DOCSLIB.ORG

Guide to Open Source Intelligence from AFIO's the INTELLIGENCER

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Guide to Open Source Intelligence from AFIO's the INTELLIGENCER From AFIO's The Intelligencer Association of Former Intelligence Officers Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies 6723 Whittier Avenue, Suite 200 Volume 18 • Number 2 • $15 single copy price Winter/Spring 2011 McLean, Virginia 22101 © 2011 AFIO - Association of Former Intelligence Officers, All Rights Reserved. Web: www.afio.com, E-mail: [email protected] (1899-1902), U.S. military planners had to rely on intelligence reports that were little more than copied encyclopedia articles.4 During both world wars books and newspapers were examined for valuable infor- mation by Military Intelligence. In their dash across France, General Patton’s troops used Michelin maps collected from petrol stations. Publically available Guide to maps are good examples of OSINT, still used today for geospatial understanding. Open Source Intelligence In the wake of the Second World War, the gov- ernment realized that a more formalized process A Growing Window into the World was necessary to gather information, including that which was publically available. Thus, when the Cen- tral Intelligence Agency (CIA) was founded in 1947, R. A. Norton, Ph.D. it assumed primary responsibility for OSINT as well as HUMINT collection. Huge amounts of publically Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) utilizes available information were gathered by CIA’s Foreign information that is openly available to all. The world Broadcast Information Service and Foreign Document overflows with information – facts and figures, writing Division. During the Cold War, the Office of Strategic and descriptions, pictures, videos and audio record- Research gained information about foreign nuclear ings. Some of it is secured (or “classified”). Most is not capabilities from public statements by foreign offi- but is disorganized and thereby hard to find. OSINT cials and published reports by scientists (focused collection attempts to find nuggets of information, particularly on the USSR and China but also on other which can then be collated, synthesized, and analyzed. countries like France).5 During this same period the What does the latest Chinese stealth fighter plane look Office of Economic Research exploited public infor- like? This was discovered through OSINT. What did mation concerning OPEC oil production, Soviet grain Ayman al-Zawahiri, Osama Bin Laden’s deputy say production, and the strength of foreign currencies about Al-Qaida’s intentions? Again, this is learned and foreign company acquisitions.6 Developments in through OSINT. the Soviet space program were also monitored by CIA Properly used, OSINT becomes the foundation and United States Air Force via technical literature.7 upon which the other types of Intelligence (HUMINT, IMINT, SIGINT, and MASINT) rest.1 OSINT comple- ments traditional methods of gathering Intelligence burg Campaign is provided by The Gettysburg Campaign – A Study in Command by Edwin B. Coddington, Charles Scribner’s providing context and confirmation. Sons, 1968. The author points out that utilization of Northern OSINT is ancient, used since before biblical newspapers by Southern Commanders caused problems due to times. In revolutionary America George Washington2 the sometimes unreliable information [deliberately or inadver- tently] provided (pg. 19). Vetting and validation of OSINT reli- kept abreast of British troop strengths and move- ability continues to be a challenge to this day. ments through spies that among other things gath- 4. Encyclopedia articles are but one early example of OSINT. ered newspapers, publically available information Military planners were severely hampered by the lack of intelli- gence throughout the Philippine War. Detailed accounts of the and pamphlets. During the Gettysburg Campaign in problems can be found in The Philippine War: 1899-1902, by Brian 1863 General Lee’s Intelligence officers monitored McAllister Linn (University Press of Kansas, 2000). northern troop movements through the accounts of 5. See: The U.S. Intelligence Community by Stafford T. Thomas 3 (University Press of America, 1983) for a contemporary review Northern newspapers. During the Philippine War of the Cold War intelligence apparatus, which included in its priorities the collection of technical documents and foreign publications by the Office of Strategic Research (pg 58-60). 1. A quick description of the various INTs, including OSINT 6. A review of OSINT collection and utilization history during is available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional- the Cold War era can be found in Jeffrey T. Richelson’s interest- publications/the-work-of-a-nation/work-of-the-cia.html. ing volumes, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Fourth Edition, 2. George Washington is considered by historians to have (Chapter 12) (Westview Press, 1999) and The Wizards of Langley been “America’s First Military Intelligence Director.” For – Inside the CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology (Westview further information see: https://www.cia.gov/news-information/ Press, 2002) . featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive/george-washington. 7. One of the best reviews of OSINT history and current use html. is Stephen C. Mercado’s article, Sailing the Sea of OSINT in the 3. A fascinating account of intelligence-related problems Information Age, available at https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for- experienced by both the North and South during the Gettys- the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no3/ Winter/Spring 2011 Intelligencer: Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies Page 65 The need for more complete information on analyst is large commercial search engines, such as more subjects was identified by the 9-11 Commission. Google or Yahoo, to name but two. Search engines Part of the 2004 reorganization of the Intelligence increase access efficiencies through indexing and Community included the establishment of an Open search algorithms that can process rapidly millions Source Center at CIA.8 A similar capability exists at the of pages of data and documents. Search engines can Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA),9 where military- be very specific, focusing on specific countries or relevant OSINT is produced for decision makers in domains, published books, or specialized scientific the Department of Defense. literature. An experienced OSINT analyst knows With the myriad of today’s technical collec- where the best information is likely to be found. Large tion capabilities reasonable questions to ask are, scale or limited searches can be made using specific “Why OSINT?” and “Why now?” The answer is quite strategies so that only the most relevant information straight-forward, as OSINT’s characteristics include is extracted. Then the “analytic process” begins. the speed with which it can be collected; the available In the analysis process the analyst identifies quantity, quality and clarity of information; its ease of “findings” (i.e., facts that he knows and can verify) use; and the comparative low cost of its collection.10 and gaps (things he knows he does not know). For Information is expanding exponentially. Much of it is example, with the Zawahiri statement, the analyst on the Worldwide Web. Without efficient means for can locate the video and confirm the information as retrieval and organization, much of it would remain accurate. While he knows some characteristics of the undiscovered. Search strategies and software are new Chinese stealth fighter from the photograph, being developed by the Intelligence Community to gaps in knowledge remain of the technical specifica- make open source information discovery easier and tions and aerodynamic capabilities. Both findings its organization more efficient. and gaps are used to determine requirements for OSINT is challenging because of its volume and additional collection, perhaps through other INTs. because each piece of information must be verified or In the case of the stealth fighter, a requirement might “vetted,” often in unique ways. Vetting is important be to obtain specific information about the aircraft’s for any Intelligence process. If a newspaper or cable wings, which could in turn provide indications about news source reports that an individual said some- its aerodynamic capabilities. These requirements thing, how does the OSINT analyst know that the might be fulfilled through OSINT, or overhead IMINT, reported statement is accurate? The newspaper may be or SIGINT, or HUMINT. controlled by a repressive government or aligned with OSINT is often used in conjunction with other a political party. Deception techniques are common. INTS. Information from multiple sources and means Our adversaries know we are watching and listening are synthesized by all-source analysts, who take the and often try to fool us with spurious information, sum of the different types of information to construct which can spread quickly throughout the Internet. a comprehensive answer to the requirement and in a In the case of OSINT analysis, multiple independent timely and accurate manner. The process is repetitive, sources providing the same or confirmatory reports since with each new finding and gap new questions are a requirement for validating the information. arise. This is a never ending process as new information is Good OSINT analysts are problem solvers who continually collected. possess specific technical knowledge, such as spe- One of the most important tools for the OSINT cialized language skills, cultural, and/or scientific expertise as well as cognitive skills.11 OSINT analysts article05.html. who monitor native
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Intel Management Model for Europe
    INTELLIGENCE MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR EUROPE PHASE ONE Guidelines for standards and best practice within the analysis function Contents Foreword 5 Acknowledgements 6 1. Executive Summary 7 Recruitment 8 Trainee Analyst - The Benefits 9 Training Programme for Police Analysts 10 Intelligence Training for Law Enforcement Personnel 10 Career Structure for Analyst Personnel 11 2. Recruitment 12 Person Specification 12 Pre-Selection 15 The Interview 15 3. Trainee Analyst - The Benefits 17 The Police Service of Northern Ireland 17 Belgian Federal Police 19 4. Training Programme for Police Analysts 20 Approach 1: The Police Service of Northern Ireland 20 Approach 2: The Belgian Federal Police 21 Approach 3: National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) UK 22 5. Intelligence Training for Law Enforcement Personnel 23 Probationary Officers 23 Intelligence Officers 24 Analyst Managers 26 6. Career Structure for Analyst Personnel 28 7. Recommended References 30 3 List of Figures Figure 1: The Intelligence Cycle 7 Figure 2: Person Specification for Intelligence Analyst 14 Figure 3: PSNI Analyst Development Programme 18 Figure 4: Organisational Structure for Analysts - Strathclyde Police 28 Figure 5: Organisational Structure for Analysts - PSNI 29 4 Foreword The first tentative steps towards the development of an Intelligence Management Model for Europe were taken during early 2001. It was then that consideration was given to a proposed agenda for the forthcoming European Heads of Training Conference to be held in Scotland in June that same year. Many such conferences, in all disciplines, provide useful guidance and information to those in attendance. Often however there is little or no resultant legacy in terms of actual and tangible continuous development.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)
    ATP 2-22.9 Open-Source Intelligence July 2012 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Unlimited Distribution Headquarters, Department of the Army *ATP 2-22.9 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 2-22.9 (FMI 2-22.9) Department of the Army Washington, DC, 10 July 2012 Open-Source Intelligence Contents Page PREFACE.............................................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE (OSINT) FUNDAMENTALS ........................ 1-1 Definition and Terms .......................................................................................... 1-1 Characteristics .................................................................................................... 1-1 The Intelligence Warfighting Function ................................................................ 1-2 The Intelligence Process .................................................................................... 1-3 The Planning Requirements and Assessing Collection Process ........................ 1-4 The Military Decisionmaking Process ................................................................ 1-4 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield ........................................................... 1-5 Chapter 2 PLANNING AND PREPARATION OF THE OSINT MISSION ............................. 2-1 Section I – Planning OSINT Activities ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Outsourcing Intelligence Analysis: Legal and Policy Risks
    STUDENT NOTE Outsourcing Intelligence Analysis: Legal and Policy Risks Joshua R. Storm* INTRODUCTION Intelligence reduces uncertainty in con¯ict, whether in trade negotiations between allies with similar, but individual interests, or in combat operations against a foreign state or terrorist group.1 Providing this intelligence involves col- lecting, processing, analyzing, and disseminating information to decision mak- ers.2 Key among these is analysis, de®ned by the R AND Corp. as ªthe process by which the information collected about an enemy is used to answer tactical ques- tions about current operations or to predict future behavior.º3 Beyond the tactical level, analysis is also necessary to provide the strategic and operational intelli- gence required to establish overarching policies and to develop operational plans to execute those policies. 4 In this manner, analysis is one of the most critical func- tions provided by the civilian and military entities that make up the intelligence community (IC). At the same time, analysis often is not performed by govern- ment personnel. For example, of core contract personnel within the intelligence community, 19 percent directly supported analysis and production as of 2007.5 This note explores the rise of outsourcing in the intelligence community and examines the legal and policy implications of outsourcing intelligence analysis in particular. First, it discusses the organizational and operational pressures that led to the increased use of contractors in the intelligence community after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Next, it identi®es the origins of the inherently gov- ernmental function test, used to determine when a government activity be out- sourced.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives and Opportunities in Intelligence for U.S. Leaders
    Perspective EXPERT INSIGHTS ON A TIMELY POLICY ISSUE September 2018 CORTNEY WEINBAUM, JOHN V. PARACHINI, RICHARD S. GIRVEN, MICHAEL H. DECKER, RICHARD C. BAFFA Perspectives and Opportunities in Intelligence for U.S. Leaders C O R P O R A T I O N Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 2. Reconstituting Strategic Warning for the Digital Age .................................5 3. Unifying Tasking, Collection, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination (TCPED) Across the U.S. Intelligence Community ...............16 4. Managing Security as an Enterprise .........................................................25 5. Better Utilizing Publicly Available Information ..........................................31 6. Surging Intelligence in an Unpredictable World .......................................44 7. Conclusion .................................................................................................56 Abbreviations ................................................................................................57 References ....................................................................................................58 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................64 About the Authors .........................................................................................64 The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make
    [Show full text]
  • ATP 2-33.4 Intelligence Analysis
    ATP 2-33.4 Intelligence Analysis JANUARY 2020 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes ATP 2-33.4, dated 18 August 2014. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (https://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard). *ATP 2-33.4 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 2-33.4 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 10 January 2020 Intelligence Analysis Contents Page PREFACE............................................................................................................. vii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... xi PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 1 UNDERSTANDING INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS ............................................. 1-1 Intelligence Analysis Overview ........................................................................... 1-1 Conducting Intelligence Analysis ........................................................................ 1-5 Intelligence Analysis and Collection Management ............................................. 1-8 The All-Source Intelligence Architecture and Analysis Across the Echelons ..... 1-9 Intelligence Analysis During Large-Scale Ground Combat Operations ........... 1-11 Intelligence Analysis During the Army’s Other Strategic Roles ........................ 1-13 Chapter 2 THE INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS PROCESS ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Going Dark: Impact to Intelligence and Law Enforcement and Threat Mitigation
    GOING DARK: IMPACT TO INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THREAT MITIGATION Bonnie Mitchell Krystle Kaul G. S. McNamara Michelle Tucker Jacqueline Hicks Colin Bliss Rhonda Ober Danell Castro Amber Wells Catalina Reguerin Cindy Green-Ortiz Ken Stavinoha ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to first thank the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) for its generous funding and support for our study and learning journey to the DEFCON hacking conference. We are also very grateful to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for its support during the duration of the program. We could not have completed this study without the unwavering support and dedication of Ms. Bonnie Mitchell, ODNI Deputy National Intelligence Manager for the Western Hemisphere and the Homeland, our devoted Team Champion who steered us throughout this study and helped turn an idea into a product. We would like to acknowledge and thank each member of our public-private sector working group for their tireless efforts from around the U.S., which includes Krystle Kaul, G. S. McNamara, Michelle Tucker, Jacqueline Hicks, Colin Bliss, Rhonda Ober, Danell Castro, Amber Wells, Catalina Reguerin, Cindy Green- Ortiz and Ken Stavinoha. We are very thankful for all the unique insight we received from interviewees who contributed to this report by educating our group on the many aspects of ‘going dark,’ and we take full responsibility for any and all errors of fact or interpretation implied or explicit in this paper. Our interviewees include the Village sponsors at DEF CON, private sector industry experts and government officials. We are thankful for the interesting and diverse perspectives particularly from senior government officials and private sector experts.
    [Show full text]
  • Espionage and Intelligence Gathering Other Books in the Current Controversies Series
    Espionage and Intelligence Gathering Other books in the Current Controversies series: The Abortion Controversy Issues in Adoption Alcoholism Marriage and Divorce Assisted Suicide Medical Ethics Biodiversity Mental Health Capital Punishment The Middle East Censorship Minorities Child Abuse Nationalism and Ethnic Civil Liberties Conflict Computers and Society Native American Rights Conserving the Environment Police Brutality Crime Politicians and Ethics Developing Nations Pollution The Disabled Prisons Drug Abuse Racism Drug Legalization The Rights of Animals Drug Trafficking Sexual Harassment Ethics Sexually Transmitted Diseases Family Violence Smoking Free Speech Suicide Garbage and Waste Teen Addiction Gay Rights Teen Pregnancy and Parenting Genetic Engineering Teens and Alcohol Guns and Violence The Terrorist Attack on Hate Crimes America Homosexuality Urban Terrorism Illegal Drugs Violence Against Women Illegal Immigration Violence in the Media The Information Age Women in the Military Interventionism Youth Violence Espionage and Intelligence Gathering Louise I. Gerdes, Book Editor Daniel Leone,President Bonnie Szumski, Publisher Scott Barbour, Managing Editor Helen Cothran, Senior Editor CURRENT CONTROVERSIES San Diego • Detroit • New York • San Francisco • Cleveland New Haven, Conn. • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich © 2004 by Greenhaven Press. Greenhaven Press is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Greenhaven® and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Skills, Traits, Competencies
    9BCyber Intelligence - Skills, Traits, Competencies Table of Contents Cyber Intelligence – Skills, Traits, Competencies ............................................................................ 2 Analysts Being Hired 2013 .............................................................................................................. 3 To Improve Core Competencies and Skills ..................................................................................... 4 Cyber Intelligence Skills, Traits, Competencies Today .................................................................... 5 Bad Guys – Good Guys .................................................................................................................... 7 Reverse the Asymmetric Trend....................................................................................................... 9 Limit Tunnel Vision or Mirror Imaging .......................................................................................... 10 Takeaway ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Notices .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Page 1 of 12 0BCyber Intelligence – Skills, Traits, Competencies Cyber Intelligence – Skills, Traits, Competencies 9 **009 From our first research with the Cyber Intelligence Tradecraft project from 2013, we met with almost 30 companies, and they gave us some insight
    [Show full text]
  • The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Traces Its Origin to the Manhattan
    The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) traces its origin to the Manhattan Project, which enlisted scientists studying fundamental physics to produce the first atomic weapons, and to the various energy-related programs that were dispersed throughout the federal government prior to DOE’s creation in 1977. Today, the Department of Energy contributes to the future of the nation by… …ensuring our energy security… …producing and maintaining our nuclear stockpile… …promoting nuclear nonproliferation, and… …fostering fundamental science, advanced computing and technological innovation. Transformative science and technology are central to DOE’s mission, and in this arena the Department’s capabilities are unmatched: • DOE’s workforce includes thousands of scientists, engineers and experts who hold security clearances, enabling them to engage in work essential to national security. • DOE is the Nation’s largest supporter of research in the physical sciences, investing $5 billion annually. • Research supported by the Department has yielded over 100 Nobel prizes. • The Department is home to three of the world’s five most powerful supercomputers. DOE’s Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence deploys this world-class scientific and technical expertise to meet America’s greatest national security challenges. The mission of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence is to identify and mitigate threats to U.S. national security and the DOE Enterprise and inform national security decisionmaking through scientific and technical expertise. The Office functions within the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC), with accountability to both the Secretary of Energy and the Director of National Intelligence. Our primary missions are in the following areas: Scientifically Informed Intelligence Analysis Analysts at the National Laboratories and DOE headquarters specialize in employing scientific and technical expertise, including experimentally verified analysis, to tackle the most difficult challenges facing our country’s national security leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • Fm 2-22.3 (Fm 34-52)
    FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52) HUMAN INTELLIGENCE COLLECTOR OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY September 2006 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NOTE: All previous versions of this manual are obsolete. This document is identical in content to the version dated 6 September 2006. All previous versions of this manual should be destroyed in accordance with appropriate Army policies and regulations. This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil). *FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52) Field Manual Headquarters No. 2-22.3 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 6 September 2006 Human Intelligence Collector Operations Contents Page PREFACE ............................................................................................................... vi PART ONE HUMINT SUPPORT, PLANNING, AND MANAGEMENT Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1-1 Intelligence Battlefield Operating System .............................................................1-1 Intelligence Process..............................................................................................1-1 Human Intelligence ...............................................................................................1-4 HUMINT Source....................................................................................................1-4 HUMINT Collection and
    [Show full text]
  • MCWP 2-22 Signals Intelligence ______C-3
    MCWP 2-22 (formerly MCWP 2-15.2) Signals Intelligence U.S. Marine Corps DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: approved for public release; distribution is unlimited PCN 14300006300 MCCDC (C 42) 13 Jul 2004 E R R A T U M to MCWP 2-22 SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE 1. Change the publication short title to read “MCWP 2-22” (vice MCWP 2-15.2). PCN 143 000063 80 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C. 20380-1775 22 February 1999 FOREWORD Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 2-22, Signals Intelligence, serves as a basic reference for understanding concepts, operations, and proce- dures for the conduct of signals intelligence (SIGINT) operations in support of the Marine air-ground task force. This publication complements and expands on Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 2, Intelligence, and MCWP 2-1, Intelli- gence Operations, which provide doctrine and higher order tactics, techniques, and procedures for intelligence operations. The primary target audience of this publication is intelligence personnel respon- sible for planning and executing SIGINT operations. Personnel who provide support to SIGINT or who use the results from these operations should also read this publication. MCWP 2-22 describes aspects of SIGINT operations, including doctrinal fun- damentals, equipment, command and control, communications and information systems support, planning, execution, security, and training. Detailed informa- tion on SIGINT operations and tactics, techniques, and procedures is classified and beyond the scope of this publication. MCWP 2-22 supersedes Fleet Marine Force Manual 3-23, (C) Signals Intelli- gence/Electronic Warfare Operations (U), dated 21 September 1990. Reviewed and approved this date.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence Support for Military Operations Using the Arcgis® Platform
    Intelligence Support for Military Operations Using the ArcGIS® Platform April 2016 Copyright © 2016 Esri All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Esri. This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing by Esri. All requests should be sent to Attention: Contracts and Legal Services Manager, Esri, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373-8100 USA. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Esri, the Esri globe logo, ArcGIS, ModelBuilder, esri.com, and @esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. The information presented in this document is based on standard Esri commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies and commercial data. Use of the information presented in this document is subject to all applicable US export control laws and regulations including the US Department of Commerce Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and Department of State International Traffic
    [Show full text]