mass, at the conclusion of which Cardinal Arnette, the Archbishop of Paris, dramatically s~:~uted the crepe-covered flags held by survivors of the charge before the altar, while the sacred edifice rang to the unwonted sounds of enthu­ siastic plaudits from the immense congregation present.

(230) BELGIAN ARTILLERY 0~ THE FIRING LINE-Belgian field artillery consisted o£ Krupp guns of 75 mm. calibre equipped with modern recoil mechanism and automatic ejectors. Wl1cn the gun is discharged the empty shell is ejected with great velocity past the heads of the gunners. Cartridges are kept in a limber beside the cannon.

Paris was resuming almost its normal aspect. The restored "La Gioconda" could still be viewed in the Louvre. Martial law \vas lightly interpreted. The boulevards were full of animation. All the food and drug stores were open. Yet the sight of a herd of cattle driven through the heart of the city, and of horses picketed on either side of the Champs Elysees, reminded the citizens of the actual conditions. The American refugees on the war-ridden continent were now besieging the governments to aid them in the escape from the danger zones. Many are the stories of adventure that will form the folklore of the country. The experience of Dr. John H. Finley, head of the Depart­ ment of Education of New York State, is typical of these anecdotes. On August 3d, he was in the English Lake district, and, under the circumstances, he deemed it advisable to go to France to get his twelve-year-old son, who was staying with a French family near Dieppe. Reaching Boulogne the next morning, he was immediately arrested and taken before the Commissaire of Police, who obliged him to have a photograph taken. He was then allowed to proceed to Abbeville, but could get no train there; so he proceeded to walk to Dieppe, a · (231) PhotogTaph from coUection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright, 1914.. BATTLE SCARRED CITADEL OF MA Y WARS- Photograph showing the strong fortifications of Namur. The city was taken by the forces of Louis XIV. in 1692; besieged and captured by W1lliam HI. in 1695; taken by the French in 1746; restored to Austria in 1748; and fell for the third time into the hands of the French in 1792.

Photograph from collection of Int e mational News Service. Copyright, 1914. GERMAN BRIDGE SPECIALIST AT NAMUR-Photograph showing a dynamited railroad bridge blown up by retreat­ ing Belgians. The famous German bridge engineer, Ludwig Meyer (in civilian clothes at the" right) was called from Mninz, Germany, together with about 10,000 other engineers, to repair wrecked bridges that impeded the Germans.

(232) THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR distance of forty miles. Starting at 7 P.M., he reached Dieppe at 9 A.M. the following day, after sleeping on the roadside in a heavy rain, and after being again arrested on suspicion of being a German spy, searched and deprived of everything that he had on him. He had diffi­ culty in identifying himself, until he displayed the ribbon of the Legion of Honor. He was then allowed to proceed, and eventually arrived safely in London, together with his son. The war situation in America had now reached a critical state. The pressure was being felt in financial circles in the United States. Four brokerage firms had failed in New York City. Secretary 1\

(233) A rciE T FLEMISH CITY RUINED DY ARTILLERY-Photograph showing the devastation wrought in Dinant, Bel­ gium, by the German bombardment. Belgian artillery replied from the citadel on the cliff. At its base is seen the ruins of the ancient church of Notre Dame, tl1e center tower of which originally reached to the top of tl1c cliff.

Photographs from collection of UndcrwooJ & Underwood. Copyright, 1014 CONQUEROR l); THE MIDST OF THE RUINS-Photograph taken shortly after the fall of Dinant, showing the German commander, Oberst-Lcutnant (Lieutenant-Commander) Deeger. Beside him is the German professor charged with the reorganization of the schools of the city. Dinant was almost n total ruin when the bombardment ended. (234) How to Secure This Valuable War Library Published in weekly parts-Ten Cents a part-Printed in Alco-Gravure Purpose of This Great Work Keep Posted on the War This monumental "Photographic History of This authentic history fills a great need in the Great War" is being produced to gi,·e the ~our home and business. It keeps you correctly American people the first absolutely unbiased mfo~med on matters that you must know about. record of the epoch-making events that are de­ I~ gives :V'OU the. e;:act truth . . It digests the olti­ stroying nations and remoulding the geography ctal records, weighs the emdence, reduces the of the world-a priceless memorial of the stir­ statements to their proper proportion, and places ring times in which we are living. It will be the facts before you in their correct perspecti·IJe. strictly neutral in its viewpoint, according to These are the principles upon which the '·Pho­ the proclamation of President Wilson. Each to~raphic History of the Great War" is based. nation engaged in the conflict will be git•en the I.t IS not a diary of current events, but an authen­ opportunity to present its own case for the jndg­ tic. and. per~anent record .for future reference. m.ent of future generation.~. It will depend en­ It 1s a gtgantic work which every American will tirely upon experts in interpreting the military ~and ~own from generation to generation. It movements from the official records-an official Is destmed to become the standard illustrated source hook to which the people may turn for history of the titanic upheaval which has upset accurate information. the world. Keep Your Record for Posterity A Guarantee of Unbiased Begin today to collect these parts and make Authority your own war library. You will soon find that you ot?n a rare collect~on of actual pho.f:_ographs of This great work is guaranteed by the fact that every lmportant event m the W orl.d' s Greatest War t s· editor-in-chief (Francis Trevelyan Miller, -the Fall of I,iege, the Capture of Brussels, the Litt. D., LL. D.) is the historian who originated airships dropping bombs over Antwerp, the the irlea of collecting the great Brady Collection Burning of Louvain, the Bombardment of of War Photographs. valued at $150,000, into Rheims, the Battle of the Marne, the Battle of the monumental work which ha.~ become cele­ the Orcq, the Battle of the Aisne, the air fleets brated as "The Photographic History of the over Paris, the Invasion by the Russians, the Civil War," and which was produced by one of Battles in Austria and Germany, the Fleets in the most influential p 1blishing houses in this the N~rth Sea, the battleships lying off the country to the extent of more than .'>4,000 sets, coast of the United States-a priceless collection or $2,250,000 gross. Dr. Miller is now engaged to be in·kerited by your children. with a new staff of historians a:nd military authorities to perform the same serzrice for the Great War in Europe. TO THE PUBLISHER: I believe that Be Sure and Order Next Week's 1Va1ne ______Part Today Street ______------This war library is to be distributed in weekly parts throughout the United States. Each of Town ______state______these parts represents a cost exceeding $10,000 each week. These parts will increase rapidlv in may become interested in the Photographic number, until they become the most val;,abl.e His tory of the Great War, and suggest that war books in the world. The plan of distribution ·z {him 1 has been worked out on a basis whereby every you m.al her f a sample copy. reader can secure this monumental work at the Signed______insignificant sum. of Ten Cents a Part. An unprecedented demand is confidently expected. Street ______Those who wish to avoid disappointment should have their copies reserved for them, otherwise Town______State ______it is probable that they cannot be secured at any· price. Begin Today to Collect These Rare War Photographs