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Manuel Mavrozomes Ve Türkiye Selçuklu Devletine Hizmeti

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Manuel Mavrozomes Ve Türkiye Selçuklu Devletine Hizmeti TARİHİN PEŞİNDE THE PURSUIT OF HISTORY ‐ULUSLARARASI TARİH ve SOSYAL ARAŞTIRMALAR DERGİSİ‐ ‐INTERNATIONAL PERIODICAL FOR HISTORY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH‐ Yıl: 2017, Sayı: 18 Year: 2017, Issue: 18 Sayfa: 249‐265 Page: 249‐265 MANUEL MAVROZOMES VE TÜRKİYE SELÇUKLU DEVLETİNE HİZMETİ Mehmet Ali HACIGÖKMEN Öz Çalışmamızın konusunu teşkil eden Manuel Mavrozomes Türkiye Selçuklu Devletinde en önemli emirler arasındadır. Tarihî kayıtlarda Manuel Mavrozomes ismi I. Gıyased‐ dinKeyhüsrev’in sürgün döneminde İstanbul’da onu ağırlayan sonrada Sultana kızını veren kayınpeder olarak geçer. Manuel Mavrozomes, I. GıyaseddinKeyhüsrev’in ikinci defa tahta çıkışından sonra Selçuklu siyasi hayatında görülmeye başlar. Özellikle I. Ala‐ edddin Keykubat döneminde Selçuklu devletinin en üst kademesinde görevler alır. O Selçuklu soyundan olmadığı halde melik unvanı ile de anılmıştır. Manuel Mavrozo‐ mes’un ölümüne kadar Hristiyan olarak kaldığını da biliyoruz. Ayrıca Mavrozomes ailesinin Komnenos ailesi ile bağı olması dolayısıyla Manuel Mavrozomes’un Selçuklu devletindeki hizmeti dikkat çekmiştir. Çalışmamızda Manuel Mavrozomes hayatı ve Selçuklu Devletine hizmeti ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler Manuel Mavrozomes, Komnenos, I. Alaeddin Keykubad, I. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev MANUEL MAVROZOMES AND HIS SERVICE TO SULTANATE OF RUM Abstract Manuel Mavrozomes, the domain of our study, was one of the most prominent emir among Tur‐ kish Seljuq state. Manuel Mavrozomes known as the host of Kaykhusraw I during his exile period in Istanbul and as the father‐in‐law who gave his daughter to him in the historical records. Manuel Mavrozomes appeared in the political life of Seljuqs after Kaykhusraw I’s ascending the throne for the second time. He was assigned to top official positions of Sultanate of Rum especially during the reign of Kayqubad I. Although he was not descended from Seljuqs, he received the title of Melik. Manuel Mavrozomes was Christian until his death. Besides, Manuel Mavrozomes’s services in Seljuqian state draw attention because of the relation between Mavrozomes’s family and Komnenos Doç. Dr., S. Ü. Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi, Konya/Türkiye. hgokmen@selcuk. edu. tr ORCID: 0000-0002-6567-7915 Makalenin Gönderilme Tarihi: 4 Temmuz 2017 Makalenin Kabul Tarihi: 27 Eylül 2017 Makalenin Yayınlanma Tarihi: 25 Ekim 2017 250 • THE PURSUIT OF HISTORY INTERNATIONAL PERIODICAL FOR HISTORY and SOCIAL RESEARCH • 9/18 family. In our study, Manuel Mavrozomes’s life and his services to Sultanate of Rum will be tried to reveal. Keywords Manuel Mavrozomes, Komnenos, Kayqubad I, Kaykhusraw I. 9/18 • ULUSLARARASI TARİH ve SOSYAL ARAŞTIRMALAR DERGİSİ TARİHİN PEŞİNDE • 251 GİRİŞ Türkiye Selçuklularının uzun süre hizmetinde bulunan Mavrozomes adlı gayr‐i müslim aile, özellikle yabancı araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmiştir. Bu aile üzerine ilk fikir beyan eden araştırmacı 1929 yılında F. W. Hasluck olmuştur1. 1935 ve 1937 yıllarında P. Wittek, Mavrozomes ailesi üzerine araştırmalar yapmıştır2. Daha sonra Osman Turan3, Semavi Eyice4, Yusuf Ayönü5, S. Nur Yıldız6, bu aile üzerine çalışmalarında yer vermişlerdir. Özellikle Hasluck ve Wittek’in ve daha sonra S. Eyice’nin Konya Akmanas‐ tır’daki kitabeleri yayınlayarak ortaya koydukları farklı yaklaşımlar, Selçuk‐ lu devletine uzun süre hizmet eden Mavrozomes ailesinin önemini ortaya koymuştur. Bize göre bu ailenin Selçuklu tarihindeki en önemli tarafı, uzun süre Bi‐ zans tahtına kalan Komnenos ailesi ile olan bağıdır. Bu durum hem Selçuk‐ lu hem de Bizans Devletinde bu ailenin önemli siyasi olayların içinde bu‐ lunmalarına sebep olmuştur. Ayrıca bu aileden gelen şahısların Selçuklu devletinin yıkılışına kadar bazılarının Müslüman, bazılarının da Hristiyan olarak kalmaları işin bir diğer ilginç ve önemli tarafıdır. Bu durumda biz de Selçuklular ve Komnenos sülalesi ile ilişkileri hakkında kısa bir bilgi vererek işe başlayalım. Selçukluların, Komnenos sülalesi7 ile ilişkileri Süleymanşah dönemine kadar gider. Bu ilişkiler Myriokephalon (Miryokefalon) savaşından sonra Komnenos sülalesi iktidardan düşürülene kadar devam etmiştir. Komnenos sülalesinden Bizans tahtana çıkanlar Alexios8, İoannes9 ve Manuel Komne‐ mos10 Selçuklu Türklerini Anadolu’dan atmak için çok çabalamışlardır11. I. 1 F. W. Hasluck, ChristianityandIslamundertheSultans, Oxford 1929, s. 56, 86, 372. 2 P. Wittek, “L'Epitaphed'unComnène à Konia”,Byzantion, X (1935), s. 505 – 510; aynı yazar, “Encorel'épitaphed'un- Comnène à Konia” (Texteimprimé), Byzantion XII (1937), s. 209-210. 3 Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye, İstanbul 1971, s. 181. 4 Semavi Eyice, “Konya İle Sille Arasında Akmanastır”, İ. Ü. Şarkiyat Mecmuası, S. 6, 1966, s. 135-160. 5 Yusuf Ayönü, “Batı Anadolu'da Bizanslı Yerel Hâkimlerin Bağımsızlık Hareketleri (XII. Yüzyılın Sonları ve XIII. Yüzyılın Başlarında)” Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi,S. 26 (42), 2007, s. 141-154. 6 S. Nur Yıldız, “Manuel KomnenosMaurozomesand His Descendants at the Seljuk Court: The Formation of a Christi- anSeljuk-Komnenian Elite”,CrossroadsBetween Latin Europe andtheNear East: Corollaries of theFrankish Presence in theEasternMediterranean (12th to 14th Centuries), ed. StefenLeder, Würzburg, s. 56-77. 7 Bk. Franz Grabler, DieKrone der Komnenen, Köln ( tarihsiz), s. 314; H. Von Kap-Herr, DieAbendländicsshe Politik KaiserManuels, Strasbourg 1881;AnnaKomnena, Alexiad: Anadolu’da ve Balkan Yarımadası’ında İmparator Alexios- Komnenos Dönemi’nin Tarihi Malazgirt’in Sonrası, çev. Bilge Umar, İstanbul 1996; F. Chaldon, LesComnenes, II, Paris 1912; K. Varzos, Ē genealogiatōnKomnēnōn, Thessalonica 1984. 8 William Plate, "Alexios I Komnenos", Dictionary of Greekand Roman Biographyand Mythology, 1, 1867, s. 129– 130;Michael Angold, The Byzantine Empire, (1025-1204) (2nd ed. ),Longman 1997, s. 136–170;Ralph-Johannes Lilie, Byzanz- Daszweite Rom, Berlin 2003, s. 328. 9 Thomas Uecker, Isaak I. Komnenos. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, Band 2, Bautz, Hamm 1990, s. 1345–1347. 10 Bk. Paul Magdalino: The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, (1143–1180), Cambridge 2002. 11 NiketasKhoniates, Historia, çev. Fikret Işıltan, Ankara 1995, s. 7-32; IoannesKinnamos, Historia( 1118-1176 ),(yay. haz. Işın Demirkent), Ankara 2001, s. 40 -54. Komnena, s. 338-487; Muharrem Kesik, Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Tarihi Sultan I. Mesud Dönemi(1116-1155), Ankara 2003, s. 16-17. 252 • THE PURSUIT OF HISTORY INTERNATIONAL PERIODICAL FOR HISTORY and SOCIAL RESEARCH • 9/18 Haçlı seferinden sonra, Türkler İznik’i kaybettikten sonra, I. AlexiosKomne‐ nos Konya’ya kadar Selçuklu Türklerini Anadolu’dan atmak için gel‐ miş(1116), ancak başarılı olamamıştır12. AlexiosKomnenos’dan sonra Ma‐ nuel Komnenos’da daha büyük bir orduyla Konya’ya kadar gelmiş, ancak Sultan I. Mesud’un başarılı savunmasıyla karşılaşmıştır. Sonuçta Manuel Komnenos Konya’da yenilgiye uğramıştır (1146)13. Ancak Manuel Komne‐ nos, Türkleri Anadolu’dan atmak düşüncesini hiç bırakmadı. Bu düşünce‐ sini 30 yıl sonra (1176) tekrar icraata soktu. Hazırladığı ordusuyla yine Kon‐ ya’ya doğru yola çıktı. Bu kez Selçuklu tahtında Sultan Mesud’un oğlu II. Kılıçarslan vardı. Artık siyasi konjuktörde 30 yıl öncesi gibi değildi. Tarih Türklerin lehine akmaya başlamıştı. II. Kılıçarslan onu Miryokefalon deni‐ len yerde büyük bir yenilgiye uğrattı14. Bu o kadar büyük bir yenilgiydi ki artık Bizans, Türkleri Anadolu’dan atmaktan vazgeçti. Bu büyük yenilgi Komnenos sülalesinin tahta indirilmesine de sebep olacaktır. Selçukluların Komnenos ailesi ile ilişkileri XIII. yüzyılda ise farklı mec‐ raya girmiştir. Bu dönemdeki ilişkilerde fâil Mavrozomes sülalesi idi. Mav‐ rozomes sülalesi de aşağıda anlatacağımız gibi Komnenos ismini taşımak‐ taydı. I. GıyaseddinKeyhüsrev 1196‐1204 yılları arasında İstanbul’da sürgün hayatı süresince Komnenos sülalesi ile bağı olan Mavrozomes ailesinin hi‐ mayesinde kalmış idi. Bu aile I. GıyaseddinKeyhüsrev’in ikinci saltanatı döneminde Anadolu’ya gelecektir. Mavrozomes ailesinden bazı kişiler Sel‐ çuklu devletinin sonuna kadar hizmette bulunacaklardır. Çalışmamızda I. GıyaseddinKeyhüsrev’in İstanbul’da sürgün döneminde hâmiliğini yapan hatta kızı ile evlendiği söylenen, sonra I. Keyhüsrev’in Konya’ya gelip tahta çıktığında yanında olan Manuel Mavrozomes ve ailesi üzerinde durulmaya çalışılacaktır. A. MAVROZOMES AİLESİ İLE KOMNENOS AİLESİ ARASINDA‐ Kİ İLİŞKİ Mavrozomes ailesi, Mora yarım adası kökenli aristokrat bir ailedir15. Bu aristokrat aile Bizans sarayında çok önemli hizmetlerde bulunmuştur. Mav‐ rozomes’un babası TheodorosMavrozomes adında birisidir16. Theodoros‐ Mavrozomes, 1170’de, I. Manuel Kommenos’un en gözde komutanı idi 12 Komnena, s. 486-488. 13 Kinnamos, s. 42, 46; Niketas, s. 36;Turan, Türkiye, s. 181; Kesik, Sultan Mesud, s. 65 14 Mehmet Akif Ceylan, “Coğrafi Perspektiften Myriokefalon Savaşı’nın Yeri ve Konya Bağırsak Boğazı” S. Ü. Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, S. 5,Güz 2016, s. 69-94; Adnan Eskikurt, “Myriokephalon Savaşı’na Dair Kronikler ve Modern Çalışmalar”, S. Ü. Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, S. 6, Bahar 2017, s. 65-94. 15 Mora Yarımadası (Pelopones-(Πελοπόννησος) ), bugünkü Yunanistan'ın güneyinde, ülkenin bir kısmını oluşturan, Avrupa kıtasına bağlı olan ve Ege Denizi'nde bulunan yarımadadır. Ayönü,“Batı Anadolu”, s. 141-154. 16 S. Nur Yıldız, agm., s. 58. 9/18 • ULUSLARARASI TARİH ve SOSYAL ARAŞTIRMALAR DERGİSİ TARİHİN PEŞİNDE • 253 (1143‐1181). 17TheodorosMavrozomes, Manuel Komnenos’un kaynaklarda ismi açıklanmayan kızı ile evlenerek gambros (damat) statüsünü kazanmış‐ tır18. TheodorosMavrozomes’un, Kommenos sülalesine
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