Four Mysterious Citizens of the United States That Served on The

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Four Mysterious Citizens of the United States that Served On the International Olympic Com-mittee During the Period 1900-1917 Four Mysterious Citizens of the United States that Served On the International Olympic Com-mittee During the Period 1900-1917, Harvard University, William Milligan Sloane, Paris, Theodore Stanton, United States, America, American Olympic Committee, Olympic Games, Rutgers University, Pierre de Coubertin, International Olympic Committee, Karl Lennartz, Mr. Hyde, IOC member, Evert Jansen Wendell, Theodore Roosevelt, IOC members, Allison Vincent Armour, Olympic Research, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, New York, Messieurs Stanton, Caspar Whitney, Cornell University, William Howard Taft, Evert Jansen, John Updike, North American, The International Olympic Committee One Hundred Years, See Wolf Lyberg, French Foreign Legion, See Barbara Tuchman, Barrett Wendell, father Jacob, Allison V. Armour, George Armour, President Coubertin, American University Union, American Red Cross, Coubertin, Phillips Brooks, A. V. Armour, New York City, Harvard, See Roosevelt, Swedish Olympic Organizing Committee, E. J. Wendell, List of IOC members, Doctor Sloane, John A. Lucas, the United States, Professor W. M. Sloane, Pennsylvania State University, Modern Olympic Games, Henry Brewster Stanton, James Hazen Hyde, Theodore Weld Stanton, Evert Jansen Wendell John A. Lucas, Professor Emeritus William M. Sloane, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, New York Herald, Professor Sloane, James Haren Hyde, Stanton, Keith Jones, RUDL, Allison Armour, T. Stanton, Anatole France, See Stanton, the North American Review, American Biographies, Baron de Coubertin

Scholarly Program Notes on the Graduate Vocal Recital of Zhang Lu, The tree symbol in Islam, A profile of Adriana Dadci's individual technical-tactical preparation, The reduced population and wealth of early fifteenth- century Suffolk, Pay and non-pay incentives, performance and motivation, Edison, Miller, and Affiliated Families, Judo contribution to martial arts-techniques, strategies, values, Between Ethnic Memory and National Memory Four “Mysterious” Citizens of the United States that Served On the International Olympic Com- mittee During the Period 1900- 1917:

Theodore Stanton; James Hazen Hyde; Allison Vincent Armour and Evert Jansen Wendell

John A. Lucas*

The Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937), founder of the Modern Olympic Games, had his own peculiar and private reasons for selecting members of his International Olympic Committee (IOC). All that we know, especially from Coubertin’s two autobi- ographies (1909 and 1931), is that his reasoning embraced a meld of political, geographic, sporting, aristocratic, and personal deci- sion-making. One or more of these unilateral determinations resulted in selecting the American, William Milligan Sloane, who served from 1894 to 1925. Caspar Whitney was Coubertin’s second U.S. citizen to serve 1900-1905, although he never attended an IOC meeting. Some good research exists on both Professor Doctor Sloane and Whitney. Absolutely nothing of a meaningful nature exists on Stanton, Hyde, Armour, and Wendell. This research is an effort to, in part, till that void. This researcher, for 35 years, has collected both primary and secondary documents on these four “mysterious“ IOC members. The following research libraries contain helpful documents, and in several cases, the extant “papers“ of these interesting personali- ties: Rutgers University, Cornell University, Harvard University, Yale University, Princeton University The Library of Congress, The Boston Public Library, The New York City Library, and The Archives of the IOC in Lausanne, Switzerland. This researcher has visited all of these libraries more than once, and frequently, more than three or four times, engaged in Olympic research on IOC members. In the case of the IOC primary documents, this researcher made personal and valuable and in- depth investigations to Lausanne in 1958, 1959, 1960, 1969, 1970, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1985, 1986, 1988, and possibly, five or six visits during the decade of the 1990s. I now feel comfortable and professionally prepared to discuss something on the personal professional, and IOC careers of Stanton, Hyde, Armour, and Wendell. American historian Barbara Tuchman wrote that “Human behavior is not arithmetic.” Novelist John Updike said the same thing about human motives, and about biography, both so much concerned with “conjectures, elaborated to fill empty space between act and explanation.”1 Biography is not synonymous with history, but biography well-done contributes to the unfolding of past actuality. The exact motives for the selection of Messieurs Stanton, Hyde, Armour, and Wendell to the IOC are poorly under- stood. Only Wendell was an athlete - a multiple sprint champion at Harvard University. The other three were men of influence, with vast “connections,” great wealth, and in the case of Hyde and Armour, unlimited leisure to follow their own passionate avoca- tions. Within these statements may lie something of their co-optation to the IOC membership list as numbers 25, 38, 58, 71.2 Coubertin’s “peculiar” selections no doubt were reasonable in the mind of the Olympic Games “renovateur,” but they are difficult to extract from his writings. The same is true of documents dealing with the four Americans, and the task of this researcher has been to read all available papers in order to arrive at tentative conclusions regarding their IOC admittance.

Theodore Weld Stanton, 1851-1925 (IOC 1900-1904)

Theodore Stanton’s mother was one of her country’s most important persons in the nineteenth-century civil rights movement. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) remained a liberal influence on her son Theodore. In 1840, she married Henry Brewster Stan- ton, a prominent abolitionist, New York State senator, and staff member on the New York Sun. Mrs. Stanton’s half-century contributions are chronicled in scores of histories and biographies. Their son Theodore received two liberal arts degrees from Cornell University (1874, 1876), before leaving for Paris, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life.3 Theodore Stanton’s long career as scholar, translator, author, and significant literary agent, began in 1879 with a translation of the eight-volume work by Francois Le Gaff, Life of Louis Adolphe Thiers, Stanton‘s last contribution, with his sister Harriet Stan- * John A. Lucas is Professor Emeritus at The Pennsylvania State University, USA

Bridging Three Centuries Fifth International Symposium for Olympic Research, pp. 195-206 196 Bridging Three Centuries Fifth International Symposium for Olympic Research - 2000

ton Blatch, was the two-volume Elizabeth Cady Slanton As Revealed in her Diary and Reminiscences (1922).4 Stanton was never an athlete nor involved in organized sporting competitions. For forty years, working out of Paris, he served as agent for scholarly journals, writer and correspondent for the Chicago Inter-Ocean, the New York Sun, the New York Independent, New York Times (NYT), Harper and Brothers, D. Appleton and Co., Henry Holt and Co., and overseas correspondent for the Associated Press, plus regular contributer to The Nation magazine. From 1916-1924, he wrote animated “Letters-to-the-Editor” in the NYT 5 An “International Congress For the Rights of Women” took place in Paris from July 25-August 9, 1878. The twenty-seven year old Stanton represented his mother, as he accompanied Julia Ward Howe and Mary A. Livermore.6 Several years later, in a weekly 1893 Chicago journal, The Open Court, Stanton wrote that French university students do not participate in on-campus sport, but “...among the pupils of the lyceum an interest in these healthful exercises is growing, thanks to the indefatigable efforts of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.”7 Incontrovertible proof exists that Stanton was an official delegate at Coubertin‘s Second Sorbonne Conference in June of 1894. Norbert Muller, contemporary Olympic historian, called Stanton “one of nine commissioners in attendance.” A Revue Olympique of January, 1901, written by Coubertin, stated that,

...present at the Congress were Th. Stanton, representing the sport of track and field athletics. From the United States, the Congress was represented by the eminent historian and friend of the president, Professor W. M. Sloane.

In a June 10, 1998 phone conversation, film producer and author, Gary Allison, told this researcher that,

...Documentation exists that Stanton was a press commissioner at the 1894 conference, that he was U.S. repre- sentative of several prestigious American literary magazines, and was instrumental in getting Coubertin’s essays published.8

The Stanton manuscripts in the archives of Douglas Library, on the Rutgers University campus, contain correspondence between the IOC president Dimitrius Vikelas and Stanton, as well as letters from IOC charter member, William Milligan Sloane and Stan- ton. From Athens, Vikelas acknowledged receiving a letter from Stanton (dated January 5, 1895)... “regarding literary interests. I’m busy with Olympic Games preparation,” wrote the Greek scholar, who added that “in the paper that you are writing, you will get full participation by calling...upon the Baron Pierre de Coubertin, 20 rue Oudinot.”9 Stanton was true to his word and mentioned both the Paris Exposition World’s Fair and these pending first modern Olympic Games in the Critic and in The North Amer- ican Review.10 Stanton was invited to serve on the IOC in 1900, but the particular month is not known. A cordial letter from Coubertin to Stanton, in Paris, is dated June 18, 1900:

I think your idea is interesting. It answers exactly what I had in mind when I funded several prizes in American universities for winners of debates in French literature. I cannot attend the dinner in Paris honoring American athletes. Some of us are in favor of an American Olympic Games in ‘04. The great American tradition of sport would insure ‘a magnificent bundle of laurels.’ Let your powerful universities and societies take the lead in making preparations for 1904 festival and we will show them what the modern Olympic Games can be when man- aged by competent men.11

Coubertin wrote, in his 1909 autobiogaphy, that “All three of my American IOC colleagues, Stanton, Sloane and Whitney were in favor of a Chicago Olympic Games.”12 At the 1901 IOC session in Paris, Stanton was in attendance, but possibly played no active role. Caspar Whitney did not come, nor did he attend any IOC meetings. Dr. Sloane was ever-active and was offered the IOC presidency, but declined.13 Theodore Stanton, minimal IOC member, was busy with literary “high culture,” acting as intermediary for European intellectuals and espousing liberal causes. He was condemned when he proclaimed, in 1910, that “any men’s club which doesn’t have a room where members can receive women friends is a narrow-minded institution.” Keith Jones, Stanton biographer, compiled a list of Theodore Stanton essays, published in many of the best French, English, and United States journals. The list runs to four typewritten pages. As late as December 31, 1924, Professor Emeritus William M. Sloane, writing from San Ysidros Ranch in Santa Barbara, replied to Mr. Stanton’s December 20 letter. “I am so sorry,” wrote Sloane, “that two of my books are out of print, otherwise I would send you copies of French Revolution and Religious Reform and French War of the American Revolution.” 15 There was no talk of the Olympic Games between these two old friends. Stanton died a few months later, at age 74, while Sloane died in 1928 in his 78th year. Both men were intellectuals of the first order. Both sought through their writings a certain reputation for historical accuracy, always with an underlying tone of tolerance. Both men probably accepted invitations to serve on the IOC for related reasons. Sloane served a long time, 1894 till 1925, while Stanton’s tenure was very brief. Back in 1895, a year before the Games of the First Olympiad and five years before the Paris World’s Exposition of 1900, Stanton was Four "Mysterious" Citizens of the United States 197 asked: “Why all the fuss and expense for such things international?” He replied:

A regard for the comity of nations should prompt us to do our best at Paris in 1900. We [Americans] ought to [show] with eclat what a free democratic people has done...The exhibition of 1900 will be a good occasion on which to raze forever the Chinese wall with which America is prone to surround herself.16

James Hazen Hyde, 1876-1959 (IOC 1903-1908)

James Hazen Hyde, Harvard University Class of 1898, was never an athlete in the conventional sense. We have no record of his intercollegiate participation in any sport. And yet in the year of his conscription into the IOC, probably at the invitation of Cou- bertin, an anonymously written essay in Outing magazine called the twenty-seven year old multi-millionaire the best coach and horse driver he had ever seen - “the best all-round whip in the United States.”17 The author was most likely the journal editor and IOC member, Caspar Whitney, who wrote that, despite having inherited millions of dollars, young Hyde drove his own one and a half ton coach and team of horses 190 miles in 19 hours, 29 minutes...“fastest in the world.”18 Hyde was born in New York City, son of Annie Fitch Hyde and Henry Baldwin Hyde, founder and president of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. The senior Hyde retired from his position in 1899, and the 23 year old son took over the huge corporation.19 In 1905, in one of New York City’s most infamous financial scandals, Hyde was accused of stealing millions of dollars of his own company’s monies and fleeing to Paris. Just before that, in December of 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt asked his younger fellow Harvard University alumni, “Can you come down to see me...next week?” He wished to offer the 28-year old Hyde a position in the European diplomatic service. Hyde‘s hand-written reply, in full, reads:

My dear Mr. President: Much as I appreciate the honor that you have been good enough to offer me, I have decided, after mature consideration, and for business reasons not to enter the diplomatic service at the present time. With sincere thanks for the compliment tendered me.20

Hyde already an IOC member,21 was soon to be consumed by accusations of corruption, followed by his permanent exile to Paris.22 Hyde may have stolen $685,000 on a single loan, cried the July 22, 1905 page one NYT headline; “Equitable sues J. H. Hyde,” shouted another NYT page one, in their February 1, 1906 edition, while the Boston Post of November 18, 1905 spoke of the huge offers of money made by business and art cartels to Hyde to “act as our agent in Europe.”23 With wealth, good looks, and an extremely good education in the French language and culture, the most affable Hyde spent the next forty years in ‘mending fences’ between the United States and France, not in the sporting world, but in all additional meaningful domains of ‘Franco-American’ history and culture. He lectured at the Paris Harvard Club and at the ‘H’ Club in London, always on the same subjects: ‘Pan-Atlantic Alliances,” the natural “Alliance Between the USA-Great Britain and France,” and “An American University Union in Europe.” The self-exiled Hyde, after 36 years in France, returned to the United States in 1941, leaving a tumultuous life as an intellectual, ex-officio diplomat, social leader, lecturer, philanthropist, and many-times married expatriate.24 Mr. Hyde’s honorary degrees and special recognitions included the French government’s “Legion of Honor” for establishing a permanent lecture scholarship at Harvard University; a 1920 LL.D from Rennes University; recipient of the Grand Cross in recognition of his work in promoting French literature in the United States, and during the First World War, “aide to the High Commander of the American Red Cross in Paris.” Hyde’s biographies and obituaries list a score more additional national and international honors. This researcher found none of these recognitions from the American Olympic Committee (AOC) or from the IOC. Hyde lectured on two continents, frequently sporting a pointed Louis Napoleon beard and a French style hair cut. This was his dress as the 62-year old philanthropist accepted “the associate chair in the Paris Academy of Moral and Political Sciences to foster Franco-American Friendship.”25 On the same subject, he lectured at universities in Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille, Nantes, Lyon, Dijon, Grenoble, Rheims, Paris, New York City, and Cambridge, Massachusetts (Harvard University). The invading German armies stole a “priceless collection” of paintings, porcelains, engravings, and tapestries from Hyde‘s home in Vichy-Paris, and, unaccountably, returned them in March of 1941. Twelve of his paintings were donated to Middlebury College in Vermont after the war.26 Several years after Hyde’s death, art historian Rita Reif wrote how all this came about: “Val- ued arts collection the result of a scandal.”27 She wrote much on the extraordinary collection of art objects, adding that:

The luxury-loving Hyde devoted his life to bettering Franco-American relations and was the only foreigner to serve as lecturer in the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. No one did more to make French literature better known in this country.28 198 Bridging Three Centuries Fifth International Symposium for Olympic Research - 2000

The Hyde obituary of 770 words, published in the New York Herald Tribune, skillfully encapsulated the man’s eighty-three years. There is no mention of his IOC membership. His “fortune of $20 million” was spent in extravagance, service, art, culture on cultivating French-American relations, and “as a tally-ho driver without peer.”29 Further research needs to be done on this interesting IOC member. Why, for example, was Hyde chosen by de Coubertin, and in what ways, if any, did Hyde serve the committee? Did Hyde not attend any meetings because he incorrectly perceived that he was merely the recipient of yet another honorary title? As is always the case with history and biography, the story is never complete, the case never closed.

Allison Vincent Armour, 1863-1941 (IOC 1908-1919)

It is puzzling, to say the least, that we know little of what Allison Vincent Armour (1863-1941) said or did at the five IOC meetings that he attended in 1909, 1910, 1912, 1914, and at Lausanne in 1919.30 IOC and USOC archives contain no information on Armour’s committee activities, but the same could be said of other members, then and now. Pierre de Coubertin’s grand- nephew. Geoffroy de Navacelle, translated in both 1979 and 1997 his revered relative’s second autobiography Memoirs Olympique. In Chapter 10 “The IOC in Berlin 1909,” there is a revealing photo of members and many of their wives. Both William Milligan Sloane and Allison V. Armour are in the portrait.31 Several years later, in 1915, there were three IOC members from the United States: Sloane, Armour, and the former great Harvard University athlete, Evert Jansen Wendell (1860-1917). Of these three, only Armour was in attendance on the March 18, 1915 “International Olympic Committee Day” in San Francisco. The war had started, few European sportsmen were present, and the affair was unsatisfactory to Coubertin in his efforts to advance the Olympic Move- ment.32 IOC documents for 1915 speak of efforts to include “a pentathlon exhibition,” an equestrian medal celebrating “the Olym- pic Games 20th year,” and a comment that “it is not yet certain which IOC members will be present in San Francisco.” We know for certain that Mr. Armour was in San Francisco. His letter to Exposition president, C.C. Moore stated that “March 18, 1915 be declared ‘International Olympic Committee Day’...and that the new Olympic flag be flown for the first time.” Armour further added that Coubertin was responsible for the modern Olympic pentathlon. In a report to President Coubertin, dated December 2, 1915, and signed by Allison V. Armour, on behalf of the three Americans, Sloane, Wendell, and Armour, five points were made:

1. The International Olympic Cup is in the case of New York City’s Tiffany and Co. 2. Havana is unsuitable for an AOC meeting. 3. There were no participants for the Modern Pentathlon at San Francisco. 4. The sentiment of the AAU towards the IOC is under investigation. We have no reason to believe that there is any lack of harmony. 5. The Olympic Flag question was raised rather too late for anything to be done during Armour’s visit to San Fran- cisco.33

Armour served the IOC minimally, but well-enough, so typical of the wealthy European and American members chosen by Coubenin. Armour married Amie Louise Kelley of Chicago on December 10, 1885, only to have her pass away in 1890. There were no children, leaving Armour to spend much of the next 35 years on his yacht, circling the world‘s oceans. He had inherited a fortune from his Scottish-born father:

George Armour (1812-1881) settled in Chicago, financed its first banking house and was closely identified with the city’s financial prosperity. He was the first president of the Art Institute, president of the Board of Trade, trustee of the YMCA.34

Young Armour received the best education at Chicago’s Harvard School and then went on to success at Yale University, grad- uating with honors in 1884. After a brief stint at the bank, he devoted his time to the management of family affairs, the study of international navigation, qualified as master mariner and commander of his own steam yacht “Utowana.” His eight around-the- world tours. in the interest of scientific research, took up most of the rest of his life. Utowana’s trips took Armour and a ship full of botanists, floriculturalists, plant pathologists, entomologists, archaeologists, science photographers, explorers, as well as multi-millionaire friends “along for the ride.” All were friends and colleagues of the restless and talented Armour. His huge expeditionary motor yacht made its way to Labrador, East Africa, Southeast Asia, scores of stops in the Mediterranean Sea. The “1,316 gross tons” ship, home to Armour, was 230 feet long, 35 feet at the beam, with a crew of 30 men, and was fitted with the full complement of modern scientific equipment. The Smithsonian Institute contains thousands of contributions gathered by scientists who accompanied Captain Armour on his travels.35 Along for the fun, at various times, were German Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Vanderbilt family and “the cream of Newport society,” plus a 1909 voyage to East Africa to meet with big-game hunter, Theodore Roosevelt, “to search for an ancient Creek city that may be buried on the shore of the Indian Ocean.”36 Along the way, the master yachtsman won several competitive, international races, and, more importantly, received recognitions from some of the world’s prestigious Four "Mysterious" Citizens of the United States 199 scientific societies.37 In his 1930 text, Exploring for Plants, David Fairchild emphasized the importance of Armour’s 1925, 1926, and 1927 expeditions on behalf of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. “Allison” he said, made “substantial contributions to the civilization of the coming centuries...Armour is a past master of sailing yachts.”38 This researcher has insufficient information on Armour’s IOC participation and precious little on his involvement with the American Olympic Committee (AOC). Armour wrote the President of the United States, William Howard Taft, requesting “our government’s protection of the Archaeological Institute of America’s team on the war-tom island of Cyrene.” In the same letter, dated January 13, 1912, Armour wrote:

As an IOC member, I beg that the President, as Honorable President of the NOC [AOC], will use his influence in furthering the efforts of that committee to have proper representation at Stockholm, especially in military sports.39

The following year, after the Stockholm Olympic Games, Armour met with AOC president, Colonel Robert Means Thompson (1849-1930) and the Executive Committee to discuss plans for the next games in Berlin.40 Armour’s life was event-filled and pro- ductive, not so much in the Olympic world, but within the even larger sphere of serious adventures amidst the research scientific community. His will was tiled on March 22, 1941, leaving $50,000 to Davenport College of Yale University, an equal amount to his sister, Mary Armour Whitehouse, and a fortune of $200,000 to relatives in Tucson, Arizona, Princeton, New Jersey, and Peapack, New Jersey. 41 Armour was the willing servant of the scientific community, focusing significant personal skills and unbounded zeal melded to nearly unlimited monies. His ship brought home several thousand unique forms of plant life, thousands of revealing photographs, “three thousand herbarium specimens for laboratory study of insect and fungus diseases...and 500 specimens of birds, lizards, and repiltes.”42 He must have enjoyed it all. In a letter titled “At sea, October 2nd, 1929, Armour wrote Yale University biographer; Leonard Daggett:

Have been speeding eastward (in the Mediterranean) in quest of a parasite for the gay little fruit fly which has becaused much excitement and trouble in Florida, indirectly having ‘busted’ eight banks.43

Although we do not know this for sure, A. V. Armour must have brought this same skill and zest to his much smaller preoccupation and service to the AOC and to the IOC.

Evert Jansen Wendell, 1860-1917 (IOC 1911-1917)

Olympic historian Wolf Lyberg reported that the great Harvard University athlete and IOC member, E. J. Wendell, attended three Olympic meetings, in Stockholm (1912); Lausanne (1913); and Paris in 1914.44 Coubertin and the President of the United Sates, Theodore Roosevelt, admired one another and had a lively correspondence from 1901-1918.45 Roosevelt wrote to his former Harvard University friend, Wendell, on January 19, 1911, informing him that there was a vacancy on the IOC. “All of us,” he wrote, “feel that you are the one for the job, and that you ought to take it...without fail.”46 He did so, informing Roosevelt two days later: “I thank you, my dear Theodore. I have written to Professor Sloane...I shall gladly do so!”47 The 51 year old, born in Boston, well-positioned both culturally and financially, remained a member until his death in 1917, while serving his country in the early days of the USA’s entry into the First World War.48 A whole generation and more earlier, as a Harvard University undergraduate, Wendell was the fastest runner in the Eastern United States, winning 100, 220, and 440-yard championships in the ‘IC4A’ track meets 1879-1881. Unmarried, he was able to devote his entire career to philanthropic endeavors, said The National Cylopaedia of American Biography. 49 Wendell’s father Jacob owned a large New York City woolen factory was of Dutch extraction, and traced his descent to Evert Jansen Wendell, who settled in New Amsterdam [New York City] about 1640. The younger E. J. Wendell’s mother was Mary Bertodi Barrett Wendell. Jacob and Mary’s two other sons were Jacob, Jr., an actor and Barrett Wendell (1855-1921), famous Harvard intellectual, professor of American literature, with acclaimed critical studies of Cotton Mather and William Shakespeare.50 The family moved to New York City when Evert was three years old, and that city remained his home throughout his lifetime. After a memorable college career, he traveled extensively in Europe and the Far East with Reverend Phillips Brooks (1835-1893), the famous Boston religious leader who emphasized that “man, not the church, was the focus of God’s attention, and that the church was established that men might live better lives.”51 It may have been that young Jansen’s life-long philanthropic work was, in part, influenced by this Phillips Brooks experience. For several more years, Wendell worked in the New York banking house of John Paton, and after that, as secretary to his father. But his real passion was helping the poorest youth in the city, and Jansen‘s biography is a litany of thirty years work with the Boy’s Clubs, Children‘s Aid Society, House for Refugees, Society for the Refor- mation of Juvenile Delinquents, and many more such groups. “The work seemed useful to me,” was his laconic summation.52 200 Bridging Three Centuries Fifth International Symposium for Olympic Research - 2000

There seemed no end to Wendell’s volunteerism. For 30 years he served the Ivy League’s track and field organization; he never failed to officiate at the ‘IC4A’ athletics championships and at the ‘AAU’ championships. He was central to the success of the Harvard-Yale versus Oxford-Cambridge universities’ athletics competitions. We still know too little about Wendell’s contributions as a member of the American Olympic Committee (AOC) and the IOC. “His sportsmanship and expert knowledge were recognized nationally and internationally,” wrote the secretary of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin. 53 In a rather vague sort of way, Wendell suggested to his friend, the former president, that he enter the 1912 Olympic Games competition in Stockholm. He wrote Roosevelt:

My dear Theodore: I am enclosing a programme of the Olympic Games III, on page 20 of which you will see the announcement of a competition in Game-shooting accomplished at any time between 1908 and 1911. This, of course, covers the period of your trip to South Africa, and the AOC are most anxious for you to allow them to enter you as a competitor for the prize; and to have you kindly send to them whatever details are available; to state the actual and the scientific results of the expedition, so that they may be sent to Sweden...by March 1.54

Roosevelt replied immediately: “My African expedition was primarily...in the interest of science...preservation of wild life...and man’s record of sportsmanship.”55 Wendell, ever concerned about his “Dutch cousin,” wrote Roosevelt again, assuring him that “Your book African Game Trails will be forwarded to the Swedish Olympic Games Organizing Committee to be submitted in the ‘Literature’ category.”56 There is a huge correspondence, a triangle of letters by AOC members, the Swedish Olympic Organizing Committee, and the new United States president, William Howard Taft, dealing with the question: Is it appropriate and will the government of the USA be allowed to send an ‘Official Commissioner’ to the Stockholm games? The William Howard Taft Papers contain 175 such letters, many of them from and to William Milligan Sloane, Colonel Robert Means Thompson, James Edward Sullivan...and Evert Jansen Wendell.57 These years preceding the war seemed to be Wendell’s most active involvement in the Olympic movement. He met with the AOC Executive Committee on March 8, 1913, to plan for the ill-fated Berlin Olympics of 1916. His activities at the May, 1913 IOC meeting in Lausanne were repotted in the New York Times, while the United States Congressional Hearings of May 12, 1916, published Wendell’s suggestions that “A U.S. government-sponsored Olympic Stadium should be constructed.”58 Wendell’s involvement with the IOC ended as World War I began. But the ever-caring millionaire directed his considerable skills to helping others and in the service of his country. He became the Director of the Legal Aid Society on October 26, 1916, and the next year went to France as a volunteer Red Cross worker; he established a fund for American aviators in that country, and supported “Harvard in the foundation of the American University Union in Paris.” 59 Wendell was ill before boarding ship for France, arrived in Paris, and was immediately taken to the American Hospital at Neuilley. He read a letter from “Teddy” Roosevelt and responded on August 23, 1917, to the ex-president’s secretary (Joseph Mayer), just 4 days before Wendell‘s death...

My dear Joe: I don’t think I have been more touched by any of your letters than by the one just received...I am undergoing an operation in the American Hospital...and although there has been no danger, it has been extremely painful, and I lie here now, practically all of my strength gone...I am pathetically lonely and have hardly slept...Mr. Van Dyke is writing this letter for me.60

Wendell’s strength failed him and he “died quietly” on August 27, 1917.61 Baron Pierre de Coubertin took note of his respected colleague’s passing: “On the proposal of the AOC we elected Judge Bartow S. Weeks to the chair formerly occupied by our regretted colleague Evert J. Wendell.”62 Closer to home, Wendell’s long-time friend on the AOC, John Terrance McGovern, wrote a 12-page eulogy-biography of his colleague, McGovern said, in part:

He possessed everything possible of wealth, culture, pleasant surroundings, nobility of ancestry and social pres- tige, yet who in the end gave the best part of his means, his devotion, and his waking hours to the service of the humble.63

What Can We Glean From These Four Lives?

The perception of events after they have occurred - hindsight - is the nearly perfectly accurate scientific history Today’s crit- ics of the IOC, from both lay persons and some professional Olympic historians, might criticize Pierre de Coubertin for co-opting men like Stanton, Hyde, Armour, and Wendell. They were, indisputably, male, Caucasian, aristocratic, and very rich. So was Cou- bertin, and so were his male comrades on the IOC in these early days before the so-called “Great War.” Several facts and percep- tions emerge from all of this. None of them are meant to “save” Coubertin or to malign him for making the choices that he made. The main function of the historian is disinterestedness and accurate recapitulation of significant past actuality on a specific subject. Four "Mysterious" Citizens of the United States 201

With this done, the historian is ready, if he or she wishes, to explain the events of the past “by working backwards from known effects to their causes.”64 Messieurs Stanton, Hyde and Wendell, loved France, while the ocean-tripping Armour was the ultimate cosmopolitan. Cou- bertin enjoyed the company of these kinds of men. He knew almost no other sample of humanity - men or women. Such a mind- set may have been reason enough for him to select these four onto the IOC. Similar reasons may have motivated these Americans to accept the invitation to serve. Almost without doubt, one of the important factors in “working backwards” was to study the per- sonality of William Milligan Sloane, charter member of the IOC and Coubertin’s best friend in North America. This esteemed historian at both Columbia and Princeton Universities was not “well-born,” but he did move in the very best circles of the New York City Princeton University Club and the luxurious New York Athletic Club. Coubertin visited with the older Dr. Sloane in 1889 and 65 1893, and was very much “taken” with this highly-regarded historian of Napoleonic France. As is the case today (in this year 2000), the IOC requests the individual national Olympic committee (NOC) leadership to recommend someone for IOC consideration. Dr. Sloane was that person in the USA and he was “comfortable” in the presence of Stanton, Hyde, Armour, and Wendell. Although evidence is lacking at this time, the Baron may also have met with these men in Paris. Stanton and Hyde lived more years in the French capital than they did at home, while Armour and Wendell were there several times. Throughout his “event-filled” life, Coubertin was compatible with those gentlemen who combined intellect and physical vigor, and, of course, had their roots in gentility and/or wealth. While only Wendell was a famous athlete, the others fitted this Coubertin mind-set. All four were ‘his kind of people.’ But one never knows; these Americans did not meet all of President Coubetiin’s high expectations. For example, given prophecy, he might not have taken onto his committee still another from the USA - Caspar Whitney (1861-1929). The famous sportsman-journalist served briefly on the IOC (l900-1905), but “never attended a single meeting,” wrote Wolf Lyberg.66 Without mentioning Coubertin’s name, Whitney found little use for the IOC nor for “its chairman,“ Both have made a shambles of the 1900 games, he wrote in Outing magazine, reducing “the games [to] a side-show of the Paris Exposition.”67 This ex-IOC member had additional criticisms of the man and his committee during his years as president of the American Olympic Committee, 1906-1909. To say that Stanton, Hyde, Armour and Wendell were reared in an ambiance of wealth, privilege, excellent education, and potential civic power, is to neither praise them nor disapprove of who they were as youths. Their backgrounds and their late-nineteenth-century educations at Harvard, Yale, and Cornell Universities automatically placed them in advantageous business posi- tions, with all possibilities for philanthropic deeds, if they wished. It was not in the least their fault in being born rich. Collectively, they were born neither ‘good‘ nor ‘bad,’ and it must be left to historians, those without ideological agendas, to assess their life-long contributions, if any. This essay has, hopefully, portrayed four well-positioned young men with considerable intel- tects and energy, who did far more notable things outside the Olympic ‘arena’ than they did as ephemeral members of this Olympic ‘family.‘ Hopefully, this is an historically-correct observation rather than a criticism or anything else. Like most of us, Coubertin was a ‘prisoner‘ of his time, of his family, and of his education. This Victorian-Edwardian French gentleman, with a strong English aristocratic tendency, was constitutionally incapable of selecting IOC members from all over the globe, from every social- economic strata, and from the other half of world’s population - women. Hopefully, this last statement is neither an apology for the Olympic leader nor is it, armed with early twenty-first century hindsight, a castigation of his behavior. And something similar might be said of Theodore Stanton, so taken with the memory of his world-famous mother; of James Hazen Hyde, the quixotic, never-indicted thief, who spent his life in trying to make up for this giant indiscretion; of Allison Vincent Armour, who may have spent most of his life wandering the “seven seas” serving the scientific community; and, for this researcher, the most interesting of the four - Evert Jansen Wendell, who, seemingly without an enemy in the world, apparently, led a life of unstinting service. Their value, individually and collectively, to Coubertin and his IOC, was far less than from a select group of four other internationals from the baron‘s “inner circle” club. The obverse of this evaluation is that these four Americans did more for the Olympic movement than four European members, carefully selected, that were mere ornamentation, fawning sycophants that did nothing at all to advance the Coubertin agenda.

Endnotes

1. See Barbara Tuchman, “History by the ounce,” Harper's Magazine, 231 (July, 1965). 75; also John Updike, “The man within,” New Yorker, 71 (June 26-July 3, 1995), 381.

2. See “List of IOC members 1894-1994” by Karl Lennartz, Patrice Cholley et al., in volume 2 of The International Olympic Committee One Hundred Years (Lausanne: IOC 1995), pages 215-231, hereafter abbreviated to “IOC history 1995.”

3. Scores of book-length biographies exist on Mrs. Stanton. There is a brief biography in Webster's American Biographies (1974), p. 976. Theodore Stanton biographies are located in Encyclopedia of American Biography (1901), p. 503; Who’s Who in America (1903-1905), p. 1406; Who Was Who in America (143), p. 1171, and the 1922 Literary Yearbook, p. 1155. Several 202 Bridging Three Centuries Fifth International Symposium for Olympic Research - 2000 obituaries exist in the New York Times [NYT], March 2, 1925, p. 17; New York Herald [NYH], March 2, 1925, p. 13. Mr. Stan- ton died on the Rutgers University campus, helping in the opening of the new wing of the memorial library which he had given the school in memory of his mother. See also The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 2, 1925, p. 2.

4. Stanton translated LeGoff’s eight volumes in 1879; also edited The Woman Question in Europe, 8 volumes (1884); editor of the Manual of American Literature of the publishing house of Christian Bernhard van Tauchnitz (1816-1895), published in 1909; Life of Rose Bonheur, 1822-1899 Reminiscences (1910); translator of Eugene Emmanuel Lemercier, A Soldier of France to his Mother. Letters from the trenches on the Western Front (1917), and the co-authored book on their famous mother, Eliza- beth Cady Stanton (1922). The list of his periodical contributions run to more than 200 and are published in many of the most prestigious European and North American literary journals.

5. A sample of these letters deal with Anatole France, Theodore Roosevelt, World War I, the French Foreign Legion, on “French and American Morals,” French socialism, on Jane Austin’s popularity in France, “America and England,” Henry Vignaud, the Kaiser and Queen Victoria, on a recognition of economist Yves Guyot’s 80th birthday, a book review of Flammarion’s After Death, a letter from Nicholas Murray Butler, comments in the NYT December 24, 1924 edition “Dr. Eagan, Dr. Cook and the North Pole.” All of these and more are listed in the NYT Name Index. The full Stanton biography is being prepared by Rutgers University archivist, Keith Jones (Douglas Library).

6. See “Congres International Du Droit Des Femmes 1878,” in Rutsers University Douglas Library Archives, hereafter RUDLA. Archivist Keith Jones has Stanton essays from the New York Tribune (1881) and the Chicago Inter-Ocean (1883). Jones told this researcher on June 29, 1998, that “Stanton was an agent for the North American Review, stationed in Paris, and helped many French literati in their quest to publish. He served as valuable ‘open conduit’ between American and European ‘high culture.”’

7. See Stanton’s “French University Students,” The Open Court, 8, no. 321 (October 19, 1893), 3840, located in RUDLA. Stan- ton was in Chicago for the great 1893 world’s fair, informing readers of the French contribution. See his “French Section,” in The North American Review, 156 (February, 1893), 241-246.

8. Allison and Lucas phone conversation June 10, 1998. The other two references are in Pierre de Coubertin Textes Choisis, Tome II, edited by Norben Muller (Zurich: Weidmann, 1986), p. 113; also “Regarding the 1894 Congress,” in Revue Olym- pique (Januaty, 1901), p. 8.

9. Bikelas to Stanton; letter dated January 21, 1895. RUDL.

10. See the Stanton letters at RUDL: ‘Notes from Paris,” Critic, new series 23 (March 9, 1895) 185, and “Notes and Comments. Congress and the next Paris Exposition,” The North American Review, 161 (December, 1895), 753-757. Sloane accepted an invitation from Stanton to have a Paris Thanksgiving dinner in November of 1896. Even though we have not met...“I feel as if I were no stranger to you,” wrote Dr. Sloane on November 17, 1896 (RUDL). Sloane wrote again in the spring of 1897: “My dear Mr. Stanton, I am completing my Napoleon research. If you give this information to the Critic, please put it in your own words” (RUDL). Stanton did as he was asked and in a March 13, 1897 essay (p. 183) titled “American Literary Men in Paris,” he discussed Sloane‘s monumental study “on the great Corsican” (RUDL). There are five Stanton letters from the presidents of the United States, William McKinley and Benjamin Harrison. See “Index” to their microfilm papers. Stanton dashed off a letter titled “Association Football” in The Nation, 66 (January 27, 1898), 68.

11. Coubertin to Stanton; letter dated June 18, 1900. RUDLL

12. See (Une campagne de vingt-et-un ans 1887-1908 (Paris: Librairie de L’Education Physique, 1909), p. 156.

13. See Wolf Lyberg’s unpublished 1988 research titled “The IOC Sessions 1894-1988 and the 374 IOC members presence [sic] at them.” Also, pages 45-48 in Otto Mayer, A travers les anneaux olympiques (Geneve: Cailler 1960). See also The IOC - One Hundred Years, volume 1 co-authored by Yves-Pierre Boulongne and Karl Lennartz (1994), pages 89-90.

14. See NYT, July 15, 1910, p. 6.

15. Sloane to Stanton; letter dated December 31, 1924. RUDL

16. T. Stanton, “The International Exhibition of 1900,” The Century Magazine (December, l895), 317 Four "Mysterious" Citizens of the United States 203

17. “Men and Women of the Outdoor World,” Outing, 42 (July, 1903), 497

18. In the same Outing essay, Paris newspaper Figaro is quoted as saying that Hyde’s four-in-hand ride over the French Alps was “astonishing.” He is a remarkable athlete, already an accomplished scholar, and superb business man, wrote the French writer.

19. See Who's Who in America (1906-7), p. 913; Who's Who, 31 (1960-1961), p. 1439; Who Was Who in America, 3 (1951-1960), p. 436; Who's Who (1968), p. 1554. The Hyde Papers are located in the New York State Historical Society, the New York Pub- lic Library, and Harvard University’s Baker Library. Christine Riggle of the last-mentioned library wrote this researcher on July 8, 1999, noting that after a search of all three institutions “I was unable to locate any manuscript collection that included references to both Mr. Hyde and the IOC.”

20. See Roosevelt to Hyde; letter dated December 9, 1904; Theodore Roosevelt Papers; series 2; reel 336, volume 52, p. 267, and Hyde to Roosevelt; letter dated December 20, 1904; series 1, reel 51.

21. The very careful Olympic historian from Sweden, Wolf Lyberg, agrees that Hyde served on the IOC from 1903-1908, “but failed to attend any meetings.” See endnote 13. Coubertin‘s 1931 autobiogaphy mentioned that Hyde was replaced on the IOC in December of 1908...having served only on a temporary basis.” See Coubertin‘s Memories Olympiques (Lausanne: 1931), p. 94. The IOC, archives in Lausanne have a letter dated September 3, 1908, Hyde to Coubertin, expressing regret at his inability to attend a Paris meeting, “due to my world tour.”

22. Unprecedented in this researcher’s work, there exists in the New York Times and New York Herald... in these two newspapers alone during the calendar year July, 1905 and August of 1906, seven hundred citations on the alleged James Haren Hyde “fraud,” “scandal,” “flight of exile,” and “financial probe.” See NYT and New York Tribune indices, and the NYT Personal Name Index.

23. See NYT, July 22, 1905, p. 1; NYT, February 1, 1906, p. 1; Boston Post, November 18, 1905, p. 2. In a 1938 NYT essay titled “Retrospect,” the writer stated that a generation after the “Hyde scandal” no one knows what became of “Hyde’s sale of his Equitable stock for $2,500,000.” See March 20, 1938; part 4, p. 2.

24. For Hyde’s three marriages, see NYT, November 14, 1913, p. 4; November 16, 1913, p. 2; December 1, 1918, p. 1; December 7, 1930, p. 6; May 27, 1932, p. 9.

25. See NYT, March 14, 1938, p. 4, and March 20, 1938, part 4, p. 2.

26. See NYT, March 26, 1941, p. 4 and December 1, 1948, p. 26.

27. NYT, March 24, 1961, p. 26.

28. Ibid.

29. New York Herald Tribune, July 27, 1959, p. 10. There are many Hyde obituaries...all on July 27, 1959. The Boston Herald called him “the self-exiled, man-about town.” The Boston Globe described him as a ‘“Parisian and promoter of Franceo-Amer- ican friendship. A provocative line in the Boston Traveler says that “One of Hyde‘s last public acts was to donate a large personal library to the city of Versailles.”

30. See reference to Lyberg research in endnote 21.

31. See Olympic Memoirs by Coubertin; second translation by Navacelle in 1997, p. 112.

32. The NYT Index for spring 1915 lists thirty references to the “Panama-Pacific Exposition” in San Francisco. Those dealing with sport do not mention the Olympic Games or an “IOC Day.”

33. See “A San Francisco,” Bulletin du CIO, (1915) no page (n.p.); Armour to Moore letter in Bulletin du CIO, 2 (1915), n.p.; “Armour et 18 mars 1915,” Bulletin du CIO, 2 (1915), p. 1; “Replies to questions in letter from Baron de Coubertin to Profes- sor Sloane. This memorandum includes the results of conference of Messrs. Sloane, Wendell and Armour on December 2, 1915. Signed Allison v. Armour.” For this letter, see folder “Allison Armour” in the IOC Archives. A footnote to this letter is revealing: “Had Mr. Sullivan still been alive and in charge of the Exposition athletics, it might have been different. As it 204 Bridging Three Centuries Fifth International Symposium for Olympic Research - 2000

was they [?] had not yet recovered from the shock of his loss.”

34. See Leonard M. Daggett, Class of 1914 Secretary of Yale University, A History of the Class of Eighty-Four Yale College 1880- 1914, pages 94-95. Armour’s marriage and his wife’s death is discussed here. See also The Chicago Tribune, April 4, 1890, p. 4. Allison married Annie Louise Kelley on December 10, 1885, and she died in Nice, France on April 3, 1890.

35. Armour’s contributions to science were recognized many times, one of them in 1924, when the United States Department of Agriculture “conferred on him the title ‘Collaborator in the Bureau of Plants and Industry.”’ See the 1914-1936 Record of the Class of Eighty-Four Yale College, edited by Leonard M. Daggett. See also “Collaborator Armour brings cargo for science,” NYT, July 24, 1927, p. 24.

36. See “To search for Buried City,” NYT, April 4, 1909; part 3, p. 4; also “Kaiser is guest of A. V. Armour,” NYT, April 11, 1912, p. 20; “Armour entertains royalty; Utowana outfitted for a king,” NYT, June 23, 1912; pan 3, p. 4; “Kaiser decorates A. V. Armour,” NYT, June 29, 1912, p. 5.

37. Allison was an honorary fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences; winner of the Frank M. Mayer Medal of the American Genetic Association, and successful yachting competitor in transatlantic races for the German Emperor’s Cup, the King Edward VII Coronation Cup, and according to his Yale University friend, Walter Camp, a participant “in the Kiel and Cowes regattas.” See NYT obituary, March 7, 1941, p. 21; NYT, August 25, 1931, p. 16; NYT, July 24, 1927, p. 24; Walter Camp Papers; reel 30; folder 239. Camp called Allison a man of supreme “cosmopolitan character.”

38. See Exploring For Plants (Macmillan Co., 1930). pages IX and 208. Armour has “wide knowledge of European and Ameri- can food habits and possesses sane judgements born of long experience among the epicures of both continents.” (p. 7).

39. Armour to Taft; letter dated January 13, 1912; William H. Taft Papers; series 6; reel 433; number 2566.

40. Armour must have been at home here on Thompson’s million-dollar yacht. See “Col. Thompson as host,” NYT, March 9, 1913; sec. 6, p. 4.

41. See “A. V. Armour Will Filed.” NYT, March 23, 1941, p. 40. Also “Armour bequest to Yale brings up problem,” NYT, June 22, 194l; part 2, p. 4.

42. See Armour biography in endnote 34.

43. Armour to Daggen; see endnote 34, page 15.

44. See endnote 13.

45. See John Lucas, “Theodore Roosevelt and Baron Pierre de Coubertin: Entangling Olympic Games involvement 1901-l918,” Stadion, 8-9 (1982-1983), 137-150.

46. Roosevelt to Wendell; letter dated January 19, 1911; Theodore Roosevelt Papers; series 3A; reel 364. Roosevelt graduated in 1880, Wendell in 1882.

47. Wendell to Sloane; letter dated January 21, 1911; Theodore Roosevelt Papers; series 1; reel 97.

48. Wendell was sent to the war front “to study the foreign commissions which were organized in France. He contracted an illness and died, putting an end to his labors.” See NYT, September 21, 1917, p. 11. He died on August 27, 1917, and lengthy obituaries appeared in the New York Tribune, August 29, 1917, p. 91 Philadelphia Public Ledger, August 29, 1917, p. 8; Chicago Daily Tribune, August 29, 1917, p. 12, The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 29, 1917, p. 4, and a great many other Eastern USA papers.

49. See “Wendell, Evert Jansen, b. Dec. 5, 1860,” The National Cyclopedia of American Biography; 20 (1929), p. 378. Wendell was a superior sprinter. See New York Daily Tribune, May 30, 1880, p. 5; NYT, May 30, 1880, p. 10, and Caspar Whitney’s essay “Early intercollegiate meetings,” Harper's Weekly, 36 (May 28, 1892), 523.

50. See Barrett Wendell in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (1969 edition), page 905. Dr. Wendell’s A Literary His- tory of America (1900) and The Temper of the Seventeenth Century in English Literature (1904) were highly praised. Four "Mysterious" Citizens of the United States 205

51. The quote is found in Webster’s American Biographies (1974 edition), page 140. Three thousand words of E. J. Wendell biography are located in the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Harvard Class of 1882 [hereafter H25], pages 185-191, and Fiftieth Anni- versary of Harvard Class of 1882 [hereafter H50], pages 245-247.

52. See H25, ibid, p. 186. More humane efforts are listed here i.e. trustee of the New York Orthopedic Society; manager of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; trustee of the Prison Association; Board of the Legal Aid Society; 30 years a member of the Amateur Comedy Club of New York. Twenty-three additional affiliations are listed here on page 188.

53. Harvard Alumni Bulletin, October 4, 1917, p. 30

54. No doubt Wendell was talking about the “Cultural Olympics” competition which Coubertin created at these Games of the Fifth Olympiad. For Wendell’s letter to Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt Papers; series 1, reel 122.

55. Roosevelt to Wendell; letter dated January 23, 1912; Theodore Roosevelt Papers; series 3A; reel 372. Nothing came of this request for Roosevelt to compete in the new art and literature competitions. Gold, silver, and bronze medals were awarded in “painting, music, literature, sculpture, and architecture,” and Roosevelt’s name was not among the winners. See F. A. M. Webster, The Evolution of the Olympic Games 1829 B.C. - 1914 A.D. (London: Heath, Cranton, and Ouseley, Ltd., 1914), page 264.

56. Wendell to Roosevelt; letter dated January 30, 1912; Theodore Roosevelt Papers; series I; reel 126. This researcher was unable to locate proof that the organizing committee received Roosevelt’s book on hunting adventures in Africa. For additional exchanges between the two school comrades, see Theodore Roosevelt Papers; letters dated January 11 and January 30, 1912; series 3A; reel 1 and series 1; reel 126, respectively.

57. Most AOC and AAU members wanted such a choice. The Swedes saw no need, but eventually selected Sullivan in early April of 1912. Wendell’s small input may be read in the William H. Taft Papers; series 6; reel 401 (March 21, 1912); series 8; reel 510 (March 22, 1912); series 6; reel 401 (April 6, 1912); series 8; reel 513 (July 17, 19120; series 3; reel 126 (March 3, 1913). This researcher took a week to read the entire 175 letters and found them all amusing and instructive.

58. See NYT, March 9, 1913; section 6, p. 4; NYT, May 25, 1913; part 3, p. 5; U.S. Congressional Hearings, volume 141; 4lst - 73rd Congress (1869-1934); U.S. Congress House 1914-16; card 18 of 19 microfiche.

59. Langdon Parker Marvin, H. ‘98, “Even Jansen Wendell,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin, October 4, 1917, n.p.

60. Wendell to Mayer; letter dated August 23, 1917; Theodore Roosevelt Papers; series 1; reel 243

61. Almost all obituaries are laudatory and therefore not complete or always scrupulously honest. There was a ‘Niagara’ of praise for the late Jansen Wendell. Marvin wrote that thousands of New York City poor kids “owed all that they had worth while in life to him” (see endnote 59). “In addition to one of the finest collections of theatrical memorabilia, Wendell has devoted 20 years of service to the poor and homeless,” wrote the editor of H25 (see endnote 51). Owen Wister (1860-1938), famed Amer- ican author and Wendell’s Harvard ‘82 classmate, wrote: Wendell’s death saw the vanishing of a moral force so strange and ardent as to be wholly apart from everyday goodness. (see endnote 51 and H50, p. 246). An editorial in the New York Tribune, August 29, 1917, p. 8. said of Wendell: “He served New York City with invariable dis- tinction...and brought a high standard of civic duty to every board and committee on which he served.” The executive committee of the American University Union in Europe, meeting in Paris, August 30, 1917, said of Wendell: “He laid down his life for his friends” (see p. 31 of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin, endnote 53).

62. Coubertin quoted in The Olympic Idea - Discourses and Essays (Cologne: Carl Diem Institute, 1966), page 69.

63. See McGovern, Diogenes Discovers Us (Freeport, New York: Books For Libraries Press, Inc., 1967; original 1933), pages 39- 40.

64. Geoffrey Roberts paraphrase of Sir Geoffrey Elton, in “Geoffrey Elton the Philosophy of History,” The Historian [Lon- don], 37 (Spring 1998), 30.

65. There is at this time only one lengthy biography of Sloane...the IOC Charter member. See John A. Lucas. “Professor William 206 Bridging Three Centuries Fifth International Symposium for Olympic Research - 2000

Milligan Sloane: Father of the United States Olympic Committee,“ in Umbruch und Kontinuitat im Sport-Reflexinen im Umfelt der Sportgeschicte Festschrift fur Horst Ueberhorst 1991 (Andreas Lub, Edgar Beckers, Editors), pages 230-242.

66. See endnote 44.

67. Outing, 45 (October, 1904), 112.