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The Downfall of Chivalry
Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses Spring 2019 The oD wnfall of Chivalry: Tudor Disregard for Medieval Courtly Literature Jessica G. Downie Bucknell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Part of the European History Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Downie, Jessica G., "The oD wnfall of Chivalry: Tudor Disregard for Medieval Courtly Literature" (2019). Honors Theses. 478. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/478 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iii Acknowledgments I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Professor Jay Goodale, for guiding me through this process. You have challenged me in many ways to become a better historian and writer, and you have always been one of my biggest fans at Bucknell. Your continuous encouragement, support, and guidance have influenced me to become the student I am today. Thank you for making me love history even more and for sharing a similar taste in music. I promise that one day I will understand how to use a semi-colon properly. Thank you to my family for always supporting me with whatever I choose to do. Without you, I would not have had the courage to pursue my interests and take on the task of writing this thesis. Thank you for your endless love and support and for never allowing me to give up.
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Merriman-Louis XIV Part 1
Louis XIV by John Merriman As will quickly become obvious, I wrote the footnotes. In Louis XIV’s France, architects and artists were paid to glorify the monarch. In 1662, the king chose the sun as his emblem; he declared himself nec pluribus impar—without equal. To Louis, the sun embodied virtues that he associated with the ideal monarch: firmness, benevolence, and equity. Henceforth, Louis XIV would frequently be depicted as Apollo, the Greek and Roman sun god. The rulers of continental Europe, including Louis XIV, relentlessly extended their power between 1650 and 1750. The sovereigns of France, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Sweden, in particular, became absolute rulers, in principle above all challenge from within the state itself…. They made their personal rule absolute, based on loyalty to them as individuals, not to the state as an abstraction. Absolute rulers asserted their supreme right to proclaim laws and levy taxes, appointing more officials to carry out the details of governance and multiplying fiscal demands on their subjects. They ended most of the long-standing municipal privileges… such as freedom from taxation, or the right to maintain independent courts.1 The absolute state affected the lives of more people than ever before through taxation, military service, and the royal quest for religious orthodoxy. Absolute rule thus impinged directly on the lives of subjects, who felt the extended reach of state power through, for example, more efficient tax collection…. Absolutism was, at least in part, an attempt to reassert public order and coercive state authority after almost seventy years of wars that had badly disrupted trade and agricultural production, contributing to social and political chaos.2 THEORIES OF ABSOLUTISM The doctrine of absolutism originated with French jurists at the end of the sixteenth century.
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From Château Fort to Renaissance Palace Overcoming the Odds: An
2 From Château Fort to Renaissance Palace Jennifer Rothwell 8 Overcoming the Odds: An Easy Interdisciplinary Activity Tedd Levy 10 In From the Cold: People with Disablities in Juvenile Literature Jane Manaster 13 Asia In the Classroom Mary Hammond Bernson Photograph by Jennifer Photograph Rothwell by Jennifer Supplement to Social Education, April/May 1998 ● Issue 2 the official journal of National Council for the Social Studies Jennifer Truran Rothwell his deathbed, Renaissance Pope Nicholas V offered this advice on Onhow to keep the common people loyal to Rome: ...the mass of the population is ignorant of literary matters and lacking in any culture. It still needs to be struck by grandiose spectacles because otherwise its faith...will end in due time by declining to nothing. With magniﬁcent buildings, on the other hand... the popular conviction may be strengthened and conﬁrmed...1 What was good for the church might also be good for the state... or so thought kings of the Renaissance. At the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520, Henry VIII of England and Francis (François) I of France joined in a spectacle to end all spec- tacles. In tents decked with precious gold cloth, they carried on a small matter of diplomacy–whether to join forces against the new Hapsburg emperor, Charles V. More publicly, they vied in serving up a costly round of tournaments, balls, and feasts aimed at showing who was superior at the heady new game of Renaissance monarch. One way Henry VIII made a lasting impression on his subjects was by increasing the number of royal residences in England to more 2 Statue of King Louis XII at Blois than sixty.
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Chapter 19 Notes-French Revolution
Chapter 19 – The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon The Beginning of the Era: The American Revolution After the Seven Years’ War, Britain sought new forms of revenue To pay for the army’s defense of the colonies Britain and the colonies saw the Empire differently British saw a single empire with Parliament establishing laws to apply throughout the empire Colonists had established their own legislatures, determining their own internal affairs Therefore Parliament could not tax the colonies without their consent July 4, 1776: Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence Proclaimed Enlightenment’s “natural rights” The War for Independence It was a gamble 2nd C. Congress authorized an army headed by George Washington, who led troops in the Fr. & Indian War internal division within the colonies: North vs. South; loyalists vs. “patriots” loyalists (15-30%) tended to be Northern, older, wealthier, and moderate assistance from foreign countries French supplied arms and money at the beginning, officer’s and soldiers eventually Treaty of Paris granted independence, control of the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi Forming a New Nation Fear of concentrating power led to the Articles of Confederation Ineffectiveness led to a Constitutional Convention Federal system was established National government could levy taxes, raise an army, regulate trade (domestic & foreign), create currency 3 branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) with a system of checks and balances President could execute
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The French Revolution
EUROPEAN HISTORY 6. The French Revolution Form 3 1 1. Introduction Throughout the summer of 1789 millions of ordinary French people, starting in Paris and then spreading all over France, took part in a violent revolution. By the end of the year they had destroyed the old regime of King Louis XVI. In the years that followed, they went on changing their government, their society and their economy. What made ordinary men and women behave like this? Why did they want to destroy the old system of government and society? The answer to these questions can be found in the way French society and government functioned in the 18th century. 2. French society before the Revolution French society since the middle ages had been divided in three estates: the First Estate (the Clergy), the Second Estate (the Nobility) and the Third Estate (the middle class, the working class and the peasants). By 1789, however, the nobility and the clergy were less important they had been in the middle ages. French people therefore thought the system of estates was outdated and unfair. Why? The division of the people in estates was unequal in numbers and wealth. While most of the nobles and the upper clergy lived in luxury, most people in towns and villages lived miserable lives. Source 1. From an 18th century book describing Paris. ‘An entire family lives in a single room, in which the four walls are bare, the beds have no covers, and the kitchen things are pilled up with the chamber pots. All the furniture together is not worth 20 crowns.
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The Use of Heraldry in Genealogical Research
The Use of Heraldry in French Genealogical Research John P. DuLong November 2019 Heraldry and Genealogy in France • Heraldry is the system of arms involving the use of particular devices centered on a shield that has become hereditary symbols passed down through a family, normally through the eldest son. • In some countries it is tied to social stratification and is a mark of nobility and the use of arms restricted to nobles. • In France, heraldry was used by nobles but was not forbidden to non- nobles. It is not uncommon to find bourgeois arms in France. Also, towns, institutions, and guilds used arms. • Heraldry is a tool that can be used to solve genealogical problems and to provide background for our research. The Use of Heraldry in Tracing the Ancestors of Catherine de Baillon • Catherine de Baillon was a young noble woman who immigrated to New France in 1669 as one of the filles du roi (daughters of the king). • Her ancestry leads back to Philippe II, Auguste, King of France, and Theodore II Doukas Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. • Her ancestry has been well documented by the research team of René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, Gail F. Moreau, and Joseph A. Dubé. • We used heraldry evidence to prove that Catherine de Baillon descended from Catherine de Gavre d’Escornaix who in turn descended from the Isabelle de Ghistelles. • Isabelle de Ghistelles descended from Marguerite de Luxembourg who was easily proven to be a descendant of Philippe II, Auguste, King of France. • Heraldry evidence from France and Belgium was used to prove the links between these families.
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The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution
THE COMING OF THE TERROR IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution Timothy Tackett The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, En gland 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Tackett, Timothy, 1945– Th e coming of the terror in the French Revolution / Timothy Tackett. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 73655- 9 (alk. paper) 1. France— History—Reign of Terror, 1793– 1794. 2. France— History—Revolution, 1789– 1799. I. Title. DC183.T26 2015 944.04—dc23 2014023992 Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Maps ix Introduction: Th e Revolutionary Pro cess 1 1 Th e Revolutionaries and Th eir World in 1789 13 2 Th e Spirit of ’89 39 3 Th e Breakdown of Authority 70 4 Th e Menace of Counterrevolution 96 5 Between Hope and Fear 121 6 Th e Factionalization of France 142 7 Fall of the Monarchy 172 8 Th e First Terror 192 9 Th e Convention and the Trial of the King 217 10 Th e Crisis of ’93 245 11 Revolution and Terror until Victory 280 12 Th e Year II and the Great Terror 312 Conclusion: Becoming a Terrorist 340 Abbreviations 351 Notes 353 Sources and Bibliography 419 A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s 447 Index 449 Illustrations Th e Tennis Court Oath 50 Attack on the Bastille 56 Market women leave Paris en route to Versailles 67 Federation Ball 93 Confrontation between Catholics and
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Georges Lefebvre, the French Revolution: from Its Origins to 1793
The French Revolution ‘This is more than a history of the French Revolution. It covers all Europe during the revolutionary period, though events in France naturally take first place. It is particularly good on the social and intellectual back- ground. Surprisingly enough, considering that Lefebvre was primarily an economic historian, it also breaks new ground in its account of international relations, and sets the wars of intervention in their true light. The French have a taste for what they call works of synthesis, great general summaries of received knowledge. We might call them textbooks, though of the highest level. At any rate, in its class, whether synthesis or textbook, this is one of the best ever produced.’ A. J. P. Taylor Georges Lefebvre The French Revolution From its origins to 1793 Translated by Elizabeth Moss Evanson With a foreword by Paul H. Beik London and New York La Révolution française was first published in 1930 by Presses Universitaires de France. A new, entirely rewritten, version was published in 1951. The present work is a translation of the first three parts of the revised edition of 1957. First published in the United Kingdom 1962 by Routledge and Kegan Paul First published in Routledge Classics 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1962 Columbia University Press All rights reserved.
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In Search of the Gentilshommes Campagnards: Noble Diversity and Social Structure in Burgundy, 1682-1789
In Search of the gentilshommes campagnards: Noble Diversity and Social Structure in Burgundy, 1682-1789 Susan Carr St Andrews Studies in French History and Culture ST ANDREWS STUDIES IN FRENCH HISTORY AND CULTURE The history and historical culture of the French-speaking world is a major field of interest among English-speaking scholars. The purpose of this series is to publish a range of shorter monographs and studies, between 25,000 and 50,000 words long, which illuminate the history of this community of peoples between the later Middle Ages and the late twentieth century. The series covers the full span of historical themes relating to France: from political history, through military/naval, diplomatic, religious, social, financial, gender, cultural and intellectual history, art and architectural history, to historical literary culture. Titles in the series are rigorously peer-reviewed through the editorial board and external assessors, and are published as both e-books and paperbacks. Editorial Board Professor Guy Rowlands, University of St Andrews (Editor-in-Chief) Professor Andrew Pettegree, University of St Andrews Professor Andrew Williams, University of St Andrews Dr Sarah Easterby-Smith, University of St Andrews Dr David Evans, University of St Andrews Dr Justine Firnhaber-Baker, University of St Andrews Dr Linda Goddard, University of St Andrews Dr Julia Prest, University of St Andrews Dr Bernhard Struck, University of St Andrews Dr Stephen Tyre, University of St Andrews Dr Akhila Yechury, University of St Andrews Professor Peter
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French Revolution
INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ FRENCH REVOLUTION TASK 1: What can you remember about France under Louis XIV? What did all the European monarchs try to copy from France and its regime? What wars of the 18th century was France involved in and what were the results and effects on France? What role did France play in the Enlightenment? The Old Regime (Ancien Régime) France, comprising one fifth of the European population, was one of the leading European powers but at the same time due to many reasons a very troubled monarchy on the verge of bankruptcy. Some of the reasons of incredible state debt were: incredible expense of the royal court, series of unsuccessful wars, loss of colonies, bad harvests, backward economy restricted by the doctrine of Mercantilism. As a result most of the French population was dissatisfied and getting rebellious. Poor peasant families spent about 80% of their income on bread, the unemployment rate in towns was nearing 50%, prices rose by 62% but wages only by 22%. One of the most criticized features of the French absolutism was the medieval system of the Three Estates. THE THREE ESTATES The First Estate – Clergy about 500 000 out of 26 million inhabitants of France The Second Estate – Nobility exempt from paying any taxes, traditional privileges, monopoly on governmental offices and high army ranks, collecting manorial dues and tithes from their subjects The Nobility was divided into two groups: Nobles of the Sword - old aristocratic families Nobles of the Robe – newly arisen nobles named by the king for their services The Third Estate – the towns but as a matter of fact all the others ranging from prosperous businessmen, wealthy bankers and lawyers to poor unemployed beggars and bankrupt farmers – paying all the taxes, manorial dues, tithes and extra taxes introduced to deal with the desperate financial situation (eg.
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Nobility V. Nation: Conflicting Justices in the Early French Revolution Trials of Lambesc, Besenval, and Favras (1789-1790) Michael Arin
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Senior Theses Honors College 5-10-2017 Nobility v. Nation: Conflicting Justices in the Early French Revolution Trials of Lambesc, Besenval, and Favras (1789-1790) Michael Arin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/senior_theses Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Arin, Michael, "Nobility v. Nation: Conflicting Justices in the Early French Revolution Trials of Lambesc, Besenval, and Favras (1789-1790)" (2017). Senior Theses. 130. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/senior_theses/130 This Thesis is brought to you by the Honors College at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOBILITY V. NATION: CONFLICTING JUSTICES IN THE EARLY FRENCH REVOLUTION TRIALS OF LAMBESC, BESENVAL, AND FAVRAS (1789-1790) By Michael Arin Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Honors from the South Carolina Honors College May 2017 Approved: Dr. Alexandre Bonafos Director of Thesis Dr. Ashley Williard Second Reader Steve Lynn, Dean For South Carolina Honors College Copyright 2017 by Michael John Arin All Rights Reserved 2 Dedicated to professors for kindling curiosity and helping students pursue their interests. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis could not come to be without ample help from several people. First, I would like to thank my directors, Dr. Alexandre Bonafos and Dr. Ashley Williard of the University of South Carolina Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, for their guidance throughout the research and writing process. Second I would like to thank my friends, especially Grace Zimmermann and Jessica Russell who have surely had enough of my obsession with the French Revolution.
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A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon 551 Seemed to Treat Them Like Children
CHAPTER 19 A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution CHAPTER OUTLINE • The Beginnings of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution and Napoleon • Background to the French Revolution • The French Revolution • The Age of Napoleon • Conclusion FOCUS QUESTIONS • What were the causes and results of the American Revolution, and what impact did it have on Europe? • What were the long-range and immediate causes of the French Revolution? • What were the main events of the French Revolution between 1789 and 1799? L • What role did each of the following play in the French Revolution: lawyers, peasants, women, the clergy, the Jacobins, the sans-culottes, the French Revolutionary Army, and the Committee of Public Safety? • What aspects of the French Revolution did Napoleon preserve, and which did he destroy? N THE MORNING of July 14, 1789, a Parisian mob of some 8,000 people in search of weapons streamed toward the OBastille, a royal armory ﬁlled with arms and ammunition. The Bastille was also a state prison, and, although it now contained only seven pris- oners, in the eyes of these angry Parisians it was a glaring symbol of the government’s despotic policies. The armory was defended by the mar- quis de Launay and a small garrison of 114 men. The attack began in earnest in the early afternoon, and after three hours of ﬁghting, de Launay and the garrison surrendered. Angered by the loss of ninety- eight of their members, the victorious mob beat de Launay to death, cut off his head, and carried it aloft in triumph through the streets of Paris.
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